Graduate Institute of Ecology and Environmental Education National Dong Hwa University The Analysis of Environmental Education in the Nature Writing of Liu Ke-Xian

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Abstract Nature writing includes three elements of the beauty of literature, natural language and the interaction of human and nature. It is researchers most favorite literature genre, and is also the most frequently-used teaching material in environmental education. Among nature writers in Taiwan, Liu Ke-Xian is a representative and has a great influence on researchers. Therefore, this study used content analysis to study Liu s 14 books of nature writing (1981~2003), and used five learning contents in environment education of Grade 1-9 Curriculum as the main category and 11 learning themes as the sub-category to conduct a quantitative analysis, and investigated the subject matter of environment education mentioned in the works through the qualitative analysis. The results showed that Liu s nature writing had 90.5% contents related to environment education. Among five learning contents, environmental awareness and sensitivity was the highest, the second was environmental knowledge, and the lowest were environmental action skill and environmental action experience. Among 11 learning themes, the content of experience in natural environment was the most, including the description of the beauty of all types of natural landscape, the observation and record of local animals and plants, and the method for experiencing nature. The second is ecology basic conceptions; its contents included the concept and knowledge of ecosystem, the interaction of creatures and environmental factors, biological life history, and the competition, cooperation, symbiosis, and parasitism in natural environment in Taiwan. The third was human s impact on nature, including the impact caused by individuals or groups behaviors, incorrect policies and improper industrail development. Among the rest learning themes, environment issue investigation, campus and community environment planning and investigation on global environment issue were less. Based on the results, it was suggested that teachers can use books - The Station of Travelling Bird, Travel with Birds and The Disappearing Subtropical Zone when teaching the subject III

of human s impact on nature to allow students to be aware of human s impact on nature. When teaching the subject of experience in natural environment, they could use books Travelling in Nature, Home Letters of Trema, The Song of the Little Mountain, The Dance of the Little Mountain, The Elf of the Little Mountain, The Elf in a Telescope and The Green Childhood - to lead students to appreciate the beauty of natural. When teaching the subject of ecology basic conceptions, they can use books - The Song of the Little Mountain, The Dance of the Little Mountain, The Elf of the Little Mountain and The Elf in a Telescope to lead students to know Taiwan s ecosystem and have knowledge about the ecology of local animals and plants. When teaching the subject of environmental issue, they can use The Disappearing Subtropical Zone to discuss domestic environmental issue with students. When teaching the subject of environmental ethics, they can use books - The Disappearing Subtropical Zone, Travelling in Nature and The Green Childhood to lead students to build up their value and attitude toward environment. Key Words: Liu Ke-Xian, Nature writing, Environmental Education, Content analysis. IV

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30 31 32 35 39 45 108 127 130.. 134.. 140.. 141.. 145.. 168.. 170 VI

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2-1. 15 2-2. 22 3-1. 26 3-1. 27 3-2. 29 3-3... 29 3-4. 29 4-1 98 1982... 45 4 6 1984.... 50 4 18 1985.... 54 4 18 1985... 58 4 21 1992... 63 4 69 1994... 69 4 12 1995... 73 4 8 1994... 78 4 12 1995... 83 4 20 1997... 88 4 39 1998... 91 4 63 2000... 96 4 38 2001... 101 4 20 2003... 105 VIII

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nature writing a 5

Stewart A Nature History of Nature Writing nature writing 6

personal narrative 7

environmental education IUCN Thomas Pritchard Mckeown & Hopkins, Environmental Education Act IUCN UNESCO Palmer, 1998 education in, about, and for the environment Roth & Bousquet 8

awareness knowledge attitude skills participation Sward & Marcinkowski 9

Allman 10

Hungerford 11

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Murphy2000 Farther Afield in the Study of Nature-Oriented Literature 14

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濚 濚 28

A t1 A t2 X Axt1 Axt2 濚 A B X Ax Bx 濚 Axt1 Axt2 Axt3 Bx X 29

濚 濚 30

4-1 A 1 B 2 N 14 31

3-1 1982 1-A 98 1984 1-B 6 1985 1-C 18 1986 1-D 19 1992 2-E 21 1994 2-F 69 1995 2-G 12 1995 2-H 8 1995 2-I 12 1997 3-J 20 1998 3-K 39 2000 3-L 63 2001 3-M 38 2003 3-N 20 濚 32

