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3 O Blackmore, 1989Gosetti & Rusch, 1995Shakeshaft, 1989 Gilligan1982 Noddings1984,

4 agency positionalityacker, 1994Tong, 1989Weiner, 1994 Riehl & Lee, 1996:907Shmuck, 1996:345 gender sex gender sex outsiders Abbott Wallace1997 Abbott & Wallace, 1997:6 1995:11-12 sex and gender Thiele (1987) invisible exclusion pseudo-inclusion alienation 4

5 Acker, 1994 Harding, 1987 Acker1994:57 subject Lather, 1991 F. E. Fiedler Shakeshaft, 1989: 159 J. Burns 462 O 5

6 Mary Parker Follet power with power over relational Burns Gosetti & Rusch, 1995:21-22 Blackmore, 1989:100 deficit Acker1994 blame-the-victim Noddings1990 Gilligan1982 Belenky Belenky, Clinchy, Golderberg, & Tarule, Rosener1990 Rosener feminine Gosetti & Rusch, 1995 Helgesen (1990) Gilligan (1982) Smith1997:

7 teamwork androgynous Smith Blackmore1989 bureaucratic rationality Blackmore multi-dimensional multi-directional empower others relational Schmuck1996:352 insiders outsiders Schmuck, 1996 Collins1991 outsiders within Schmuck,

8 male-dominated Reinharz, 1985:

9 34 45% 18 Ohio The Bureau of Business Research of Ohio State University consideration initiating structure J. M. Burns B. M. Bass % 11% 10% 8% 5% 5% 5% 4% 2% 5% 100% translate

10 () ,293, 1996:33 () Ohio 15 B. M. Bass 1990 P. Hersey K. H. Blanchard H. A. Simon J. R. French B. Raven 10

11 Polsky D. Hellriegel A. Etziooni (dichotomy) Reinharz, 1985: () () 11

12 () A. W. Halpin Ohio B. M. BassG. Yukl F. E. Fiedler D. E. Griffths J. R. French B. Raven A. W. S. Porter R. L. Peabody LINDELOWScott Ohio A. W. Halpin Ohio Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire LBDQ 1959 LBDQ 2.1% Shakeshaft, 1989: t

13 Abbott Wallace () Truman1994:32 13

14 visible () Bem J. B. RosenerS. Helgesen L. J. Shepherd Helgesen 14

15 E. B. Goldring S. F. RallisT. E. Deal W. H. Roe T. L. Drake W. H. Roe 15

16 S. Helgesen M. Loden D. M. Smith Helgesen B. Rosener S. Helgesen M. Loden D. M. Smith O

17 % 29 39% % J. B. RosenerS. HelgesenM. LodenD. M. Smith Popkewitz 1984 empirical-analytic / social reality 75 Blackmore

18 universal 12 / Lather1991 research as praxis empowering encounter 18

19 Dunlap Goldman1991 facilitative power ---- Sergiovanni1993 Leithwood1994 1[1]

20 1993: (1) S. Helgesen The female advantage: Women s ways of leadership 1995 P. Abbott & C. Wallace An introduction to sociology: Feminist perspectives 1995 ) (27-45) 1993? Belenky

21 Abbott, P., & Wallace, C. (1997). An introduction to sociology : Feminist perspectives (2nd ed.). London : Routledge. Acker, S. (1994). Gendered education: Sociological reflections on women, teaching and feminism. Philadelphia: Open University Press. Belenky, M., Clinchy, B., Golderberg, N., & Tarule, J. (1986). Knowledge, difference and power: Essay's inspired by "Women's ways of knowing". New York: Basic Books. Blackmore, J. (1989). Educational leadership: A feminist critique and reconstruction. In J. Smyth (Ed.), Critical perspectives in educational leadership (pp ). New York: The Falmer Press. Collins, P. H. (1991). Learning from the outsider within. In M. M. Fonow, & J. Cook (Eds.), Beyond methodology. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. Dunlap, D. M., & Goldman, P. (1991). Rethinking power in schools. Educational Administration Quarterly, 27(1), Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Gosetti, P. P., & Rusch, E. (1995). Reexamining educational leadership: Challenging assumptions. In D. M. Dunlap, & P. A. Schmuck (Eds.), Women leading in education (pp ). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Harding, S. (1987). Introduction: Is there a feminist method? In S. Harding (Ed.), Feminism & methodology (pp. 1-14). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Helgesen, S. (1990). The female advantage: Women s ways of leading. New York: Doubleday. Lather, P. (1991). Getting smart: Feminist research and pedagogy with/in the postmodern. New York: Routledge. Leithwood, K. (1994). Leadership for school restructuring. Educational Administration Quarterly, 30(4), Noddings, N. (1984). Caring: A feminine approach to ethic and moral education. Berkely, CA: University of California Press. Noddings, N. (1990). Feminist critiques in the professions. In C. Courtney (Ed.), Review of research in education. Washington, DC: AERA. Noddings, N. (1992). The challenge to care in schools: An alternative approach to education. New York: Teachers College Press. Popkewitz, T. S. (1984). Paradigm and ideology in educational research: The social 21

