中国 ESP 研究第 2 卷第 1 期 2011 年 1 月 以内容为依托的学术用途英语教学 : 概念 理论基础与实践模式 都建颖 华中科技大学 本文比较系统地探讨了国外学术界在专门用途英语的一个分支 学术用途英语 (English for Academic Purposes, 以下简称为 EAP) 和以内容为依托的英语教学 (contentbased instruction, 以下简称为 CBI) 两个领域的研究历史与现状 作者通过对环境 类别 特征 挑战 辩证 EAP 等五个方面的分析, 认为 EAP 教学包括社会 文化 认知 语言等 多重因素 ;EAP 教师既要帮助学生了解和尊重国际学术规范, 也要帮助他们利用自己所掌握 的学术知识和技能, 发挥能动性和创造性 在文章的第三部分, 作者明确了 CBI 英语授 课 双语教育 双语教学之间的区别, 认为 CBI 教学有强式和弱式之分, 并总结了 CBI 在中 国的发展历史及现状 文章呼吁英语教师既要继续发挥自己在语言与教学方面的优势, 也要 从学习者的需要出发, 尽可能地提高自己对学术文化 学术语言 学科知识等方面的了解, 正确应对大学英语教学改革带来的挑战 学术用途英语 以内容为依托的 ( 英语 ) 教学法 大学英语教学改革 一 前言 1 2 English for Academic Purposes EAP EAP EAP EAP EAP EAP content-based instruction CBI CBI EAP 55
以内容为依托的学术用途英语教学 : 概念 理论基础与实践模式 二 EAP 与辩证 EAP ESP EAP Hutchinson & Waters 1987 17 EAP Tim Johns 1974 1 EAP Flowerdew & Peacock 2001 8 Hyland 2006 1 Jordan 1997 1 academic lingua franca Whong 2009 EAP EAP Hyland & Hamp-Lyons 2002 2 Hyland 2006 10 EAP Flowerdew & Peacock 2001 EAP EAP EAP 1 EAP 图 1 EAP 的分类 ( 改自 Flowerdew & Peacock 2001 :12) Flowerdew & Peacock 2001 Blue 1988 EAP EGAP English for General Academic Purposes ESAP English for Specific Academic Purposes 2 EAP 图 2 EAP 系谱图 ( 改自 Blue 2000) 1 The communicative approach to language-teaching in the context of a program of English for academic purposes 56
都建颖 Flowerdew & Peacock 2001 Blue 1988 2000 EAP EAP EAP Alexander et al. 2008 10-17 EAP Hyland 2006 2 1 EAP ESP Strevens 1988 Dudley-Evans & St. John 1998 Robinson 1991 Flowerdew & Peacock 2001 EAP ESP Alexander et al. 2008 3-5 18-25 EAP EAP Hamp-Lyons 2001 126 EAP EAP EAP 2004 103 2008 2-3 EAP Sharpling 2002 2009 75-79 Swales 2009 5-13 EAP EAP Benesch 2001 EAP critical EAP EAP skill-based EAP Alexander et al. 2008 11 EAP EAP EAP Brinton & Holten 2001 250 intermediary reformer 1 It is, in short, specialized English-language teaching grounded in the social, cognitive and linguistic demands of academic target situations, providing focused instruction informed by an understanding of texts and the constrains of academic contexts. 57
以内容为依托的学术用途英语教学 : 概念 理论基础与实践模式 三 以内容为依托的教学 (CBI) Adamson 1990 67 EAP 2004 101 CBI CBI 1. CBI 与英语授课 双语教育 双语教学的区别 Wilkinson & Zegers 2006 26 Wilkinson & Zegers 2006 28 CBI CBI bilingual method 20 Stern 1999 454 bilingual education 20 Mackey 1972 1965 Lambert & Tucker 1972 Spolsky et al. 1974 Stern 1999 430 CBI CBI Widdowson 2003 154 2. CBI 的理论框架及定义 CBI CBI CBI CBI 58
都建颖 (1)CBI 的理论框架 Snow & Brinton 1997 16 Krashen Swain 1985 Cummins 1984 CBI Du 2008 O Malley & Chamot 1990 cognitive academic language learning approach CALLA CBI Krashen Krashen 1985 4 Krashen narrow input CBI 1 2 3 Krashen 1985 82-83 Swain 1985 Krashen 1 2 Swain 1995 126 3 Swain 1995 26 Cummins 1979 cognitive academic language proficiency CALP basic interpersonal communicative skills BICS Cummins CBI Leung 1996 31 O Malley & Chamot 1990 Cummins O Malley & Chamot CALLA Jones et al. 1987 think aloud CALLA CALLA O Malley & Chamot 1990 191 20 CBI CBI 20 60 CBI 20 80 Brinton et al. 1989 (2)CBI 的定义 CBI 59
以内容为依托的学术用途英语教学 : 概念 理论基础与实践模式 Stryker & Leaver 1997 5 CBI Johns 1997 Bernard Mohan 2001 knowledge framework Brinton et al. 1989 2 Mohan CBI 1 CBI 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Davison & Williams 2001 58-59 CBI strong form weak form 3 content-based language teaching CBI sheltered content instruction immersion instruction Genesee 1987 Johnson & Swain 1997 Lambert & Tucker 1972 CBI ( 目的 ) 语言弱式 CBI 以学科内容为依托的语言教学 ( 例如, 专业英语教学 ) ( 学科 ) 内容强式 CBI 以语言为依托的专业学科教学 ( 例如, 保护式专业教学 浸入式教学等 ) 图 3 语言与内容在 CBI 教学中的连续与统一关系 ( 改自 Du 2008 :24) CBI CBI CBI Brinton & Holten 2001 241 1 the integration of particular content with language-teaching aims 60
都建颖 1 四 CBI 模式的 EAP 教学在中国教育体系中的应用与发展 Stryker & Leaver 1997 CBI CBI EAP CBI 1. 19 世纪 60 年代至 90 年代 Brinton et al. 1989 77 CBI 20 80 CBI 19 60 19 Cortazzi & Jin 1996 1862 1895 1896 1911 CBI Ferguson Du 2008 1992 2. 20 世纪 70 年代至 90 年代 20 70 80 Brinton et al. 1989 77 CBI CBI Brinton et al. 1989 83 1 I never teach my pupils. I only attempt to provide the conditions in which they can learn. 61
以内容为依托的学术用途英语教学 : 概念 理论基础与实践模式 Hu 2002 90 CBI Hu 2002 34-35 CBI 2004 101 CBI 3. 21 世纪 Du 2009a CBI CBI 1997 2007 CBI CBI CBI CBI Du 2009b 2009c CBI EAP CBI Alexander et al. 2008 Du 2008 2009 CBI CBI CBI / CBI CBI 五 结语 62
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