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1 meiyou@nknucc.nknu.edu.tw psko@cc.kuas.edu.tw NSC92WFA & NSC93WFA /6/7 2008/6/2

3 Taiwanese Journal of Sociology, June 2008, 40: An Event History Analysis of Elementary School Principal Promotions in Taiwan Mei-Hui You Graduate Institute of Gender Education National Kaohsiung Normal University Po-Sheng Ko National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences Abstract This study uses an event history analytical approach to explore the career paths of elementary school principals in Taiwan. Existing research divides elementary school teacher career routes into two categories: teaching and administration. Statistics indicate that the number of women who achieve positions as elementary school principals is disproportionate to the number of women employed in elementary schools. Accordingly, this study focuses on two issues: (a) the potential for gender bias in promotions from teacher to administrative positions in Taiwanese elementary schools, and (b) whether domestic factors such as marital status, reproduction, and family caregiving affect teacher career development. Results from an event history analysis indicate significant gender differences in elementary school principals career development over time that is, it takes longer for female elementary school teachers to make the transition to administration, with marital and caregiving factors being the strongest mitigating factors. The authors hope that these empirical findings prove useful in illuminating the current situations in which

4 48 female leaders find themselves in terms of achieving educational management positions. Keywords: gender and career, caregiving, elementary school principals, event history analysis

5 % 68.2% longitudinal EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/STATISTICS/EDU / analysis /gender.doc

6 Event History Analysis crosssectional Blossfeld, Hamerle & Mayer 1989 Yamaguchi 1991

7 Biklen 1983, 1995

8 52 Coleman 1996; Eckman 2004 Sachs and Blackmore 1998 Eckman 2004 balancing everything Sachs and Blackmore 1998: how why

9 53 Grant 1989 p.40 Dorothy Smith 1987: career inactivity R. S. Jacobs plucking syndrome

10 Lyons p.55

11 p

13 57 Spencer 1994 Acker Schmuck and Schubert 1995 uninformed about 2002

14 Finley 1989 Finley

15 time-series person-period record file 5 Event History Analysis 2000

16 % %59% , %23%

17 61 1 nominal variable dummy variable discrete variable 1 0 a 表 1 變項及操作性定義與編碼變項操作性定義 =0 =0.5 =1 =1.5 =2 40 = =3 =3.5 =4 =4.5 =5

18 62 10 =3 = =1.5 =1=0 =3 =2 =1 = b =3 =2 =1 =0 a. b.

19 表 2 編號為 1 之校長的個人事件史年資料任教主任轉任擔任因自己有疾需負照需負照顧責任編號性別年齡民國學歷婚姻子女數年資年資主任校長的影響程度顧責任的影響程度 a 子女 a person-period record file25 30

20 Cox s Cox s Discrete-Time Logit Model logistic regression logistic regression Yamaguchi 1991: 15-26

21 65 odds 表 3 現任校長由教師擔任主任時個人特性擔任主任時年齡學歷任教年資婚姻子女數 (347) (340) (347) (338) (340) (1160) (1141) (1162) (1142) (1144) t 4.93* * * *.P< P 1 P odds P/ 1 PYamaguchi 1991: 15-45

22 66 表 4 現任校長由主任擔任校長時個人特性擔任校長時年齡學歷任教年資主任年資婚姻子女數 (348) (344) (348) (348) (340) (342) (1160) (1147) (1162) (1161) (1142) (1144) t 6.42* 3.31* 7.45* 3.01* 3.362* 1.957* *.P< I 1.57 II

23 表 5 轉任主任前需負照顧責任與對象的性別差異假設檢定 b 轉任主任前需負照轉任主任前依性別區分針對不同對象而需負照顧責任的人數與佔該性別中的比例顧責任的人數與 a 子女父親母親配偶之父配偶之母配偶祖母佔該性別的比例人數比例人數比例人數比例人數比例人數比例人數比例人數比例人數比例 (P1) % % 5 1.5% 5 1.5% % % 5 1.5% 1 0.3% (P2) % % % % 2 0.2% 5 0.4% 5 0.4% 1 0.1% 5.54* 5.55* -2.40* -1.93* 2.99* 4.08* 1.51 a b *. P<0.05 表 6 轉任校長前需負照顧責任與對象的性別差異假設檢定轉任校長前需負照 b 轉任校長前依性別區分針對不同對象而需負照顧責任的人數與佔該性別中的比例顧責任的人數與 a 佔該性別的比例子女父親母親配偶之父配偶之母配偶其他 (P1) % % % % % % 1 0.3% 1 0.3% (P2) % % % % 8 0.7% % % 2 0.2% 3.85* 4.27* -2.02* -2.78* 3.98* 4.85* a b c. *. P< P1 P2

