例 1: 已知 150g( 标准体重 ) 大鼠用 5mg.kg -1, 求成人 ( 标准体重 ) 的用药剂量? 查表 2, 大鼠 a 行, 成人 b 列的 R ab =0.162, 故成人的剂量 =D b.r ab = =0.81mg.kg -1

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纶芙明
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1 表 2 标准体重动物的由动物 a 到动物 b 的 mg kg -1 剂量折算表 ( 表中数值为换算系数 R ab ) 动物品种小鼠 b 仓鼠 b 大鼠 b 豚鼠 b 家兔 b 家猫 b 猕猴 b 比格犬 b 狒狒 b 微型猪 b 成人 b 标准体重 /kg 表面积 /m 小鼠 a 仓鼠 a 大鼠 a 豚鼠 a 家兔 a 家猫 a 猕猴 a 比格犬 a 狒狒 a 微型猪 a 成人 a

2 例 1: 已知 150g( 标准体重 ) 大鼠用 5mg.kg -1, 求成人 ( 标准体重 ) 的用药剂量? 查表 2, 大鼠 a 行, 成人 b 列的 R ab =0.162, 故成人的剂量 =D b.r ab = =0.81mg.kg -1

3 表 2 标准体重动物的由动物 a 到动物 b 的 mg kg -1 剂量折算表 ( 表中数值为换算系数 R ab ) 动物品种小鼠 b 仓鼠 b 大鼠 b 微型猪 b 成人 b 标准体重 /kg 小鼠 a 仓鼠 a 大鼠 a

4 例 2: 已知 20g( 标准体重 ) 小鼠用 4mg.kg -1, 求 10kg( 标准体重 ) 犬的用药剂量? 查表 2, 小鼠 a 行, 犬 b 列的 R ab =0.150, 故犬的剂量 =D b.r ab = =0.600mg.kg -1

5 表 2 标准体重动物的由动物 a 到动物 b 的 mg kg -1 剂量折算表 ( 表中数值为换算系数 R ab ) 动物品种小鼠 b 仓鼠 b 大鼠 b 豚鼠 b 比格犬 b 标准体重 /kg 表面积 /m 小鼠 a

6 例 3: 已知 10kg( 标准体重 ) 比格犬用 0.68mg.kg -1, 求 22g 小鼠 38g 老龄鼠的用药剂量? (1) 查表 2, 犬 a 行, 小鼠 b 列的 R ab =6.67 故 20g 小鼠的剂量 =D b.r ab = =4.536mg.kg -1 ;

7 表 2 标准体重动物的由动物 a 到动物 b 的 mg kg -1 剂量折算表 ( 表中数值为换算系数 R ab ) 动物品种小鼠 b 仓鼠 b 大鼠 b 标准体重 /kg 家猫 a 猕猴 a 比格犬 a

8 例 3: 已知 10kg( 标准体重 ) 比格犬用 0.68mg.kg -1, 求 22g 小鼠 38g 老龄鼠的用药剂量? S a =(W a /W 标 ) 1/3, S b =(W 标 /W a ) 1/3, 由动物 a 到动物 b 的剂量 /mg.kg -1 换算表, 其中 :D a 和 D b 是标准体重剂量 /mg.kg -1, D a 和 D b 是非标准体重剂量 R ab S a S b 可由表中查出由标准体重到标准体重 :D b =D a.r ab 由标准体重到非标准体重 :D b =D a.r ab.s b 由非标准体重到非标准体重 : D b =D a.s a.r ab.s b

9 B=W/W 标表 3 非标准体重动物的校正系数 (Sa,Sb) S S b =1/B 1/3 a =B 1/

10 例 3: 已知 10kg( 标准体重 ) 比格犬用 0.68mg.kg -1, 求 22g 小鼠 38g 老龄鼠的用药剂量? (2) 现 22g 小鼠与标准体重相差不到 20%, 按体重用 4.536mg.kg -1 基本可行由标准体重到非标准体重 :Db =Da.Rab.Sb 根据标准体重 W 标 =20g, 实际体重 W b =22g, B=22/20=1.1, 查表 3,S b =0.969, 故剂量 =D b.r ab.s b = =4.395 mg.kg -1, 与前剂量相差不到 3%;

