性别建构的心理空间

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1 internet information environment Ross & Nisbett1991 social context construe Taylor1998 Shaw1998 1

2 inter-discipline multi-level gender differences individual differences 1 sex Etaugh & Bridges2001/ Ellis1894 Morawski sex difference approach masculinity femininity the psychology of gender and sexuality gender and psychology sex differences psychology Bem1981Beall & Sternberg1993Brannon1996 Lenney1990/1997 nature nurture Deaux & Lafrance socialized gendered 2

3 4 Bem gender polarization2 androcentrism3 biological essentialism Deaux & Major1987 gender-in-context model Deaux & Major1987 3

4 category self cognition social cognition social stereotype ascription achievement polarization Deaux & Lafrance 1998 filter 1 gender stereotypes Bem1974 should be Fiske & Stevens 1993 prototypicality Bem1974 Bem 4

5 Bem Bem Sex Role InventoryBSRI1974 Lenney1990/1997 masculinity femininity androgyny gender schema Bem1981 Bem1993 Bem Prentice Carranza2002 Prentice Carranza should be shouldn t to be are allowed to be don t have to be 2 5

6 Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26 (2002), egalitarian gender attitude be gendered 3 Turner social categorization 2 social identification 3 social comparison 4 psychological distinctiveness 6

7 identity ingroup outgroup 1 2 psychological link 3 1 Skevington & Backer1989 Williams & Giles1978 intergroup intragroup 2 ingroup bias self esteemmizrahi 7

8 Deaux Deaux & Lafrance %47% Hogg Gurin & Markus Bem Bem 8

9 Bem 2 Buss1995Buss & Kenrick one dose not have a gender, one does genderwest & Zimmerman % 39.6% % % % 7.3% 5.0% 9

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16 , % 20.89% 20.63% 16.30% 9.96% 4.45% FT11 YAOLAN (QJYL13) 16

17 QJYL CV PO2BM (ID1QM) (ID6CW) JE 20 FT12 / / 17

18 ID1PPM (ID1AS) / ID6LJ TT 18

19 1 WellmanGulia interpersonal perception 19

20 1 looking glass self 2 3 Sherry Turkle1995 Peter Steiner1993 Phil Agre 1999 Byron Burkhalter

21 Jodi O Brien1999 / /

22 / personality E Internet 22

23 http:// Agre, P.1999Life after Cyberspace. EASST Review 18:3-5. Beall, A. E. & Sternberg, R. J. (eds.) (1993). The psychology of gender. New York: Guilford Press. Bem, S.L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, Bem, S.L. (1981). Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review, No. 88; Bem, S.L. (1993).The Lenses of Gender. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Brannon, L. (1996). Gender: psychological perspectives. Needham Hts, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Burkhalter, B. (1999). Reading Race Online: Discovering Racial Identity in Usenet Discussions, in M. Smith, P. Kollock (ed.).communities in Cyberspace, pp New York: Routledge. Buss, D. & Kenrick, D. T. (1998). Evolutionary social psychology. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey. (eds.) The Handbook of Social Psychology. (4 th ). Boston: The McCraw-Hill Co. Inc. Buss, D. M. (1995). Psychological sex difference: Origins through sexual selection. American Psychologist. 50, Deaux, K., & Lafrance, M. (1998). Gender. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey. (eds.) The Handbook of Social Psychology. (4 th ). Boston: The McCraw-Hill Co. Inc Deaux, K., & Major, B. (1987). Putting gender into context: An interactive model of gender-related behavior. Psychological Review, 94, Etaugh, C. A. & Bridges, J. S. (2001/2003). The psychology of women: A lifespan perspective. Allyn & Becon. Fiske, S. T. & Stevens, L. E. (1993). What s so special about sex? Gender stereotyping and discrimination. In S. Oskamp & M. Costanzo (Eds.), Gender Issues in Contemporary Society. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Gurin, P. & Markus, H. (1989). Cognitive consequences of gender identity. In S Skevington & D. Baker (Eds.), The Social Identity of Women. London: Sage Hogg, M. (1987). Social identity and group cohesiveness. In J. C. Turner al et. Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. New York: Basil Blackwell. Lenney, E. (1990/1997). Gender role: Measurement of masculinity, femininity and androgyny. In Robinson, J. P., Shaver, P. R., & Wrightsman. (eds.) Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes. Academic Press Mizrahi, K. & Deaux, K. (1997). Social Identification and Ingroup Favoritism: The Case of Gender. Manuscript submitted for publication. Morawski, J.(1996). Gender theories. In S. I. Kutler (Ed.), Encyclopedia of United States in Twentieth Century. New York: Charles Scribner s Sons. vol.2, pp

24 Prentice, D. & Carranza, E. (2002). What women and men should be, shouldn t be, are allowed to be, and don t have to be: The contents of prescriptive gender stereotypes. Psychology of Women Quarterly O Brien J.(19??). Writing in the body:gender (re)production in online interaction, in M. Smith, P. Kollock (eds.). Communities in Cyberspace, pp London: Routledge. Ross, L. & Nisbett, R. E. (1991). The person and situation: Perspectives of social psychology. Shaw, T. (1998). New York: McCraw-Hill. Skevington, S. & Backer, D. (Eds.). (1989). The Social identity of Women. London: Sage. Steiner P. (1993.On the Internet, nobody knows you re a dog. New Yorker, July 5. Taylor, S. E. (1998). The social being in social psychology. In Gilbert, D. T., Fiske, S., & Lindzey, G. (eds.). The Handbook of Social Psychology. Boston: McGraw-Hill Turkle, S.(1995). Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet. New York: Simon & Schuster. Turner, J. C. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. New York: Basil Blackwell. Wellman & Gulia, M. (2000). Virtual communities as communities: net surfers don't ride alone. In M.A. Smith, P. Kollock (ed.). Communities in Cyberspace, pp London/New York: Routledge Williams, J. & Giles, H. (1978). The changing status of women in society: An intergroup perspective. In H. Tajfel (Ed.). Differenciation between social group: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations. London: Academic Press. West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing gender. Gender & Society, 1,

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