濚 2M N1+N2 n ( ) 1+ [( n 1 )] 33

4 0.914 1+ ( 3 0.914) 濚 1 2 1+ 2 0. 929 1 + 0. 929 濚 濚 34

4-1 4-1 141 141 138 92 38 25 21 100.0 97.9 65.2 27.0 17.7 14.9 4-1 141 141 100.0 138 97.9 2 92 65.2 3 38 27.0 4 25 17.7 21 14.9 35

4-2 4-2 122 105 98 77 39 7 18 86.1 80.3 63.1 32.0 5.7 14.8 4-2 122 105 86.1 98 80.3 2 77 63.1 3 39 32.0 4 18 14.8 7 5.7 4-3 4-3 180 155 138 75 42 13 6 86.1 76.7 41.7 23.3 7.2 3.3 4-3 180 155 36

86.1 138 76.7 2 75 41.7 3 42 23.3 4 13 7.2 6 3.3 4-4 4-4 141 141 138 92 38 25 21 100.0 97.9 65.2 27.0 17.7 14.9 122 105 98 77 39 7 18 86.1 80.3 63.1 32.0 5.7 14.8 180 155 138 75 42 13 6 86.1 76.7 41.7 23.3 7.2 3.3 443 401 374 244 119 45 45 90.5 84.4 55.1 26.9 10.2 10.2 4-4 100% 86.1 37

97.9 80.3% 76.7% 65.2 63.1% 41.7% 32.0 27.0% 23.3% 17.7 7.2% 5.7% 14.9 14.8% 3.3% 374 84.4 2 244 55.1 3 119 26.9 45 10.2 2001 2003 2003 2006 90.5 38

39 3 4-5 4-5 141 73 119 81 38 9 33 12 20 16 19 11 51.8 84.4 57.4 27.0 6.4 23.4 8.5 14.2 11.3 13.5 7.8

40 4-6 4-6 122 41 95 66 15 35 31 12 2 6 15 4 33.6 77.9 54.1 12.3 28.7 25.4 9.8 1.6 4.9 12.3 3.3

41 4-7 4-7 180 23 135 56 29 10 18 25 10 3 6 0 12.8 75.0 31.1 16.1 5.6 10.0 13.9 5.6 1.7 3.3 0.0

4-8 4-8 4-8 141 73 119 81 38 9 33 12 20 16 19 11 51.8 84.4 57.4 27.0 6.4 23.4 8.5 14.2 11.3 13.5 7.8 122 41 95 66 15 35 31 12 2 6 15 4 33.6 77.9 54.1 12.3 28.7 25.4 9.8 1.6 4.9 12.3 3.3 180 23 135 56 29 10 18 25 10 3 6 0 12.8 75.0 31.1 16.1 5.6 10.0 13.9 5.6 1.7 3.3 0.0 443 137 349 203 82 54 82 49 32 25 40 15 30.9 78.8 45.8 18.5 12.2 18.5 11.1 7.2 5.6 9.0 3.4 42

