/, Vol. 7, No. 12 Primary tumor inflammation in gross tumor volume as a prognostic factor for nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients Hao Peng 1, Lei Chen 1, Ling-Long Tang 1, Yuan Zhang 1, Wen-Fei Li 1, Yan-Ping Mao 1, Fan Zhang 1, Rui Guo 1, Li-Zhi Liu 2, Li Tian 2, Ai-Hua Lin 3, Ying Sun 1, Jun Ma 1 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People s Republic of China 2 Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Center, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People s Republic of China 3 Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People s Republic of China Correspondence to: Jun Ma, e-mail: majun2@mail.sysu.edu.cn Keywords: nasopharyngeal carcinoma, primary tumor inflammation, gross tumor volume, prognosis, intensity-modulated radiation therapy Received: October 28, 2015 Accepted: January 31, 2016 Published: February 25, 2016 ABSTRACT Purpose: The objective of this study is to investigate the prognostic value of primary tumor inflammation () in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in the era of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Results: was observed in 376/1708 (22.0%) patients, and was present in the sphenoid sinus in 289/376 (76.9%), in the nasal cavity in 27 (7.2%), and in both places in 60 (15.9%). The estimated 4-year local relapse-free survival (LRFS), diseasefree survival (DFS), overall survival (OS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) rates for vs. non- group were 89.2% vs. 96.1% (P < 0.001), 73.4% vs. 85.1% (P < 0.001), 85.0% vs. 92.1% (P < 0.001) and 83.6% vs. 91.4% (P < 0.001), respectively. After adjustment for these known prognostic factors, was confirmed as an independent prognostic factor for LRFS (HR 2.152, 95% CI 1.318 3.516, P = 0.002), DFS (HR 1.581, 95% CI 1.204 2.077, P = 0.001) and DMFS (HR 1.682, 95% CI 1.177 2.402, P = 0.004). Conclusions: Primary tumor inflammation was identified as a strong prognostic factor for patients with NPC in the era of IMRT and should be considered when devising future treatment strategies aimed at improving survival in NPC patients. Materials and Methods: Data on 1708 patients with nonmetastatic, histologicallyconfirmed NPC treated with IMRT between November 2009 and February 2012 at Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center were retrospectively reviewed. Patient survival between and non- groups were compared. INTRODUCTION Worldwide, there were an estimated 84,400 new cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and 51,600 deaths in 2011 [1]. NPC is an uncommon cancer with a very unique geographical distribution, with an age-standardized incidence rate of 20 50 per 100,000 males in south China but only 0 5 per 100,000 in Caucasian populations in 2011 [1]. Due to anatomic constraints and high radiosensitivity, radiotherapy is the only curative treatment for NPC. Despite its known limitations, the TNM staging system remains the most important prognostic factor for NPC patients [2]. Many other factors had been reported to have prognostic value, including plasma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA [3 5], primary tumor volume [6, 7], pretreatment serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels [8] and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) [9]. Due to the special location and invasiveness of NPC [10], primary tumor inflammation () in gross tumor volume (GTV) is a commonly imaging feature in advanced 14963
T stage patients. Using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, inflammation in GTV is seen as an area of high signal intensity on T2-weighted images, and as an area of low signal intensity on contrast material-enhanced T1-weighted images. The prognostic value of necrosis in cervical nodal, a subtype of inflammation in NPC patients, has been demonstrated [11], as has the prognostic role of necrosis in bladder cancer [12]. Therefore, it is reasonable to speculate that the inflammation in GTV may also have prognostic value in NPC. As we know, the relationship between primary tumor inflammation in GTV and prognosis of NPC patients has not been studied. Hence, we conducted a large-scale retrospective study to evaluate the impact of on the clinical features and survival outcomes of NPC patients based on MR imaging (MRI) results. RESULTS