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1 Lingnan University Digital Lingnan University Theses & Dissertations Department of Translation 基督教中文聖經性別內包語言研究 Sin Nga SO Follow this and additional works at: Part of the Applied Linguistics Commons, and the Translation Studies Commons Recommended Citation 蘇倩雅 (2002) 基督教中文聖經性別內包語言研究 ( 碩士論文, 香港嶺南大學 ) 檢自 tran_etd.10 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Translation at Digital Lingnan University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Lingnan University.

2 Terms of Use The copyright of this thesis is owned by its author. Any reproduction, adaptation, distribution or dissemination of this thesis without express authorization is strictly prohibited. All rights reserved.

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9 adelphos adelphoi huios huioi patçr pateres adelphos adelphoi huios huioi patçr pateres anthrôpos anthrôpoi ii

10 adelphos adelphoi huios huioi patçr pateres adelphos adelphoi huios huioi patçr pateres iii

11 21 st KJV 21 st Century King James Version ASV CEV ESV GW ICB ILL(A) ILL(B) ILL(C) INT KJV NABNT NASB NASB NCV NEB NIrV NIV NIVI NJB NKJV NLT NRSV NTIB American Standard Version Contemporary English Version English Standard Version God s Word International Children s Bible An Inclusive Language Lectionary: Readings for Year A An Inclusive Language Lectionary: Readings for Year B An Inclusive Language Lectionary: Readings for Year C The Inclusive New Testament King James [Authorized] Version New American Bible New Testament New American Standard Bible New American Standard Bible New Century Version New English Bible New International Reader s Version New International Version New International Version: Inclusive Language Edition New Jerusalem Bible New King James Version New Living Translation New Revised Standard Version The New Testament of the Inclusive Language Bible NTPI NTI The New Testament and Psalms: An Inclusive Version REB RSV [E]RV TEV TLB TNIV WU Revised English Bible Revised Standard Version [English] Revised Version Good News Bible: The Bible in Today s English Version The Living Bible Today s New International Version The Word for Us: Gospels of John and Mark, Epistles to the Romans and the Galatians iv

12 v

13 McGrath 1998: 241 von Flotow 1997: 1 gender-inclusive language Translation Theory and Translation Criticism Gender and Translation Sherry Simon Gender in Translation: Cultural Identity and the Politics of Transmission 1996 Luise von Flotow Translation and Gender: Translating in the Era of Feminism

14 1996: , 172 feminist revisions of the Bible von Flotow 1997: 53 The Word for Us: Gospels of John and Mark, Epistles to the Romans and the Galatians 1977 WU Inclusive Language Lectionary 1983 ILL 1997: Translators Association of the Philippines 2

15 Tong 1998: 1 Freedman 2001: 1 Selected Research Topic: Gender and Cultural Politics Tong 1998: : 19 Simone de Beauvoir Kate Millett foundation text Simon 1996: 111 Don. 3

16 A. Carson The Inclusive-Language Debate: A Plea for Realism 1998 Mark L. Strauss Distorting Scripture?: The Challenge of Bible Translation and Gender Accuracy 1998 Vern Poythress Wayne Grudem The Gender-Neutral Bible Controversy: Muting the Masculinity of God s Words 2000 André Lefevere 2000a: : a: Cross 1983: b: 848 4

17 2000a: 173, Toury 1995: a: 170 Itamar Even-Zohar polysystem theory 4 5

18 6

19 : cannonical canonized Even-Zohar 1990: Even-Zohar 1990:

20 Deborah Cameron 1995/96: 155 Miller and Swift 1988:

21 Harris 1997: 217 Miller and Swift 1988: ix feminist language reform non-sexist language reform feminist language planningpauwels 1998: : 3 Fromkin and Rodman 1988: v-vi, 13 Miller and Seift 1988: bk Pauwels 1998: bk Doyle 1995: bk original text source text Strauss 1998: 35 bçn bânîm son(s) bçn bçn 9