11 表 3 非标准体重动物的校正系数 (Sa,Sb) B=W/W 标 S S b =1/B 1/3 a =B 1/

12 例 3: 已知 10kg( 标准体重 ) 比格犬用 0.68mg.kg -1, 求 22g 小鼠 38g 老龄鼠的用药剂量? (3)38g 老龄鼠 : 根据 B=38/20=1.9, 查表 3, S b =0.807, 故剂量 =D b.r ab.s b = =3.660mg.kg -1, 该剂量也可用于 31~46g 的老龄鼠

13 动物间和动物与人体间的等效剂量换算动物品种家兔 b 家猫 b 比格犬 b 成人 b 标准体重 /kg 家兔 a 家猫 a 比格犬 a 成人 a D b =D a.r ab 体重 ±20% 范围内药物 mg.kg -1 剂量可靠人用 : 一次 1~2 粒, 一日 3 次每粒装 0.13g 犬用 :? 人 :Da=(130mg 3-6)/60= /60=6.5-13mg/kg;Rab=1.85 犬 :D b =D a.r ab =6.5~13mg/kg 1.85=12.025~24.05 mg/kg ~240.5mg 一日,0.12~0.24g/ 日 ; 一次 1/3~2/3 粒, 一日 3 次

15 专题 5 豚鼠 ( 荷兰猪,Guinea Pigs) Ⅰ 主要品种和品系 Ⅱ 应用 Ⅲ 行为 Ⅳ 解剖 Ⅴ 生理学特点 Ⅵ 育种和繁殖 Ⅶ 饲料和饮水 Ⅷ 无菌和 SPF 豚鼠 Ⅸ 实验技术

16 历史与起源野生豚鼠家养豚鼠与分布在阿根廷乌拉圭巴西和秘鲁的野生豚鼠有亲缘关系最早关于豚鼠驯化的报道大约发生于 1530 年, 皮萨罗攻克秘鲁时当时主要用于食品和宗教祭祀在其天然栖息地南美州, 主要是食用

17 达芬奇最后的晚餐 1495 年 Paintings such as the last supper have included the guinea pig as main course meal

18 豚鼠起源不清楚豚鼠名字的由来也不清楚常用的名字是豚鼠, 天竺鼠推测 : guinea ---- 商船可能途经西非的几内亚 Guinea, 或圭亚那 Guiana 成年雌性称为母猪 sows, 成年雄性称公猪, 分娩称下小猪

19 欧洲 16 世纪, 荷兰水手将豚鼠引入欧洲, 用于展览和作为宠物豚鼠用于科学研究的记载最早出现于 1780 年, 拉瓦锡将其用于产热测定其它研究包括过敏性休克 VitC 缺乏和结核病美国 1770 s 进入, 作为宠物和用于研究

20 分类学地位目 : 啮齿 Rodentia 一对门齿终生不断生长, 无犬齿科 : 豚鼠科 Caviidae 南美无尾啮齿类特征 : (1) 一对乳房 (2) 前脚四趾, 后脚三趾属 : 豚鼠属 Cavia 种 : 土拨鼠 Porcellus, 南美州豚鼠可能是家养豚鼠的祖先

21 豚鼠与大鼠小鼠松鼠同属啮齿目豚鼠在豪猪亚目, 与南美栗鼠豪猪同属豚鼠科豚鼠科动物, 包括水豚, 是以身材粗短, 尾退化和妊娠期长为特点的一类草食性南美洲啮齿类动物