Patient characteristics Of the 1708 patients, the male (n = 1273)-to-female (n = 435) ratio was 2.9:1, the median age was 45 years (rang, 14 78 years). Patient characteristics are listed in Table 1. Of the 376 (22.0%) patients with, 168 (44.7%) and 204 (54.3%) were classified as T 3 and T 4, respectively (P < 0.001), while only 4 (1.0%) were in disease stage T 1 2. was observed in the sphenoid sinus alone in 289 (76.9%) patients, in the nasal cavity alone in 27 (7.2%), and in both locations in 60 (15.9%). and non- groups were similar in terms of drinking (P = 0.262). However, the group had a higher percentage patients that were older (P = 0.009), male (P = 0.035), smokers (P = 0.002), classified as advanced T (P < 0.001) and N (P < 0.001), and undergoing chemotherapy (P < 0.001). Patient failure patterns The median follow-up time for the entire cohort was 49.9 months (range, 1.3 76.4 months), and 263 (15.4%) patients were lost to follow-up. Patterns of treatment failure and cause of death are summarized in Table 2. Up to the final follow-up, 39/376 (10.4%) patients and 52/1332 (3.9%) non- patients experienced local failure (P < 0.001), 14/376 (3.7%) patients and 55/1332 (4.1%) non- patients experienced regional failure (P = 0.724), 62/376 (16.5%) patients and 113/1332 (8.5%) non- patients developed distant metastases (P < 0.001). Moreover, 59/376 (15.7%) patients and 108/1332 (8.1%) non- patients died, and the majority of deaths were attributed to NPC. Univariate and multivariate analysis The estimated 4-year local relapse-free survival (LRFS), disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) rates 14964 for the whole cohort were 94.6%, 82.5%, 90.6% and 89.7%, respectively. For group vs. non- group, they were 89.2% vs. 96.1% (P < 0.001), 73.4% vs. 85.1% (P < 0.001), 85.0% vs. 92.1% (P < 0.001) and 83.6% vs. 91.4% (P < 0.001), respectively (Figure 1). The results of univariate analysis revealed that there was prognostic value in age greater than 50 years, pathology type,, T and N classification, and overall stage., T classification and overall stage were associated with 4-year LRFS, DFS, OS and DMFS (Table 3). After adjusting for various prognostic factors, the outcomes of multivariate analysis showed that was an independent prognostic factor for LRFS (HR 2.152, 95% CI 1.318 3.516, P = 0.002), DFS (HR 1.581, 95% CI 1.204 2.077, P = 0.001) and DMFS (HR 1.682, 95% CI 1.177 2.402, P = 0.004) (Table 4). Subgroup analysis Due to the unbalanced distribution of in T classification, subgroup analysis according to T and N classification and overall stage was performed to further investigate the prognostic value of (Table 5). The survival outcomes for patients classified as T3 were substantially poorer than those T3 patients in the no- group (P = 0.001 for LRFS, P = 0.005 for DFS, P = 0.041 for DMFS), and were similar to those of patients classified ast4 in the no- group (90.6% vs. 90.9 for LRFS, 76.6% vs. 77.8% for DFS, 86% vs. 86.7% for DMFS). Additionally, for patients with N1 disease, the presence of markedly affected prognosis (P < 0.05 for all rates). However, the presence of did not substantially affect the outcomes of patients with T4 and N2-3 disease (P > 0.05 for all rates). DISCUSSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first largescale study to investigate the prognostic value of in NPC. In the present study, we observed a relatively high incidence (22.0%) of, especially in patients with advanced T stage. The results of this study revealed that was an independent prognostic factor with regard to 4-year LRFS, DFS and DMFS for patients with nonmetastatic NPC in the era of IMRT. However, no significant difference was found in 4-year OS for these two groups. Due to the anatomical specificity and invasiveness, inflammation is common in the sphenoid sinus and nasal cavity in advanced T stage NPC and often combines with necrosis and bacterial infections, which results in local hypoxia and radioresistance. This was also observed in head and neck cancers [13 16]. Moreover, numerous previous studies showed that hypoxia is also an adverse prognostic factor in many malignant cancers like lung, breast, uterine cervix, rectum, brain, soft tissue and renal cell [17 23]. This mechanism may also explain the unfavorable prognostic value of cervical nodal necrosis in NPC [11].