22 functions of the intellectual. London: The Falmer Press. Riehl, C., & Lee, V. E. (1996). Gender, organization, and leadership. In K. Leithwood, J. Chapman, D. Corson, P. Hallinger, & A. Hart (Eds.), International handbook of educational leadership and administration: Part 2 (pp ). Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Reinharz, S. (1985). Feminist distrust: Problems of context and content in sociological work. In D. N. Berg, & K. K. Smith (Eds.), The self in social inquiry: Researching methods (pp ). CA: Sage. Rosener, J. B. (1990). Ways women lead. Harvard Business Review. Nov-Dec., Schmuck, P. A. (1996). Women s place in educational administration: Past, present, and future. In K. Leithwood, J. Chapman, D. Corson, P. Hallinger, & A. Hart (Eds.), International handbook of educational leadership and administration: Part 1 (pp ). Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Sergiovanni, T. (1991). The principalship. New York: Allyn & Bacon. Shakeshaft, C. (1989). Women in educational administration. London: Sage. Smith, D. M. (1997). Women and leadership. In P. G. Northouse (Ed.), Leadership: Theory and practice(pp ). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Thiele, B. (1987). Vanishing acts in social and political thought: Tricks of the trade. In C. Pateman, & E. Gross (Eds.), Feminist challenges: Social and political theory. Boston: Northeastern University Press. Tong, R. (1989). Feminist thought. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Truman, C. (1994). Feminist challenges to traditional research: Have they gone far enough? In B. Humphries, & C. Truman (Eds.), Re-thinking social research (pp ). England: Avebury. Weiner,G. (1994). Feminisms in education: An introduction. Philadelphia: Open University Press. 22

23 The Analysis of educational leadership these during the last decade in Taiwan: Feminist perspectives Hui-Ling Pan Wen-Chen Liang Yi-Hsuan Chen Professor Master Student Master Student Dept. of Education Dept. of Education Dept. of Education Taiwan Normal University Taiwan Normal University Taiwan Normal University ABSATRACT The purpose of this paper is to analyze Taiwan's educational leadership master's theses and doctoral dissertations in these recent ten years using feminist perspectives. Feminist perspectives and educational leadership research is the first part introduced. Then the analysis of the theses is presented, mainly focusing on three aspects: (1) Whose voice is present in the text? (2) How gender is analyzed? (3) Is research viewed as praxis? After analyzing studies of educational leadership in Taiwan, it was found that influenced by positivist paradigm, most researchers used questionnaire surveys. In addition, androcentric perspective has dominated the authors' viewpoints. Out of the 75 theses, 42 were ignorant of the gender factor. In the other 29 theses, sex/gender was only built in as a demographic variable to examine sex/gender differences. Among the four theses with women as subjects, only two embrace some kind of female perspectives. The findings indicate that there are still plenty of rooms for investigating women's experiences in educational leadership studies. Key words: educational leadership, women leadership, principalship, feminist perspectives 23

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2000 The Concept and Realization of Gender Equity Education 0 1 Kenway & Modra, 1992: 140-141 2 1997 1996 1997 1992 gender sex sex gender, 1999: 29 3 Streitmatter, 1994: 3-7 Richmond-Abbott(1983) Sadker,