22 Ⅰ 主要品系和品种既然所有品种的身体组成和体型都非常一致, 其被毛特点就成为豚鼠品种分类的依据. 最常见的宠物品种有英国短毛种和美国短毛种

23 A. 英国种 a. 毛短光滑直立 (3.8 cm) b. 纯色 Solid colors: 白化, 黑色, 野鼠色, 沙色, 红色, 巧克力色, 奶油色等等 c. 也有双色或三色动物

24 大部分近交系和远交群豚鼠都属于英国种远交群 Hartley, 也称作 Dunkin-Hartley, 为短毛白化远交群品种

25 Lab stocks-outbred NIH 远交群, 一种多色品种 ; 无毛, 胸腺缺失豚鼠 Lab strains-inbred 现今可用的近交系 2 和近交系 13. 突变系 : a. 补体 4 缺乏 (C4D/N): in 1970 NIH b. 华尔兹豚鼠 Waltzer (Wz) c. 无毛和免疫缺陷突变

26 B. 阿比西尼亚种 a. 毛短, 粗, 在体表多个位置多个中心呈发射状形成蔷薇结或涡漩 b. 毛色多样

27 C. 秘鲁种丝状毛, 长达 15 cm (6 in)

28 Pigmentation: 15 loci are known to influence coat color in guinea pigs. Most are single gene mode of inheritance. a. Agouti locus (A) (1) black or brown pigment (2) Light-bellied agouti allele (A) (3) Non-agouti allele (a): Eliminates the Phaeomelanin band from individual hairs and animals are therefore black (or brown, or variation). b. Brown locus (B): c. Color, or albino locus (C)

30 Ⅲ. 行为学特点 1. 二倍体染色体数目 2N=64 one pair of sex chromosomes 31 pairs of autosomes. 2. 性情温顺, 不抓人, 胆小易惊 Popular as pets Seldom bite or scratch Easily alarmed, injuries of young, abortion when startled,

31 3. 喜群居不喜攀登跳跃腿短无尾相互之间平和友好相处雄性占主导地位的社会等级制度新成员加入出现打斗剃毛行为

32 4. 昼动夜伏最活跃期在清晨和黄昏进食 Crepuscular animals 5. 普赖尔反应 Preyer reflex: 耳廓随声音响动而直立 6. 信息传递嗅觉, 听觉 (a) chutts 单或双音节的简短发音 (b) chutter - 2 to 4 部分 (c) whine 打斗, 不舒服 (d) whistle, tweet, purr, drr, scream, squeal.

33 7. 习惯严格, 不喜变动水料的任何变动易引起绝食或厌食凌乱, 料垫料粪便 8. 人对豚鼠不易引起过敏反应

34 Ⅲ. 解剖特点 1. 足 : Forefeet have 4 digits each, Rear feet have 3 digits each. 小鼠右前肢上面观 Upper surface of right manus 小鼠右足上面观 Upper surface of right pes

35 2. 鼓室大 tympanic bullae 易于到达内耳结构 3cm 4cm 2cm 2cm

36 外耳道观看外耳道裂内观 58 倍放大 75 倍放大

43 3. 胸腺 Thymus 环绕在气管周围 ; 而大小鼠位于胸腔深部心脏上方位于未成年动物颈中线腹侧, 随动物成熟而逐渐退化豚鼠 ( 同雪貂猴人 ) 属肾上腺皮质激素抵抗类固醇治疗时不会影响淋巴细胞计数和胸腺重量, 而其他物种则下降

44 4. 咽部结构独特软腭与舌底相连软腭上有腭孔是从口咽部到咽部其余部分的唯一开口 5. 肺 Right, four lobes. Left, three lobes. MICE

45 6. 肾上腺 Adrenal glands 双叶, 较大部分啮齿类大位于肾脏头侧 In this image, in which the animal's head is to the left, the kidney is obscured by renal fat, but the left adrenal gland is indicated by an arrow.

