2007 6 3 : 2002,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,, : (, ),,,,,,,,,, ;,,, (2004) 18, 20 80 3 % ; 90, 5 % (Zhang et al,2005) (2003),, Heckman (2004) 43 %, 3,, :100875 ;, :100836 ; :luocl2002 @163. com ( :06&ZD014),,, 119
: 11 % (2006),, ( ) ( ), ;,,,, : ln w = + Sch + 1 Exp + 2 S Exp + (1),ln w, Sch ( ), Exp S Exp ( ),,, (ability),,,,, (omitted),,,, IQ,, OLS ( Harmon and Walker,1995) ;,,, ;,,,,, ; (natural experiment), ;,,, OLS, (benchmark)?,,,,,,, (QR, quantile regression) Koenker Bassett (1978),,, ( ), 120
2007 6,,,OLS, (BLUE), ;,OLS,,,OLS,, ( ),, (truncated) Buchinsky(1994), : ln w i = Sch i + X i + u i, Quant (ln w i Sch i, X i ) = Sch i + X i, Quant (ln wπsch, X) Sch X,ln w (conditional quantile) ; (QR) (LAD), : (, ) arg min {ln w Sch+ X},0 < < 1, [ln w - ( Sch + X) ] {ln w < Sch+ X} (1 - ) [ln w - ( Sch + X) ], ^ Sch i i ( - I) = 0 OLS,Deaton (1997) : ;, ;,QR OLS ; QR 2002 12 6835 20632,,,,, 16 60,,,,,,,,, 11a 11b,, ( ) 2,, 8779 ;, 8570, 11863 11963 ; t,, 0-019987 715815 121
: 11a 11b ( ) -,,,,,,,,, - -,, ;, 2002,, 2 -,,, 1,, 2 : ; ;,, CHIP1995, Li (2003),,,,,, 122
2007 6 OLS,,,, : ( ),, 1 ( ) 8465 12110193 7895121 50 84000 ( ) 8465 91208 01664 31912 111339 ( ) 8465 111635 21958 0 23 ( = 1, = 0) 8465 01115 01319 0 1 ( = 1, = 0) 8465 01245 01430 0 1 ( = 1, = 0) 8465 01404 01491 0 1 ( = 1, = 0) 8465 01213 01409 0 1 ( ) 8465 211657 91467 1 45 2 ( : = 1, = 0) ( = 1) ( = 1) (1) : ; (2) :, ; (3) :, (1) :, ; (2) :, ; (3) :, ; (4) ; (5) (1), ; (2) ; (3) ; (4) 11OLS, OLS 3 3,, 010676, exp ( b) - 1, 2002 7 %,,,,, 010428 ( 123
: 4137 %), 2163 ;, 010622 ( 6142 %), 0158, 8 %,, 01033 ( 3136 %) 3 2002 (OLS ) Π 010676 011530 014162 016392 018600 [27198 ] 3 3 3 [3144 ] 3 3 3 [9155 ] 3 3 3 [14127 ] 3 3 3 [18115 ] 3 3 3 (F ) 101138 3 3 3 76170 3 3 3 010622 011336 013848 015922 017710 [24105 ] 3 3 3 [2197 ] 3 3 3 [8168 ] 3 3 3 [12187 ] 3 3 3 [15176 ] 3 3 3 (F ) 14149 3 3 3 10197 3 3 3 010428 011291 013016 014700 016312 [17178 ] 3 3 3 [3125 ] 3 3 3 [7167 ] 3 3 3 [11143 ] 3 3 3 [14131 ] 3 3 3 (F ) 67158 3 3 3 64152 3 3 3 010497 011534 013957 015817 017426 [16138 ] 3 3 3 [3145 ] 3 3 3 [8195 ] 3 3 3 [12147 ] 3 3 3 [14101 ] 3 3 3 (F ) 40133 3 3 3 22178 3 3 3 010405 011156 012774 014389 015710 [16113 ] 3 3 3 [2192 ] 3 3 3 [7103 ] 3 3 3 [10154 ] 3 3 3 [12174 ] 3 3 3 (F ) 48115 3 3 3 45192 3 3 3 010468 011341 013670 015386 016506 [15106 ] 3 3 3 [2199 ] 3 3 3 [8114 ] 3 3 3 [11123 ] 3 3 3 [11184 ] 3 3 3 (F ) 14153 3 3 3 9153 010340 011295 012907 014517 016060 [12135 ] 3 3 3 [3126 ] 3 3 3 [7129 ] 3 3 3 [10161 ] 3 3 3 [12151 ] 3 3 3 (F ) 59185 3 3 3 56101 3 3 3 010330 011160 012694 014208 015353 [11155 ] 3 3 3 [2193 ] 3 3 3 [6172 ] 3 3 3 [9176 ] 3 3 3 [10182 ] 3 3 3 (F ) 44132 3 3 3 41165 3 3 3 :[ ] t ; 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 % 5 % 10 % 3, Π, 0186,, 124
2007 6 136 %,,,,, 10,,,, 01024, 011, 0123,,,, (,2006), (,2006),, 0104, ; Π 0115 0122 0132, 21 3 ( ) 3 :, (2006) (2006) :,, ;, exp (c) - 1, c 125
:,,, OLS,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 4 ( ), 1 % 4 5,, 4, 126
2007 6 ; 5, 4,,, 417 418,,, 5,,, 3 5,,,,, 4,, OLS,,,,,, ( 3), 3, 4 5 3, 3, : = 0 + + (2),,, 127
: 5 5,, Π,, 4 Π 010939 013758 011333 011162 010895 011144 013773 011303 011268 011029 010991 013246 011841 011361 010726 011366 013610 011417 011426 011270 011310 014059 012395 011947 011064 011520 013916 011493 011588 011477 011734 013295 012089 011738 011323 011965 013787 012603 012318 011655 5 Π - 010204-010377 - 010604-011758 - 011542 [8158 ] 3 3 3 [017 ] [1131 ] [3165 ] 3 3 3 [2175 ] 3 3-010242 - 010294-010417 - 012077-011369 [11195 ] 3 3 3 [0159 ] [0195 ] [4186 ] 3 3 3 [2119 ] 3 3-010143 - 011145-011754 - 011941-011423 [13147 ] 3 3 3 [3178 ] 3 3 3 [7108 ] 3 3 3 [6195 ] 3 3 3 [7139 ] 3 3 3-010223 - 010314-010638 - 012159-012659 [10139 ] 3 3 3 [016 ] [1139 ] [415 ] 3 3 3 [5122 ] 3 3 3-010180 - 011438-012264 - 012885-012057 [13103 ] 3 3 3 [5122 ] 3 3 3 [1013 ] 3 3 3 [14163 ] 3 3 3 [1117 ] 3 3 3-010238 - 010309-010543 - 012289-011929 [11144 ] 3 3 3 [016 ] [1116 ] [4165 ] 3 3 3 [2168 ] 3 3-010199 - 011259-011921 - 012436-012696 [18192 ] 3 3 3 [4145 ] 3 3 3 [7188 ] 3 3 3 [8183 ] 3 3 3 [17131 ] 3 3 3-010226 - 011505-012439 - 013328-013091 [23166 ] 3 3 3 [6155 ] 3 3 3 [12119 ] 3 3 3 [18122 ] 3 3 3 [1618 ] 3 3 3 : (2) ; [ ] t ; 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 % 5 % 10 % 128