22 Kohlenberger 1997: 12 Brown et al. 2001: par. 2 son(s) KJV child(ren) Kohlenberger 1997: 14 Strauss 1998: 17, 35 Poythress and Grudem 2000: : KJV 2000: 21 1 Strauss 1998: KJV Concise Oxford Dictionary, 8 th ed. 1990:

23 gender-inclusive language inclusive language linguistic sexismmiller and Swift1988: ix sexism : Oxford English Dictionary Online 3 Doyle 1995: 1 overt linguistic sexism covert linguistic sexism 4 he man : 27 Farris 1988: 281 Pauwels 1998: 9 he man 11

24 workman(men) craftsman(men) Waite 1997: bk inclusive language 1998: : a: 141 inclusive exclusive Chan 1993: 56 he inclusive pronoun exclusive (first person) pronoun 1988: 128 non-sexist language gender-accurate language gender-neutral language 6 12

25 7 1994: politically correct languagemakkai 2000: xix World 1997b: par. 4 Rosemari Tong liberal feminism radical feminism Marxist feminism psychoanalytic feminism existential feminism socialist feminism postmodern feminismtong 1998: bk. 1997: Cameron 1995/96: :

26 1996: 3 Tong 1998: 1-2 Cameron : 155 Jane Schaberg 1990: 77 Margaret Doyle 1995: 1 Simon 1996: 124 non-sexist language sexist language inclusive language exclusive language women and children first 1995:

27 Poythress and Grudem 2000: bk. New International Version: Inclusive Language Edition 1996 NIVI Zondervan Publishing House Jonathan Petersen World 1997b: par. 4 15

28 World 1997b: par King James Authorized Version 1611 KJV KJV English Standard Version 2001 ESV New Jerusalem Bible NJB Jerusalem Bible 1966 New Century Version NCV WU An Inclusive Language Lectionary: Readings for Year A ILL(A) WU WU 1999: 162 ILL Revised 16

29 Standard Version 1952 RSV ILL ILL(A) ILL(B) ILL(C) NCV ESV 9 New International Reader s Version 1996 NIrV96 17

30 King James Authorized Version KJV 1885 Englsih Revised Version RV 1901 American Standard Version ASV 1952 Revised Standard Version RSV 1970 New English Bible NEB 1971 New American Standard Bible NASB 1971 The Living Bible TLB New King James Version NKJV 1984, 1978 New International Version NIV 1987 New Century Version NCV 1989 New Revised Standard Version NRSV 1989 Revised English Bible REB 1992, 1976 Good News Bible: The Bible in Today s English Version TEV st Century King 21 st KJV James Version 1995 God s Word GW 1995 New American Standard Bible NASB 1995 Contemporary English Version CEV 1996 New International Reader s NIrV96 Version 1996 New International NIVI Version: Inclusive Language Edition 1996 New Living Translation NLT 1998 New International Reader s NIrV98 12 Version 2001 English Standard Version ESV NIVI NIVI NIV International Bible Society 18

31 Hodder and Stoughton NIVI LeBlanc 1997b: par. 16 NIVI World Femme Fatale: The Feminist Seduction of the Evangelical Church Olasky 1997a: art. The Battle for the Bible Olasky 1997b: art. NIVI Cook Communications Ministries Bible-in-Life NIrV96 Strauss 1998: 21 Southern Baptist Convention 13 NIVI NIV Poythress and Grudem 2000: 19 Strauss 1998: 22 Focus on the Family The Adventures of Odyssey Bible 1994 International Children's Bible 1986 ICB LeBlanc and Rabey 1997: par. 4 Strauss 1998: ICB NCV Word Publishing ICB NIV NIV NIrV96 NIrV98 19

32 Christians for Biblical Equality NIV Morgan 1997: par. 2 National Board of Directors of Christians for Biblical Equality 1997: art. Today s New International Version TNIV TNIV NIV NIV International Bible Society 2002: par. 5 TNIV NIVI Olasky 2002: art. NIVI NIVI NIVI NIrV96 NIVI Strauss 1998: 20 LeBlanc 1997: par 3 NIV KJV 1999: par. 3 International Bible Society, 2002: par. 20 World 1997a: par. 1 Poythress and Grudem 2000: 13 Strauss 1998: 23 Christianity Today NIV LeBlanc 1997: art. NIVI Strauss 1998: 23 20