46 7. 胃肠道单室胃, 腺胃总胆管由距幽门尾侧 1 cm 处进入十二指肠下肠道具有典型草食性动物特点小肠 125 cm 长大肠占据大部分腹腔盲肠为薄壁囊, 占据腹腔左侧,15-20 cm 长, 容纳整个胃肠道 65% 的内容物, 约占体重的 15%

47 肝脏 :6 lobes 胰腺头叶和尾叶胰液管由距部胆管远端 7 cm 处进入十二指肠 4 对唾液腺 8. 食粪性 Eat feces directly from the anus or from the cage floor. 肛周和臀部有标记腺体, 行走坐立时腺体会抵住平面

48 9. 骨骼 (1) 齿式 Dental formulas 不换齿, 一套永久齿 one permanent set of teeth. 啮齿类独特的, 有前臼齿所有牙齿为高冠牙, 或齿根开放 2(I 1/1 C 0/0 PM 1/1 M 3/3) = 20 MICE

49 哺乳动物的牙齿哺乳动物的牙齿是区别于其它脊椎动物 ( 鱼类两栖动物爬行动物鸟类 ) 的最重要特征, 只有哺乳动物的牙齿是异齿型门齿用来切割植物, 犬齿用来杀死猎物, 臼齿用来咀嚼食物, 牙齿构成可判断食性食草 : 犬齿消失, 门齿发达, 臼齿整齐 ; 食肉 : 犬齿发达, 门齿细小, 臼齿参差不齐 ; 杂食 : 各齿优势持平 ; 啮齿类, 上下颌一对门齿无齿根, 终生继续生长无犬齿人的齿式 : / , 32 颗最后 4 颗臼齿智齿,30 多岁才长出来

50 (2) 椎骨 7 颈椎 cervical, 胸椎 thoracic, 6 腰椎 lumbar, 2-3 荐椎 sacral,4-6 尾椎 coccygeal vertebrae. 椎式 Vertebral formula: C7 T13-14 L6 S2-3 Cy4-6

51 10. 皮肤及衍生物毛发 ⑴ 由粗大的针毛和环绕其周围的细毛组成 ⑵ 每个毛囊都有相应的皮脂腺 ⑶ 毛发变异 a. 粗毛位点 (R) is characteristic of the Abyssinian breed b. 长毛位点 (l)

52 乳头 Both the male and female have teats. 雌性有一对腹股沟乳腺.

53 11. 生殖系统阴道膜雌性豚鼠尿道口和肛门之间为一浅的 U 型裂口裂口由阴道膜覆盖, 仅在发情期和分娩时张开雄性

54 Penile styles The os penis, or baculum, is found within the dorsal surface of the entire length of the glans. The intromittent sac, unique to hystricomorph rodents, is in the ventral aspect of the glans. When the penis is erect, the intromittent sac everts, revealing two keratinaceous, horn-like styles attached to its caudal end.

55 Female and male reproductive tracts 雄, 精囊腺大, 平滑, 透明 ; 雌, 子宫角副性腺, 还有一对凝结腺前列腺一对尿道球腺

56 Ⅴ. 生理特点 1. Hematologic characteristics White Blood Cells (1) Neutrophils 38% (2) Lymphocytes 55% (3) Monocytes 3% (4) Others 4% Blood Pressure: systolic rarely greater than 100 mm Hg.

57 2. 独有的特点 (1) 有库洛夫细胞 Kurloff cells 单核白细胞, 胞质内有内溶物胎盘内含量高, 为杀伤细胞 Unique features (2) 给予组胺易引起致死性支气管平滑肌收缩 (3) 注射小剂量抗原可高发过敏反应

58 3. 与人类相似的特点需膳食补充 vitamin C, 孕期胎盘和激素调控相似迟发性超敏反应易患结核病 4. 豚鼠是高效价补体的来源听力研究 ; 畸胎学和毒理学研究 ; 悉生学研究. 自发性糖尿病研究补体系缺陷和原生动物感染引起的隐孢子虫病

59 5. 耐冷不耐热 6. 运输过程有显著体重下降 (up to 50g) within hours. This weight is regained rapidly if conditions are stabilized may alter experimental data. 7. 不利特点饲养费用高, 近交系少外周静脉血管缺乏, 采血及静脉注射困难易感染

60 Ⅵ. 繁殖育种 1. 交配 (1) Males a 周龄交配可受孕 b. 通常交配龄 3-5 months ( gm) c. 有效生育龄 months (2). Females: a. 第一个性周期 4-5 weeks of age b. 交配 months, gm.