2007 6,,,,,,, OLS, :,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1999 :, :,,2003 :, 6,1994 :, :,,2004 : :, 4,2004 :,,2006 :, 4,2006 : :, 35 Buchinsky M., 1994, Changes in the US Structure of Wages in the 1980 s : An Application of Quantile Regressions, Econometrica Vol. 62, pp. 405 458. David Card, 1999, The Causal Effect of Education on Earnings, In Ashenfelter, Orler and David Card ( eds. ), Handbook of Labor Economics, volume 3A, pp. 1801 1863. Deaton, A., 1997, The Analysis of Household Survey, the Johns Hopkins University Press. Harmon, C., and Walker, I., 1995, Estimates of the Economic Return to Schooling for the United Kingdom, American Economic Review, Vol. 85 (5), pp. 1278 1286. Knight, John and Song, Lina, 2003, Increasing Urban Wage Inequality in China : Extent, Elements and Evaluation, Economics of Transition, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 597 619. Li Haizheng, 2003, Economic Transition and Returns to Education in China, Economics of Education Review, Vol. 22, pp. 317 328. Roger Koenker and Gilbert Bassett, 1978, Regression Quantiles, Econometrica, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 33 50. Zhang, Junsen, Zhao, Yaohui, Albert Park, and Song Xiaoqing, 2005, Economic Returns to Schooling in Urban China, 1988 to 2001, Journal of Comparative Economics, 33, 730 752. 129
: Return to Education and Its Distribution in Urban China Luo Chuliang (Center for Study of Income Distribution and Poverty, Beijing Normal University ; Institute of Economics, CASS) Abstract :Based on CHIPs 2002, the paper discussed the relation between return to education and the quantiles of income distribution. The findings in this paper show that the return to education is lower for the higher quantiles ; while the estimators also depend on the choice of control variables. In methodology, the quantile regression might be a choice to correct the ability bias in the estimation on return to education. The policy implication from the paper shows the education expansion will be benefit to the income growth for those who are in lower quantiles. Additionally, the return to education is also affected by the employment significantly, which might indicate the segmentation in labor market. Key Words :Return to Education ; Quantile Regression ; Income Distribution JEL Classification : I210, C120, D310 ( : ) ( : ) ( 97 ) Kokko, A., Blomstrgm, M., 1995, Policies to Encourage Inflows of Technology Through Foreign Multinationals. World Development, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 459 468. Krishna G. Iyer, Alicia N. Rambaldi, Kam Ki Tang, 2004, Measuring Spillovers from Alternative form of Foreign Investment. Working Paper, School of Economics, University of Queensland. Lloyd P. J., 1996, The Role of Foreign Investment in the Success of Asian Industrialization. Journal of Asian Economics, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 407 433. Mattooa A., Olarreagaa M., Saggic K., 2004, Mode of Foreign Entry, Technology Transfer, and FDI Policy. Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 75, pp. 95 111. UNCTAD,1992,World Investment Report, United Nation, New York. Vishwasrao S., Bosshardt W., 2001, Foreign Ownership and Technology Adoption : Evidence from Indian Firms. Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 65, pp. 367 387. Wang, Y., Blomstrgm M., 1992, Foreign Investment and Technology Transfer : A Simple Model. European Economic Review, Vol. 36, pp. 137 155. Market Competition, Host Country s FDI Policies and MNC s Technology Transfer Xie Jianguo (Nanjing University) Abstract :MNC s technology transfer and host country s investment policies are examined with a two stage Cournot competition model in this paper. Results show market competition, transfer cost and local factory imitation capacity all take effect on MNC s technology transfer. Foreign direct investment will hurt host country when local factory s imitation capacity was low. We also investigate the trade2off between market competition and MNC s technology transfer, results show that competition don t always increase MNC technology transfer, in contrast, because of lowing return, Multi2MNC competition reduce technology transfer to subsidiary. Key Words :Market Competition ; Investment Policies ; MNC; Technology Transfer JEL Classification :F210,F230 130 ( : ) ( : )