Table 1: Baseline characteristics of the 1708 patients included in this study Characteristics group Non- group No. No. Total Total 376 1332 1708 Age (years) 0.009 < 50 236 (62.8) 931 (69.9) 1167 50 140 (37.2) 401 (30.1) 541 Sex 0.035 Male 296 (78.7) 977 (73.3) 1273 Female 80 (21.3) 355 (26.7) 435 WHO pathology 0.001 Type I 6 (1.6) 3 (0.2) 9 Type II/III 370 (98.4) 1329 (99.8) 1699 Smoking 0.002 Yes 163 (43.4) 460 (34.5) 623 No 213 (56.6) 872 (65.5) 1085 Drinking 0.262 Yes 53 (14.1) 159 (11.9) 212 No 323 (85.9) 1173 (88.1) 1496 T classification b < 0.001 T1 2 (0.5) 307 (23.1) 309 T2 2 (0.5) 258 (19.4) 260 T3 168 (44.7) 648 (48.6) 816 T4 204 (54.3) 119 (8.9) 323 N classification b < 0.001 N0 33 (8.8) 253 (19.0) 286 N1 242 (64.4) 764 (57.3) 1006 N2 76 (20.2) 190 (14.3) 266 N3 25 (6.6) 125 (9.4) 150 Overall stage b < 0.001 I 0 (0) 92 (6.9) 92 II 2 (0.5) 353 (26.5) 355 III 158 (42.0) 657 (49.3) 815 IVA IVB 216 (57.5) 230 (17.3) 446 Chemotherapy < 0.001 Yes 366 (97.3) 1113 (83.6) 1479 No 10 (2.7) 219 (16.4) 229 Abbreviations: = primary tumor inflammation; WHO = World Health Organization. a P values were calculated using chi-square or Fisher exact test as indicated. b According to the 7th edition of the AJCC/UICC staging system. 14965
Table 2: Treatment failure patterns and cause of death Failure patterns group Non- group No. No. Local only 29 (7.7) 27 (2.0) < 0.001 Local + regional 2 (0.5) 11 (0.8) 0.911 Local + distant 6 (1.6) 9 (0.7) 0.172 Local + regional + distant 2 (0.5) 5 (0.4) 1.000 Regional only 4 (1.1) 32 (2.4) 0.206 Regional + distant 6 (1.6) 7 (0.5) 0.024 Distant only 48 (12.8) 91 (6.8) < 0.001 Total locoregional 49 (13.0) 92 (6.9) < 0.001 Total distant 62 (16.5) 113 (8.5) < 0.001 Total 97 183 Cause of death 0.406 Cancer 52 (88.1) 90 (83.3) Non-cancer 7 (11.9) 18 (16.7) Total 59 108 Abbreviations: = primary tumor inflammation. a P values were calculated using chi-square or Fisher exact test as indicated. Figure 1: Kaplan-Meier LRFS. (A), DFS (B), OS (C) and DMFS (D) curves for and non- patients. Abbreviations: LRFS = local relapse-free survival; DFS = disease-free survival; OS = overall survival; DMFS = distant metastasis-free survival; = primary tumor inflammation. 14966
Table 3: Univariate analysis of variables associated with prognostic outcomes Characteristics Patients 4-year LRFS 4-year DFS 4-year OS 4-year DMFS No. Age (years) 0.329 0.002 < 0.001 0.296 < 50 1167 (68.3) 94.9 84.4 92.6 90.2 50 541 (31.7) 94.0 78.3 86.0 88.5 Sex 0.105 0.876 0.143 0.276 Male 1273 (74.5) 95.1 82.4 89.9 89.2 Female 435 (25.5) 93.2 82.6 92.5 91.2 WHO pathology < 0.001 0.011 0.008 0.353 Type I 9 (0.5) 66.7 55.6 66.7 100 Type II/III 1699 (99.5) 94.8 82.6 90.7 89.6 Primary tumor < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 376 (22.0) 89.2 73.4 85.0 83.6 Non- 1332 (78.0) 96.1 85.1 92.1 91.4 Smoking 0.603 0.017 0.005 0.102 Yes 623 (36.5) 94.3 79.6 88.1 88.0 No 1085 (63.5) 94.8 84.2 92.0 90.6 Drinking 0.176 0.287 0.174 0.687 Yes 212 (12.4) 96.4 79.1 88.5 88.5 No 1496 (87.6) 94.4 83.0 90.9 89.8 T classification < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 T1 309 (18.1) 97.2 88.7 96.9 93.6 T2 260 (15.2) 95.1 84.7 93.6 91.8 T3 816 (47.8) 95.6 83.1 90.5 90.0 T4 323 (18.9) 89.0 73.3 82.4 83.5 N classification 0.552 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 N0 286 (16.7) 95.6 92.1 95.9 95.8 N1 1006 (58.9) 94.5 84.2 92.8 92.0 N2 266 (15.6) 93.3 75.5 85.3 83.7 N3 150 (8.8) 96.0 64.3 74.2 72.2 Overall stage 0.002 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 I 92 (5.4) 98.7 97.6 98.9 98.9 II 355 (20.8) 95.7 88.6 94.6 94.6 III 815 (47.7) 95.5 84.4 91.4 91.4 IV 446 (26.1) 91.0 70.9 80.6 80.6 Abbreviations: = primary tumor inflammation; LRFS = local relapse-free survival; DFS = disease-free survival; OS = overall survival; DMFS = distant metastases-free survival; WHO = world health organization. a P values were calculated using the log-rank test. 14967