24 68 I 26.5% 12.2% II I 18.9% 6.5% II

25 69 I II 7 9 表 7 擔任主任時離散時間邏輯迴歸分析模式之比較模式敘述變項模式卡方值 df p-value I I2 I I3 I I x x x x I2 vs. I I3 vs. I <0.050 I4 vs. I <0.050 *I1~I 表 8 擔任校長時離散時間邏輯迴歸分析模式之比較模式敘述變項模式卡方值 df p-value II II2 II II3 II II4 II x x x x II2 vs. II II3 vs. II <0.050 II4 vs. II <0.001 *II1~II

26 70 a 表 9 升遷事件的 Cox 邏輯迴歸模型分析 I II I1 I4 II1 II B Exp(B) B Exp(B) B Exp(B) B Exp(B) -.454*** ** *** *** *** *** *** *** b.143*** *** *** *** *** * *** * ** b -.012*** *** * c.617* d e * * x -.217* **.804 x x 1.062* * x * x *** *** -8.89*** *** a. * p<0.05, ** p <0.01, ***p<0.001 b. II1 II4 c. d. e.

27 71 7 I1 I1baselineI2 I2 I1 I2 Model Chi- Square I2 I3 I3 I2 I3 I4 x I4 I3 I4 I4 I II I I 8II4 II 9 I 9 I1 9 I1 [ ] x 9 I4 2003

28 72 female caregiver p I1 9 I1 9 I4

29 73 [ ] x 9 I4 9 I4 II 9 II1 I

30 74 9 II4 9 II1 [ ] II 4 I %

32 76 Nancy Folbre

33 Eckman 2004 Saul 2003

34 78 family-friendly

35 79 附錄 1 現任校長生命事件史基本資料表 :

36 80 2. A A 民國教師主任校長民國教師主任校長

37 出生序性別 ( 請勾選 ) 出生年

38 勾選需被照顧者與您本人的關係? 誰是主要照顧者? 年代自我評估之影響程度

39 II (3): (1): :

40 : (4): (1): : (1): : :

41 : (4): VS. 17:

42 : : : : : Abbott, Pamela and Claire Wallace, 1990, An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives 1995 Acker, Sandra, 1994, Gendered Education. Buckingham and Phildelphia: Open University Press. Biklen, Sari Knopp, 1983, Teaching as an Occupation for Women: A Case Study of an Elementary School. Education Reproduction No. ED Biklen, Sari Knopp, 1995, School Work: Gender and the Cultural Construction of Teaching. Albany, NY: State University of New York

43 87 Press. Blossfeld, Hans-Peter, Hamerle, Alfred and Mayer, Karl Ulrich, 1989, Event History Analysis. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Coleman, Marianne, 1996, Barriers to Career Progress for Women in Education: The Perceptions of Female Head Teachers. Educational Research 38(3): Eckman, Ellen. W., 2004, Similarities and Difference in Role Conflict, Role Commitment, and Job Satisfaction for Female and Male High School Principals. Educational Administration Quarterly 40(3): Finley, Nancy J., 1989, Theories of Family Labor as Applied to Gender Differences in Caregiving for Elderly Parents. Journal of Marriage and the Family 51: Folbre, Nancy, 2001, The Invisible Heart: Economics and Family Values 2002 Grant, Rosemary, 1989, Women Teachers Career Pathways: Towards an Alternative Model of Career. Pp in Teachers, Gender and Careers, edited by Sandra Acker. New York: The Falmer Press. Lyons, Geoffrey, 1981, Teacher Careers and Career Perceptions. Albany, NY.: Delmar Publishers. Sachs, Judyth. and Blackmore, Jill, 1998, You Never Show You Can t Cope: Women in School Leadership Roles Managing Their Emotions. Gender and Education 10(3): Saul, Jennifer, 2003, Feminism: Issues & Arguments. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

44 88 Schmuck, Patricia. A. and Schubert, Jane, 1995, Women Principals View on Sex Equity: Exploring Issues of Integration and Information. Pp in Women Leading in Education, edited by Diane M. Dunlap and Patricia A. Schmuck. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Smith, Dorothy E., 1987, The Everyday World as Problematic. Boston: Northeastern University Press. Spencer, Dee A., 1994, Sociology of Teaching. Pp in International Encyclopedia of Education, edited by Torsten Husen and T. Neville Postlethwaite. Oxford, England: Elsevier Science. Yamaguchi, Kazuo, 1991, Event History Analysis. Newbury Park, California: SAGE Publications, Inc.

120 ( ) 1 1999 2 69.30 54.80 2 2007 11 22

(2007/12), pp.119-152 : 120 ( ) 1 1999 2 69.30 54.80 2 http://www.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xitem=17286&ctnode=517 2007 11 22 15 64 121 4 2003 3 http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/ct.asp?xitem=8886&ctnode=3303 2007 11 22