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2 234 Y Keyboard

4 C Rosabeth Kanter 2008/1977 Kanter

5 Kanter token tokenism Kanter tokenism Kanter spillover effects of sex role

6 238 Patricia Roos Barbara Reskin Joan Acker 1970

7 embodied disembodied substructure Acker, 1990, 1992, 1998

8 240 Acker embodied disembodied % :

9 ascribed characteristics achieved status % ,760 6,144 8, ,885 15,516 23, ,953 28,761 38, ,271 32,500 39, ,803 33,035 40, ct.asp?xitem=1135&ctnode= England, 2006 allocative discrimination valuative discrimination

10 242 England, 1992 Martha Nussbaum Women and Human Development Nussbaum, 2000:

11 labor force participation rate , , % % ('78=1978, '00=2000) '78 '79 '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 '89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 ' % 70% % %

12 % % % 49% 49% 66% 72% 73% % 4% 44% 56% 71% 24% 49% 31%

13 (78.7) (64.4) ,253 8,053 (41.8) 11,200 (58.2) 4,901 (60.9) 3,152 (39.1) 491 (4.4) (21.3) (35.6) 1,045 1,123 4,702 (43.9) 10,709 (95.6) 6,006 (56.1) 156 (3.3) (49.3) 1 (0.02) 1,110 (23.6) 4 (0.1) 119 (2.5) 3,313 (70.5) 386 (6.4) 3 (0.05) 1,839 (30.6) 25 (0.4) 791 (13.2) 2, %

14 ,000 45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 ('80=1980, '00=2000) 0 '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 '89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 ' %

15 % 39% 35% 47% 18%

16 248 Treiman & Hartmann, Equal Pay Act 1970 Equal Employment Opportunity Civil Rights Act 1985 Equal Employment Opportunities Law

19 Barbara Bergmann % 77% Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD],

20 252 Catharine MacKinnon 1993/1979:

21 Kanter Reskin Acker

22 Ehrenreich, B Folbre, N Nakao Eki2008 Kanter, R. M.

23 MacKinnon, C. A Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender and Society, 4(2), Acker, J. (1992). Gendering organizational theory. In A. J. Mills & P. Tancres (Eds.), Gendering Organizational Theory (pp ). London: Sage. Acker, J. (1998). The future of gendering and organizations : Connections and boundaries. Gender, Work and Organizations, 5(4), Bergmann, B. R. (2008). Long leaves, child well-being, and gender equality. Politics and Society, 36(3), England, P. (1992). Comparable Worth: Theories and Evidence. New York: Aldine De Grnyter. England, P. (2006). Devaluation and the pay of comparable male and female occupations. In D. B. Grusky & S. Szelenyi (Eds.), The Inequality Reader: Contemporary and Foundational Readings in Race, Class and Gender (pp ). Boulder, CO: Westview. Nussbaum, M. C. (2000). Women and Human Development: The Capabilities Approach. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2009). Labor Force Statistics Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Roos, P. A. & Reskin, B. F. (1984). Institutional factors contributing to sex segregation in the workplace. In B. F. Reskin (Ed.), Sex Segregation in the Workplace: Trends, Explanations, Remedies (pp ). Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Treiman, D. J. & Hartmann, H. I. (Eds.) (1981). Women, Work and Wages: Equal Pay for Jobs of Equal Value. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

性與性別社會學9.DOC

性與性別社會學9.DOC (sex) (gender) \ 1 1950 1960 \ 2 \ 3 (the personal is political) \ 4 1 1999 38 \ 5 \ 6 (gender stratification) 3 1989 \ 7 (ahistorical) (social categories) 23 22 ( 2000) (sexuality) (homosexuality) (bi-sexuality)