61 2. 持续发情 without significant seasonal variations. Estrous cycle 15-17d Has distinct signs of estrus (vaginal membrane opening) lasts 9-11 hours Postpartum estrus: Occurs with a hours 妊娠期 : days; mean = 63 days

62 3. 育种方式 (1). Monogamous pairs: (2). Polygamous Mating Used for outbred production One boar mated with 4-6 sows. 4. 窝产仔数 Litter size Outbreds: Average litter size 3-4 Inbreds: Average litter size 2-3 断奶龄 Weaning 21 d or 180 g weight

63 5. 胎盘 Placentation 铁饼状血单绒毛膜型胎盘 6. Gestation days, 平均 68 days Gestation length varies inversely with litter size. 7. 仔鼠新生仔鼠 grams, 与窝产仔数成反比低于 50 grams 易死亡, 多于 5 只易死产流产率 8.3%, 应达 g at 21 days

64 Photo-newborns 属于早熟性动物 precocious 胎鼠在母体内发育完成, 仔鼠出生后一小时即能站立行走, 数小时后即能吃软料. hand-rearing is not as difficult as in altricial species. Young pigs are weaned between days, or when a weight of 180 grams is reached.

65 Ⅶ. Feeding and watering 1. Have an usually high requirement for certain amino acids (arginine, methionine, and tryptophan) Requirements can be met by providing 18-20% protein diet usually of plant origin. 2. Roughage: Crude fiber should be 13.5% Many breeders advocate feeding hay Decrease boredom and "barbering"

66 3. Dietary requirement Vitamin C a. 自身不能合成自身不能合成 Vc, 必须补充新鲜蔬菜或饮水中加 Vc b. 体内缺乏微粒体酶,Are unable to convert glucose to ascorbic acid because they lack the microsomal enzyme L-gulonolactone oxidase. L- 古洛糖酸内酯氧化酶葡萄糖抗坏血酸

67 c. Ascorbic acid required to: (1) 预防坏血病 scurvy (2) 维持抗病力 (3) 维持血液补体 (4) 胶原合成所必需

68 d. Deficiency results in: (1) Formation of defective collagen (2) Hemorrhages in various tissues (3) Delayed wound healing (4) Impaired bone and tooth formation.

69 e. Daily Ascorbic Acid requirements: (1) Immature guinea pigs: 0.5 mg/100 g body weight (2) Maintenance (over 300 g BW): 6 mg (3) Breeding females: 20 mg f. Supplementation with ascorbic acid in drinking water or Green Vegetable Supplementation Carrots, cabbage,

70 5. Diet: (1) Green grass and vegetables (2) 尤其喜欢苜蓿草 alfalfa (3) 味觉 Gustation: (a) Avoid sweet foods; (b) Reject overly bitter, salty, or chemically pure diets Acute hemolytic anemia in response to excess dietary cholesterol (versus cardiovascular lesions in most animals).

71 6. 抗生素治疗 (1). 许多抗生素可明显引起小肠内菌丛改变而导致 3-5 days 腹泻和死亡 (2). "Toxic" antibiotics include: a. 盘尼西林 Penicillin b. 杆菌肽 Bacitracin c. 红霉素 Erythromycin d. 克林霉素 Clindamycin a. 洁霉素 Lincomycin b. 氯四环素 Chlortetracycline c. 土霉素 Oxytetracycline d. 链霉素 Streptomycin

72 (3). "Safe" antibiotics include: a. Chloramphenicol palmitate( 棕榈酸 ): 60 mg orally daily for 5-7 days b. Chloramphenicol( 氯霉素 ) succinate ( 丁二酸盐 ): mg/kg BID IM c. Sulfamethazine( 磺胺类药 ): 4 ml of 12.5% solution/500 ml of drinking water for 1-2 weeks d. Cephaloridine( 头孢噻啶 ): 10 mg/day