Table 4: Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors correlated with clinical outcomes Endpoint Variable HR 95% CI for HR LRFS 0.002 2.152 1.318 3.516 Pathology 0.002 0.163 0.051 0.552 DFS Age 0.014 1.338 1.061 1.686 0.001 1.581 1.204 2.077 T classification 0.019 1.185 1.029 1.366 N classification < 0.001 1.656 1.455 1.884 OS Age < 0.001 1.778 1.309 2.414 T classification < 0.001 1.759 1.455 2.125 N classification < 0.001 1.943 1.638 2.304 DMFS 0.004 1.682 1.177 2.402 N classification < 0.001 2.013 1.705 2.377 Abbreviations: = primary tumor inflammation; LRFS = local relapse-free survival; DFS = disease-free survival; OS = overall survival; DMFS = distant metastases-free survival; HR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval. a Multivariate P-values were calculated using an adjusted Cox proportional-hazards model with backward elimination and the following parameters: age ( 50 y vs. < 50 y), gender (male or female), pathological type (type I or type II/III), (yes or no), smoking (yes or no), drinking (yes or no), T classification, N classification, undergoing chemotherapy (yes or No). In our cohort, patients with tended to be older than patients without, indicating that age may adversely contribute to primary tumor inflammation. One reasonable explanation is that older patients are likely to be in worse physical condition. patients were also at a more advanced clinical stage on average, and tumor volume was generally larger. A greater number of patients were thus undergoing chemotherapy. The significant prognostic difference showed by univariate analysis between these two groups should originate from unbalanced TNM staging and other prognostic factors. Multivariate analysis revealed was an prognostic factor for LRFS, DFS and DMFS but not for OS, which indicated that the follow-up time was insufficient, and should be longer in any similar studies in future. Subgroup analysis revealed a difference in the prognosis of patients with T3 or N1 disease. Due to the extremely low incidence of, no clinical prognostic value in T1-2 or N0 patients was observed. Moreover, patients with T4 or N2-3 are at a higher risk of distant metastases, and the prognostic impact of may be masked by other important prognostic factors. The survival outcomes of patients with T3 disease were similar to those with T4 classification. Hence, we proposed that T3 stage should be divided intot3a and T3b stage based on. More intensive chemotherapy regimen may be needed for patients with compared with patients without. Another reason for unfavorable prognosis of patients may be due to the difficulty in determining an accurate GTV using IMRT. Inflammation in the sphenoid sinus and nasal cavity often mixed with tumor and made it difficult to establish the tumor margin. Hence, the tumor target would easily be left out. Therefore, a thorough pretreatment assessment of patients undergoing IMRT should be performed, and accurate delineation of GTV should be warranted to reduce local recurrence. The findings of our current study suggest that clinicians should pay particular attention to NPC patients with in order to accurately delineate the tumor target. Induction chemotherapy could be applied to shrink the tumor bulk and minimize inflammation to assist identification of the tumor margin. Additionally, a better dose coverage and reduced toxicity from radiotherapy could be achieved after induction chemotherapy. Additionally, proton and heavy particle therapy could result in better prognosis [24]. The main limitation of our study was that the judgement of was only based on MRI. However, this could not be avoided because pathological results from surgical resection are not available due to the special location of NPC. The retrospective nature and short followup time are also limitations that should be addressed in future studies, and additional clinical experiments are needed to establish the prognostic value of. 14968
