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1 96 ~ 96 4

2 96... iv (inward looking)...13 (outward looking)...14 (forward looking) (Account ability Dilemmas)...19 (Paradigm Dilemmas)...20 (Analytical Dilemmas)...20 (Structural Dilemmas)...21 (Replication Dilemmas)...22 (Motivation Dilemmas)...23 i

3 ii

4 iii

5 96 iv

6 step by step (big moo) 2003 E

7 ( ) 2

8 2 1 3

9 (innovation) ( ) ( 2005) ( ) ( ) 4

10 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 5

11 (2002) ( ) (2005) (2005) 6

12 1990 Christensen 1997 (The Innovator s Solution) Tushman O Reilly 1997 (Winning through Innovation) Moore 1999 (Crossing the Chasm) (Ikujiro Nonaka) (Hirotaka Takeuchi) 1995 (The Knowledge-creating Company) ( 2005) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Amabile(1988) 120 7

13 ( 2002) Brown(1989) Harrington(1990) ( 2002) King Anderson(1990) Eleanor Glor(2002) ( 2002) 8

14 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 9

15 10

16 ( 2002) ( ) ( ) ( ) (intelligence-gene transplant) S 1. 11

17 (1) (2) (3) 2. S (S-curve model of business life cycles) (1) (2) (3) (prototype testing) 3. (1) - (2) - (3) - (4) - (5) ( ) ( ) 12

18 (Innovation Management Techniques) ( 2002) (inward looking) ( ) (Value analysis ) ( ) (Business process reengineering BPR) 4 1. ( )

19 4. ( ) (outward looking) ( ) (Benchmarking) ( ) (Strategy planning ) 3-5 ( ) (E-government) ( ) 14

20 E (forward looking) ( ) ( ) (Total Quality management) (TQM)

21 ( ) 1. ( ) 2. " " 3. ( ) 1990 Peter Senge 1. (personal mastery) 2. (Mental model) 3. (Building shared vision) 4. (Team learning) 5. (Systems thinking) - (participation) - (anticipation) ( ) (Customer Relationship Management ) 16

22 ( ) 21 ( ) SWOT

23 18 (2002)

24 Alan Altshuler Robert Behn 14 6 ( 2001) (Account ability Dilemmas) ( ) ( ) ( ) 19

25 (Paradigm Dilemmas) ( ) ( ) (Analytical Dilemmas) ( ) 20

26 ( ) (Structural Dilemmas) ( ) ( ) 21

27 (Replication Dilemmas) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 22

28 (Motivation Dilemmas) ( ) ( ) ( ) 23

29 E 91 24

30 ( ) ( ) 3 ( ) 2 6 ( ) 25

31 3 E-Learning ( ) ( ) 6 14 ( ) e 26

32 4 ( ) 95 ( ) 级 27

34 29 E E

35 ( ) ( ) 30

36 ( )

37 ( )

38 (Energy) (Energize) (Edge) (Execute) 33

39 ( ) 5W1H ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 34

40 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) - 7 ( 2003) ( ) ( ) 35

41 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 36

42 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 37

43 38

44 ( ) ( ) 39

45 40

48 43

49 44

50 1. (2003) (2005) (1999) - 4. (2005) 5. (1998) 6. (2002) 7. (2005) epaper@msx.epaper.com.tw 8. (2003) (2001) 10. (1998) 11. (1991) (2001) - 25(5) (2002)26(5) (2002) (2003) 45

51 17. (1996) K 18. (1997) 19. (2005) 20. (2005) (2006) 22. (1996) 23. (2005) 56(3) Ronnie Lessem (1994) 25.Allan Afuah 1998.Innovation Management Strategies, Implementation, and Profits Oxford University Press. 26.Alan Altshuler Ten lessons from Innovations. PM. Public Management; Washington; Volume:79, Issue:8. 27.Altshuler, A. A. and M. D.(1997).Zegans Innovation and Public Management: Notes from the state House and City Hall in Innovation in American Government- Challenges, Opportunities, and Dilemmas, Edited by Alan A. Altshuler and Robert D. Behn, 68-80, Brookings Institution Press. 28.Amabile, T. M.(1988).A Model of Creativity and Innovation in Organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, Barnett, H. G.(1953). Innovation:The basis of cultural change. New York: 46

52 McGraw-Hill. 30. Brown, R. T.(1989). Creativity: What Are We to Measure? In J.A. Glover, R.R. Ronning, C. R. Reynolds, Eds. Handbook of Creativity. New York: Plenum Press Eleanor Glor(2002). Risks and Challenge in Thinking About innovation The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal. 32.Harrington, D. M.(1990).The Ecology of Human Creativity: A Psychological Perspective.In M.A. Runco and R.S. Albert, Eds. Theories of Creativity. Newbury Park, Cal King, N. and N.Anderson.(1990).Innovation in Working Groups.In M.A. West and J.L. Farr, Eds. Innovation and Creativity at Work. Chichester, England: Wiley Mohr, L.(1969).Determinants of innovation in organizations, American Political Science Review, 63, Rogers, E. M.(1995).Diffusion of innovations. 4th ed. New York: Free Press. 47

53 Barnett (1953) Mohr(1969) Rogers (1995) (2001) (2002) (1998) (1991) (1999) 48

54 (1997) ( ) ( ) (2003) (2005) (2003) 49

语篇中指代词的分布规律与心理机制*

语篇中指代词的分布规律与心理机制* 2005132227~238 Advances in Psychological Science 1 2 1 430079 2 430081 3 PLS B849:C93 1 [1] 45~65 Hofstede [2] Chemers Hofstede [4,5] Chemers idiographic approach [6] nomothetic approach HouseWright [3]