73 Table 8.1 Biologic and reproductive data for guinea pigs Adult body weight: Male Female Life span Body temperature Heart rate Respiratory rate Food consumption Water consumption Breeding onset: Male Female Estrous cycle length Gestation period Postpartum estrus Litter size Weaning age Breeding duration Chromosome number(diploid) g g 4-5 y beats per minute breaths per minute 6 g/100 g/d 10 ml/100 g/d 3-4 m ( g) 2-3 m ( g) d d Fertile d 18-48m 64

74 Ⅱ. Uses A. Early Uses 23 项 Nobel prizes for 生理医学奖豚鼠研究发现 Vitamin C 结核杆菌 The tuberculosis bacterium 肾上腺素 Adrenaline.

75 1905 年, 德国医学家以举世瞩目的开拓性成绩, 问心无愧地摘走了诺贝尔生理学及医学奖从古至今, 鼠疫伤寒霍乱肺结核等夺去了人类无数的生命第一个发现传染病是由病原细菌感染造成的人就是罗伯特科赫, 堪称世界病原细菌学的奠基人和开拓者罗伯特科赫培养出的纯种结核菌制成悬液, 通过注射豚鼠的腹腔实验,4~6 周后豚鼠即死于结核病他用实验证明结核菌不论来自猴牛或人均有相同症状阐明了结核病的传染途径 1905 年发表了控制结核病的论文

76 1901 年获首次诺贝尔生理学或医学奖德国细菌学家, 免疫学家发现白喉抗毒素百白破. 当时白喉流行, 严重威胁儿童生命他用以毒攻毒的中医理论进行研究 : 首先给豚鼠注射白喉杆菌, 得上白喉病, 然后药物治疗结果, 数百只豚鼠死掉了, 但有两只侥幸存活把比上次剂量更大的白喉杆菌注射给这两只豚鼠, 仍安然无恙进行了一系列实验之后, 贝林决定将实验转向临床治疗阶段血清疗法的创始人之一儿童的救星第一次世界大战期间, 他研制的破伤风免疫血清应用於战伤, 他又被誉为战士的救星贝林

77 Guinea pigs were used in development of: Vaccines for diphtheria, TB 心脏瓣膜置换 Replacement heart valves 输血 Blood transfusion, 肾脏透析 Kidney dialysis 抗生素 Antibiotics 抗凝剂 Anticoagulants 哮喘药 Asthma medicines

78 B. Guinea pigs and isolated tissues 豚鼠肺脏和小肠广泛用于新药研究和开发 ß 阻断剂治疗高血压胃溃疡药物癌症病人用抗恶心药物脑啡肽的鉴定肠内小脑神经回路工作原理研究

79 C. 过敏反应和呼吸道疾病 The extreme allergic reaction, anaphylactic shock, More readily and strongly than most other species. Cavia>Rabbit>Dog>Mice>Cat>Frog 呼吸道对过敏原敏感, 广泛用于哮喘和吸入性药物研究炭疽疫苗研究生物防御研究抗结核病药物

80 D. Nutrition research (1) 坏血病 Scurvy the oldest known disease caused by a poor diet In the 1740s, British sailors, muscle weakness, bleeding under the skin and at the gums, and loss of teeth. Later, research on guinea pigs showed that scurvy was due to a lack of vitamin C. Vitamin C was discovered using guinea pigs in Most other animals synthesise their own vitamin C.

81 (2)Need high levels of AA, folic acid, thiamine, arginine and potassium Useful in nutrition studies (3)Most of plasma cholesterol in LDL Useful in the study of cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism.

82 E. 听力研究耳构造与人相似, 易于暴露和研究普赖尔反应, 用于耳聋检查毛细胞是听力研究中重要的声敏感细胞 In 2003, 第一例哺乳动物毛细胞, 在豚鼠内耳成功实现再生

84 中华耳鼻咽喉科杂志耳蜗微窥镜应用的初步报告实验方法 :10 只豚鼠, 取单侧耳作耳蜗微窥镜检查, 左右各 5 耳手术全身麻醉 : 氯胺酮 70 mg/ kg 肌肉注射, 戊巴比妥钠 30 mg /kg 皮下注射, 将豚鼠固定于操作台上

85 耳后背侧进路, 显微镜下钝性分离皮下组织, 暴露听泡.