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2003 2006 44

1982 98 4 4 98 1982 96 54 11 5 45

3 85 50 40 109 234 21 24 40 85 2 46

50 2 鈎 鈎 13 2 2 47

7 2 4 2 5 2 48

2 鴴 1 49

1984 6 ( ) 4 6 2 1 6 3 0 89 250 4 6 1984 50

6 2 6 2 鴴 6 2 鴴 鴴 鴴 51

3 2 1 1 52

1 2 2 2 鴴 鴴 鴴 鴴 53

1985 18 4 4 18 1985 17 14 11 6 4 17 13 12 0 74 123 13 19 54

13 2 17 4 55

12 3 9 2 1 11 56

2 4 2 4 1 57

3 2 1986 19 4 58 4 18 1985

19 17 15 12 14 13 5 82 101 40 46 14 3 鴴 11 2 -- 59

13 2 13 2 1977 1981 60

5 2 14 2 8 2 61

-- 10 2 10 2 11 2 62

8 2 1992 21 4 63 4 21 1992

21 16 13 5 4 21 14 13 11 2 92 130 49 58 26 32 13 2 鈎 21 2 64

葱 14 2 鈎 7 2 65

8 2 11 2 4 2 66

2 3 2 67

2 4 2 1994 69 4 45 29 9 4 1 43 21 10 68

0 72 112 71 97 22 40 4 69 1994 10 3 69

43 3 21 2 70

6 2 10 2 鈎 6 2 71

4 2 1 4 2 72

1995 12 1992 11 1993 10 4 73 4 12 1995

12 7 2 1 11 9 6 0 115 301 56 261 75 159 17 37 9 2 11 2 74

11 2 2 75

6 2 5 2 2 76

-- 1 2 77

鈎 鈎 1995 8 1993 11 1994 6 4 4-8 8 1994 8 5 2 78

0 8 5 0 135 294 131 280 56 225 35 78 20 64 5 2 8 2 79

8 2 80

5 2 4 2 2 81

3 2 1995 12 1994 6 1995 5 4 12 5 4 82

1 12 5 5 0 236 458 131 261 58 219 65 100 20 58 4-9 12 1995 83

4 2 12 2 12 2 84

6 2 5 2 85

1 86

4 2 1997 20 4 17 2 1 17 2 0 28 87

39 15 17 4-10 20 1997 1 17 2 88

17 2 鴴 鴴 89

1 1 2 1 90

1998 39 4-11 4-11 39 1998 39 34 13 91

6 1 39 27 20 0 236 458 233 367 138 266 19 32 13 2 39 2 92

27 2 20 2 93

4 2 鈎 5 2 9 2 94

6 2 1 95

2000 63 4-12 96 4-12 63 2000 19

2 0 14 11 55 11 5 0 70 85 35 53 14 17 2 55 2 97

11 2 5 2 98

11 2 2 99

2001 38 4-13 16 15 6 3 2 14 5 4 0 21 22 9 10 8 100

101 8 6 6 4-13 38 2001 4 2

14 2 1 5 2 102

RV RV RV 1 1 RV 14 2 103

2 2 3 2 8 2 104

2003 20 4-14 4-14 20 2003 10 4 10 4 0 36 39 8 9 7 105

7 3 2 10 2 106

4 2 1 1 107

1 奬 108

1-B 1-D 2-E 2-F 2-F 2-G 1-A 1-D 3-M 1-A 1-C 1-D 109

2-E 鈎 1-B 1-C 1-C 110

3-K 3. 1-D -- 3-K 4. 2-E 葱 2-G 111

2-F 3-N 112

6 1. 3-L 3-L 113

3-L 3-I 3-K 114

2-I 2-G 1-A 羣 3-K 115

2-E 2-F 2-E 2-F 2-H 2-I 2-H 116

2-I 2-E 3-L 117

1-B 1-D 2-E 2-H 118

3-L 1-C 2-G 119

3-K 3-L 1-A 鴴 1-B 鴴 鴴 鴴 2-I 2-I 120

1-A 1-B 2-F 3-K 2-E 121

2-G 1-D 2-F 2-F 鈎 3-M 122

3-L 2-F 3-L 3-K 123

1-D -- 2-E 2-G 1-A 124

1-C 1-C 2-G 125

1-A 1-C 1-A 1-D 126

84.4 55.1 26.9 10.2 1982-1987 100 (1988-1995 ) (1996-2003 ) 86.1 78.8 2 45.8 3 30.9 4 18.5 127

6 12.2 7 11.1 8 9.0 9 7.2 10 5.6 3.4 128

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p.45 p.145 p.168 (p.170) 137 1-B 1-C 1-D 130

349 2-E 2-F 2-G 2-H 2-I 3-J 3-K 3-L 203 2-G 2-H 2-I 3-J 82 1-D 1992 52 35 131

82 1-D 2-E 3-L 49 3-K 132

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19915 245-250 134

2 nd 19915 157-169 19915 197-210 19915 189-196 135

19915 137-156 濚 136

19915 171-188 137

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61 V V V 62 V V 63 V V 64 V V V 65 V V 66 V 67V V V V 68 V 69 V V 70 V V 71 V 72 V V 73 V 74 V 75 V 76 V 77 V 78 V V 79 V V 80 V V 81 V 82 V V 83 V V 84 V V 85V V 86 V V 87 V 88 V 89 V 90 V 6 27 12 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 29 13 3 1 1 147