Table 5: Subgroup analysis of T, N and overall stage of and non- groups 4-year LRFS 4-year DFS 4-year OS 4-year DMFS Stage Non- Non- Non- Non- T T1 100 97.2 0.787 50 88.9 0.059 100 96.9 0.801 50 93.9 0.006 T2 100 95.1 0.740 100 84.6 0.558 100 93.6 0.716 100 91.7 0.678 T3 90.6 96.9 0.001 76.6 84.7 0.005 89 90.9 0.181 86 91 0.041 T4 87.9 90.9 0.331 70.7 77.8 0.138 81.5 84 0.954 81.7 86.7 0.192 N N0 90.9 96.2 0.153 81.8 93.5 0.022 89.8 96.8 0.018 90.9 96.4 0.129 N1 88.8 96.2 < 0.001 74.9 87.2 < 0.001 86.7 94.8 < 0.001 86.8 93.7 0.001 N2 89.7 94.7 0.144 70.6 77.5 0.160 85 85.4 0.655 78.3 85.8 0.07 N3 88.2 97.3 0.136 55.2 66.2 0.268 61 76.6 0.173 59.5 74.9 0.073 Overall I - 98.7 - - 97.6 - - 100 - - 98.9 - II 100 95.6 0.749 100 88.5 0.612 100 97.9 0.837 100 94.6 0.739 III 90.8 96.6 0.002 77.7 86.1 0.003 90.3 91.9 0.137 87.1 92.4 0.024 IV 87.9 94.1 0.021 69.9 71.9 0.539 80.9 80.8 0.494 80.8 80.5 0.89 Abbreviations: = primary tumor inflammation; LRFS = local relapse-free survival; DFS = disease-free survival; OS = overall survival; DMFS = distant metastases-free survival. a P values were calculated using the log-rank test. -No patients with stage I disease had. CONCLUSIONS In summary, this study confirmed that was an independent prognostic factor for LRFS, DFS and DMFS for patients with NPC in the era of IMRT. It is advised that T3 stage should be divided into T3a and T3b stage based on the presence of, and different intense treatment protocols should be considered for patients with. Further prospective clinical study should be warranted to confirm the results of this current study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients We retrospectively analyzed 1811 patients with newly diagnosed NPC that showed no evidence of distant metastasis, who were treated between November 2009 and February 2012 at Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center. Pre-treatment MR images of the nasopharynx and cervical region were thoroughly analyzed. Of the entire cohort, 103 (5.7%) patients without MRI results were excluded, which left 1708 (94.3%) patients for further investigation. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, and informed consent was obtained from all patients. Clinical staging The routine staging process included a complete history and clinical examination of the head and neck region, direct fibre-optic nasopharyngoscopy, MRI scans of the skull base, neck and chest radiography, a whole-body bone scan, and abdominal sonography. Positron emission tomography (PET)-CT scans were also performed if clinical indicated. All patients received a dental evaluation before radiotherapy. 14969
All patients were restaged according to the 7th edition of the International Union against Cancer/American Joint Committee on Cancer (UICC/AJCC) system [25]. All MRI materials and clinical records were reviewed to minimize heterogeneity in restaging. Two radiologists employed at our hospital separately evaluated all of the scans and disagreements were resolved by consensus. resting on a support. A high-resolution planning computed tomography scan with contrast was taken from the vertex to 2 cm below the sternoclavicular joint at a slice thickness of 3 mm. Target volumes were delineated slice-by-slice on treatment planning CT scans using an individualized delineation protocol that complies with International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements report numbers 50 and 62. The prescribed doses were 66 72 Gy at 2.12 2.43 Gy/fraction to the planning target volume (PTV) of the primary gross tumour volume (GTVnx), 64 70 Gy to the PTV of the GTV of the involved lymph nodes (GTVnd), 60 63 Gy to the PTV of the high-risk clinical target volume (CTV1), and 54 56 Gy to the PTV of the low-risk clinical target volume (CTV2). All targets were treated