86 电钻磨开听泡外后壁, 小心保护中耳结构, 暴露耳蜗底回及圆窗, 于近圆窗龛 mm 处以三棱钻开窗 ( 直径约 0.8 mm)

87 电钻磨开听泡外后壁, 小心保护中耳结构, 暴露耳蜗底回及圆窗, 于近圆窗龛 mm 处以三棱钻开窗 ( 直径约 0.8 mm)

88 见外淋巴溢出后, 将窥镜沿开窗处插入鼓阶, 进入鼓阶的最大深度为 4 mm, 从窥镜所连接的监视器上观察鼓阶内结构并摄像

90 螺旋器 (spiral organ) 又称柯蒂 (Corti) 氏器为听觉感受器由基底膜蜗管面的上皮细胞所特化, 主要由支持细胞和毛细胞构成

92 微创保留残余听力的人工耳蜗植入术

93 F. 安全性试验 Safety testing 妊娠期长, 出生后中枢神经系统发育成熟, 适于安全性试验, 尤其是预防出生缺陷研究免疫系统与人类相似皮肤敏感性与人类相似广泛用于过敏性皮肤反应研究小鼠局部腘窝淋巴结试验, 英研发, 国际认证机构签署 1999, 18,000 项豚鼠试验, 下降至 200,2004.

94 一动物实验的重要性 Total number of animals used in 2002 (EU-15) is 10.7 Mio Mouse Other species Fish Birds Pig Rabbit Guinea pig Rat Total number of animals used in 2005 (EU-25) is 12.1 Mio

95 G. 感染性疾病 Infectious Disease In 1882, the German scientist Robert Koch used guinea pigs to discover that TB was caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis immune defence system resemble to human the sensitivity of the guinea pig to infections to study infectious diseases.

96 H. Immunologic studies Guinea Pig used extensively for immunologic studies because the cervical thymus is easily removed 2-3 mon, 350~400 g

97 Ⅷ. 无菌豚鼠 1. 非商业化 2. 盲肠增大, 生育能力低下, 维持繁殖群不现实 3. 通过剖宫术由普通动物获得 4. 早熟性, easily reared to maturity. 5. 第一例剖宫产无菌豚鼠,1895 青霉素豚鼠肠道菌代谢过敏

98 6. Germ-Free vs. Conventional (1) 盲肠膨大 a. Conventional animals' cecum is 15% of body weight, 30% in germ-free. b. Same weights as conventional when corrected for increased cecal size. c. 易因盲肠破裂疝扭转, 子宫脱垂而感染 d. 肛门和直肠脱垂率上升 5%.

99 2. WBC: Total WBC: 1900 in germ-free vs. 5-12,000 in conventional 3. Immunoglobulins: a. Gamma globulins same until 8-10 weeks of age, then decrease in germfree to 20-50% of normal. b. Hemolytic complement activity same. 4. Pregnancy a. Frequent in germ-free, but rarely reach term b. Sows abort; prolapse uterus, often death c. Cecal distention postulated as cause of reproductive problems

100 5. 出现坏血病征兆慢 6. 多种异常 a. Enlarged gallbladder b. Decreased muscle tone c. Thin gut wall d. Reduced lymphoid tissue 7. 应用作为感染性物质的良好培养基, 否则实验室内不能生长比普通豚鼠反应性显著

101 Ⅸ. Techniques A. Handling easy to handle. must be supported when lifted One hand is placed under the trunk while the other supports the rear limbs.

102 B. Identification Permanent methods include color pattern records, ear notching and tattoos. An ear tag, as shown here, is another acceptable identification method;however, guinea pigs that are group housed may have the tag chewed off. Dyes and markers can be used for temporary identification.