91 V V 92 V V V 93 V 94V V 95 V 96 V V 97 V 98 V V V V 4 7 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 4 0 0 0 40 85 50 13 3 7 4 5 0 2 1 96 55 11 5 3 41%87% 51% 13% 3% 7% 4% 5%0%2% 1% 98% 56% 11% 5% 3% 148

1 V V V V V V V V V V 2 -- V V V V V V 3 -- V V V V 4 -- 鴴 V V V 5 -- V V V V 6 V V V 6 6 6 3 1 1 0 1 2 2 2 6 6 1 2 2 100%100% 100% 50% 17% 17% 0% 17%33%33% 33% 100% 100% 17% 33% 33% 149

1 V V V V V V 2 V V V V 3 V V V V 4 V V V V V V 5 V V V 6 V V 7 V V V V V V V V 8 V V V V 9 V V V V V V V V 10 V 11 V V V V V 12 V V 13 V V 14 V V V V 15 V V V V V V 16 滙 V V V 17 V V V V V 18 V V 13 17 12 9 1 11 0 4 4 4 0 17 14 11 6 4 72%94% 67% 50% 6% 61% 0% 22%22%22% 0% 94% 78% 61% 33% 22% 150

1 V V 2 V V V 3 V 4 V V 5 V V V V 6 V V V V V V V 7 V V V V V V V V V V 8 V V V V V V V V V 9 X V V V V V V V V 10 V V V V V V V V V V 11 V V V V V 12 V V V 13 -- V V V V V V V V V V 14 -- V V V V V V V V 15 -- V V V V V V V V V 16 V V V V V V V 17 V V V V V V V V 18 V V V V V V V V V V 19 V 14 11 13 13 5 14 8 10 10 11 8 19 17 15 12 12 74%58% 68% 68% 26% 74% 42% 53%53%58% 42% 100% 89% 79% 63% 63% 151

1 V 2V V V V V V 3 V V V V 4 V V 5 V V V V V V V 6 V V V 7 V V V V V V 8 V V 9 V V 10 V V V V 11 V V V 12 V V V 13 V V V V V V V V V V 14 V V V 15 V V V V V V V V V 16 V V V 17 V V V 18 V V V V V V V V 19 V V V V V V V 20 V V 21 V 13 21 14 7 8 11 4 2 3 2 4 21 16 13 4 5 62%100% 67% 33% 38% 52% 19% 10%14%10% 19% 100% 76% 62% 19% 24% 152

1 V V 2 V V 3 V V 4 V V V V V 5 V V 6 V 7 8 V V V V 9 V V 10 V 11 V 12 13 14 V 15 V V 16 V 17 V V 18 V 19 V 20 V 21 V V V 22 23 V V V V 24 V* 25 V V 26 27 V 28 V V 29 V V 30 V 3 22 9 2 4 1 3 0 0 2 0 23 11 4 0 2 153

31 V V 32 V V 33 V 34 V V 35 36 V V 37 V V 38 V V 39 V V 40 V 41 42 V V V 43 V 44 V 45 46 V V 47 48 V 49 V 50 V V V 51 V V V 52 V V V V 53 V 54 V V 55 V V V V 56 57 V V 58 V V V V V 59 60 V V 6 19 10 3 6 4 1 0 1 1 0 20 16 4 1 1 154

61 V V 62 63 64 65 66 V V V V 67 68 69 V V 1 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 2 1 0 1 10 43 21 6 10 6 4 0 1 4 0 45 29 9 1 4 14%62% 30% 9% 14% 9% 6% 0%1%6% 0% 65% 42% 13% 1% 6% 155

1 V V V V 2 V V 3 V V 4 V V V 5 V V V V V 6 V V V V 7 V V V V 8 V V V V 9 V V V V V 10 V V V V V V 11 V V V V 12 V V V V V V 9 11 11 2 6 5 2 0 1 2 0 12 12 7 1 2 75%92% 92% 17% 50% 42% 17% 0%8%17% 0% 100% 100% 58% 8% 17% 156

1 V V V V V V 2 V V V V 3 V V V 4 V V V 5 V V V V V V 6 V V V V V V 7 V V V V V 8 V V 5 8 8 0 5 4 2 0 0 3 0 8 8 6 0 3 63%100% 100% 0% 63% 50% 25% 0%0%38% 0% 100% 100% 75% 0% 38% 157