simultaneously using the simultaneous integrated boost technique. Diagnostic criteria for All patients underwent MRI scans using a 3 Tesla system (Trio Tim; Siemens, Erlangen Germany). Only patients with inflammation surrounding the tumor were included in this study, and patients with sinusitis not in the immediate vicinity of the tumor were excluded. Diagnostic criteria for primary tumor inflammation in MRI include an area of high signal intensity on T2weighted images, and an area of low signal intensity on contrast material-enhanced T1-weighted images, which is similar to the diagnostic criteria for lymph node necrosis (Figure 2) [26, 27]. Chemotherapy According to our institutional guidelines, prior to commencing treatment we recommended radiotherapy alone for stage I disease, concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) for stage II disease, and CCRT +/ neoadjuvant/ adjuvant chemotherapy for stage III to IVA-B disease. Neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy consisted of cisplatin with 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin with taxoids or cisplatin with 5-fluorouracil and toxoids, every three weeks for two or three cycles. Concurrent chemotherapy consisted of cisplatin given weekly or on weeks 1, 4 and 7 of radiotherapy. Clinical treatment Radiotherapy All patients received intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) at Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center. Immobilization was carried out using a custom-made head-to-neck-thermoplastic cast with the patient s neck Figure 2: Primary tumor inflammation in two NPC patients. (A) Axial T2-weighted and (B) contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR images of a 41-year-old man show primary tumor inflammation in the sphenoid sinus; (C) Axial T2-weighted and (D) contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR images of a 29-year-old man show primary tumor inflammation in the nasal cavity. 14970
Follow-up and statistical analysis Patients were followed-up from the first day of therapy to the day of last examination or death, and were examined at least every three months during the first two years, with follow-up examinations every six months thereafter until death. The end points (time to the first defining event) included LRFS, DFS, OS, and DMFS. LRFS was chosen as the first endpoint in this study. Chi-square or Fisher exact tests were used to compare the categorical characteristics and treatment failure patterns between and non- groups, and subgroups were analyzed according to T classification, N classification, and overall stages. Life-table estimation was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and differences were compared using the log-rank test. The multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and to calculate 95% confidence intervals (CI). Variables in the model included age, gender, pathology, T classification, N classification, chemotherapy, and. All statistical tests were two-sided, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The STATA statistical package (STATA 12; StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA) was used for all analyses. GRANT SUPPORT This work was supported by grants from the Key Laboratory Construction Project of Guangzhou City, China (No.121800085), the Health & Medical Collaborative Innovation Project of Guangzhou City, China (201400000001), the Sun Yat-Sen University Clinical Research 5010 Program (No. 2012011), the Science and Technology Project of Guangzhou City, China (No. 14570006), and the Planned Science and Technology Project of Guangdong Province (No. 2013B020400004). CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The authors declare no conflicts of interest. REFERENCES 1. Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 2011; 61:69 90. 2. 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