103 C. Blood collection 颈静脉窦 Cranial vena cava Blood is sometimes collected from the cranial vena cava of the guinea pigs, as shown here. 眼眶静脉丛耳缘静脉.

104 C. Blood collection Cardiac puncture Cardiac puncture as a method of survival blood collection carries a high risk in guinea pigs as it requires anesthesia; 心包出血引起的堵塞会导致死亡

105 E. Drug administration IM injection 四头肌, 避开坐骨神经

106 IP injection Intraperitoneal (]P) injections can be made safely into the lower, left quadrant of the abdomen. The guinea pig is tilted with its head toward the floor, to shift the abdominal organs cephalad and help prevent inadvertent injection into the intestine.

107 SC injection Subcutaneous injections can be made by tenting the skin in the neck area.

108 IV, marginal ear vein Intravenous injection into the marginal ear vein is possible, but difficult due to the small size. 其他如隐静脉和舌静脉

109 IV, dorsal penile vein Intravenous access is also possible into the dorsal penile vein; however this is a painful procedure and premedication is necessary.

110 F. ANALGESICS, ANESTHETICS Signs of pain Analgesics should be administered when pain is observed or expected. Clinical signs include decreased activity, restlessness, abnormal gait or posture, rough haircoat, altered patterns of vocalization, and reduced food or water intake. Specific signs of pain in the guinea pig may be quite subtle and pain detection is based on a subjective judgment of change from usual behavior in response to a stimulus. It is most humane to assume that procedures which cause pain in humans may do so in the guinea pig.

111 Analgesics Analgesic drugs used in the guinea pig include 丁丙诺啡 buprenorphine (0.05 mg/kg SC at 8 hour intervals), morphine (10 mg/kg SC or IM every 4 hours) meperidine (20 mg/kg, IM or SC, every twothree hours).

112 Pre-anesthetics Guinea pigs can be sedated or preanesthetized using ketamine ( mg/kg IM) or diazepam (5 mg/kg IM or IP). Atropine (0.05 mg/kg SC) should be used to decrease bronchial and salivary secretions.

113 Anesthesia in the guinea pig is difficult for several reasons, including variability in response to various drugs and difficulty monitoring depth of anesthesia; postoperative complications also are common. To attain a surgical plane of anesthesia, a combination of ketamine (25-40 mg/kg) and xylazine (5-12 mg/kg) can be given IM or IP. Pentobarbital sodium (25-35 mg/kg, IP) is sometimes used to produce surgical anesthesia, although the higher dose rates normally needed are associated with high mortality in guinea pigs. Fentanyl-droperidol (Innovar-Veto, Pitman- Moore Inc.) should not be used in the guinea pig at anesthetic dosages, because it has been shown to cause muscle necrosis at the injection site.

114 甲氧氟烷 Methoxyflurane Methoxyflurane is the inhalant anesthetic of choice for the guinea pig. Anesthesia can be induced in a chamber and maintained with a nose cone. Endotracheal intubation is very difficult in the guinea pig due to the small size of the trachea and difficulty in visualization. Ether is not recommended; in addition to being flammable and explosive, it is irritating and unpredictable in the guinea pig.

115 Post-anesthesia To prevent hypothermia, an anesthetized guinea pig should be kept warm on a heating pad and ml of warmed lactated ringer's solution can be infused subcutaneously. Turning the animal every 30 minutes helps to prevent hypostatic pulmonary congestion.

116 G. Euthanasia Guinea pigs may be euthanatized in a carbon dioxide chamber that is precharged prior to use.

117 G. Euthanasia An alternative method is intravenous or intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium (1 50 mg/kg). Intracardiac injection can be used if the animal is already under anesthesia.

118 Objectives 豚鼠独特的解剖生理特点, 行为和生殖特点 uses 麻醉安乐死方法

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PowerPoint Presentation 2. (1) Preimplantation stages Implantation Placentas Chorioallantoic placenta The yolk sac placenta Postimplantation stages The organogenetic period The maturation period (2) 1) 2) :, 3) 24 ( ) (1) 8