1 V V V 2 V V V V 3 V V V 4 V V 5 V V 6 V V V V V 7 V V V V V 8 V V V 9 V V V V V 10 V V V 11 V V V V V 12 V V V V 4 12 12 0 6 5 0 1 0 4 0 12 12 5 1 4 33%100% 100% 0% 50% 42% 0% 8%0%33% 0% 100% 100% 42% 8% 33% 158

1 V V 2 V V 3 V V V V 4 V V 5 V V 6 V V 7 V V 8 V V 9 V V 10V V V 11 V V 12 V V 13 鴴 V V 14 V V 15 V V 16 V V 17 V V V 18 19 20 V V 1 17 17 0 0 1 1 2 0 1 0 17 17 2 2 1 5%85% 85% 0% 0% 5% 5% 10%0%5% 0% 85% 85% 10% 10% 5% 159

1 V V V 2 V V V 3 V V V V 4 V V V V 5 V V 6 V V V 7 V V V V 8 V V V 9 V V V 10 V V V 11 V V V 12 V V V 13 V V V V 14 V V V 15 V V V 16 V V V V 17 V V 18 V V 19 - V V V V V 20 V V V 21 V V V V 22 V V V 23 V V V V 24 V V V V V V 25 V V V 26 V V V V 27 V V V V 28 V V V 29 V V V 30 V V V V V 9 30 21 13 3 4 6 5 0 0 0 30 26 9 5 0 160

31 V V V V 32 V 33 V V V V V 34 V V V 35 V V V V 36 V V V V V 37 V V 38 V V V V V 39 V V V V 4 9 6 7 1 1 3 1 0 1 0 9 8 4 1 1 13 39 27 20 4 5 9 6 0 1 0 39 34 13 6 1 33%100% 69% 51% 10% 13% 23% 15%0%3% 0% 100% 87% 33% 15% 3% 161

1 V V 2 V V V 3 V 4 V 5 V V V V 6 V V V 7 V V V 8 V V 9 V 10 V V 11 V 12CBA V 13 V 14 15 V 16 V V V 17 -- V 18 V V 19 V V V 20 V 21 V V 22 V V 23 V V 24 -- V 25 V V 26 V 27 V V 28 V 29 V 30 V 1 26 10 0 3 9 0 2 0 0 0 27 11 9 2 0 162

31 V 32 V 33 34 V V 35 V 36 V 37 V 38 V V V 39 V 40 V 41 V 42 V 43 V 44 V 45 V 46 47 V 48 V V 49 -- V 50 V 51 V 52 V V 53 V 54 V 55 V 56 V 57 V 58 59 V 60 V 1 26 1 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 26 3 2 0 0 163

61 V 62 V 63 V 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 55 11 0 5 11 0 2 0 0 0 56 14 11 2 0 3%87% 17% 0% 8% 17% 0% 3%0%0% 0% 89% 22% 17% 3% 0% 164

1 V V 2 13 3 4 5 V 6 V V 7 8 V 9 V V 10 11 V V 12 V V 13 V V V 14 15 16 V V V V 17 18 V 19 V 20 V 21 V 22 V 23 V 24 -- V 25 26 V V 27 V V 28 29 V V V 30 V 1 12 1 2 1 0 12 0 2 3 0 13 3 12 2 3 165

31 V V V 32 V V V 33RV V V V 34 35 36 37 V V 38 3 2 0 3 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 4 14 1 5 1 1 14 0 2 3 0 16 6 15 2 3 11%37% 3% 13% 3% 3% 37% 0%5%8% 0% 42% 16% 39% 5% 8% 166

1 V V 2 V V 3 4 V V V 5 V 6 V 7 V 8 9 10 11 12 13 V V 14 15 V V V 16 17 V 18 V V 19 V 20 V 3 10 0 4 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 10 4 1 1 1 15%50% 0% 20% 0% 0% 5% 0%5%5% 0% 50% 20% 5% 5% 5% 167

(1) (2) 1103 (3) 2 11032 168

(1) (2) 1103 (3) 2 11032 169

1-A 1-B 1-C 1-D 2-E 2-F 2-G 2-H 2-I 3-J 3-K 3-L 3-M 3-N A 3 E 2 H 4 1 3 170

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楤 188

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挵 199

挵 200

挵 螋 201

鈎 挵 202

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鮻 207

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鴴 鴴 212

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