33 NIVI Strauss 1998: 23 NIVI TNIV bible-translation Strauss 1998: pt. 1 traditional versions gender-inclusive versions gender-accurate versions feminist versions Strauss 1998: 61,

34 NCV REB NRSV TEV GW CEV NIrV96 NIVI NLT NIrV96 16 NIrV96 Strauss 1998: NIrV96 NIVI NIrV96 NIrV96 REB he he he he REB he REB Makkai 2000: xxviii, REB he NIVI NIrV96 Gideon Toury Toury 1980: 43 22

35 John Harris 1997: Strauss 1998: Poythress and Grudem 2000: chap Herbert G. Grether 1990: art. Strauss 1998: 214 Poythress and Grudem 2000 REB NRSV CEV Strauss 1998: 212 Harris 1997: 217 Poythress and Grudem 2000: Carson 1998: 22, 24 Theology Today NRSV REB Grether 1990: art. 18 NIVI NIVI NIVI KJV NIV NRSV RSV NRSV CEV NIVI REB NIVI NRSV 23

36 NIV RSV 1. he 14:21 KJV RSV NRSV NIV NIVI REB CEV He that hath my commandments, and keepeth them, he it is that loveth me He who has my commandments and keeps them, he it is who loves me They who have my commandments and keep them are those who love me Whoever has my commands and obeys them, he is the one who loves me Those who have my commands and obey them are the ones who love me Anyone who has received my commands and obeys them he it is who loves me If you love me, you will do what I have said 2. man 1:27 KJV RSV NRSV NIV NIVI REB CEV So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him So God created humankind in his image, in the image of God he created them So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him So God created human beings in his own image, in the image of God he created them God created human beings in his own image; in the image of God he created them. So God created humans to be like himself 1:20 24

37 KJV RSV NRSV NIV NIVI REB CEV For the wrath of man worketh not the righteousness of God. for the anger of man does not work the righteousness of God. for your anger does not produce God's righteousness. for man's anger does not bring about the righteous life that God desires. for human anger does not work the righteousness of God. For human anger does not promote God s justice. If you are angry, you cannot do any of the good things that God wants done. 3. brother(s) son(s) father(s) 12:1 KJV RSV NRSV NIV NIVI REB CEV I beseech you therefore, brethren I appeal to you therefore, brethren I appeal to you therefore, brothers and sisters Therefore, I urge you, brothers Therefore, I urge you, brothers and sisters Therefore, my friends, I implore you Dear friends, God is good. So I beg you NIVI NIV NRSV RSV he man brother(s) son(s) father(s) 25

38 ILL The New Testament and Psalms: An Inclusive Version 1995 NTPI 19 The Inclusive New Testament 1996 INT The New Testament of the Inclusive Language Bible 1994 NTIBWU ILL INT ILL NTIB NTPI INT NRSV CEV REB NRSV NTPI 1. 28:19 ILL(A) REB NTIB NRSV NTPI CEV baptizing them in the name of [God] the Father [and Mother], and of Jesus Christ the beloved Child of God and of the Holy Spirit 20 baptize them in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit baptizing them in the name of God and the Son and the Holy Spirit. baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit baptizing them in the name of the Father-Mother and of the beloved Child and of the Holy Spirit Baptize them in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit 26

39 INT Baptize them in the name of Abba God, and of the Only Begotten, and of the Holy Spirit. 2. 3:16 21 ILL(A) REB NRSV NTIB CEV NTPI INT For God so loved the world that God gave God s only Child God so loved the world that he gave his only Son For God so loved the world that he gave his only Son For God so loved the world that God gave God s only Child God loved the people of this world so much that he gave his only Son For God so loved the world that God gave God s only Child God so loved the world as to give the Only Begotten One NTIB INT CEV Harris 1997: 211 NRSV CEV Strauss 1998: 60 27

40 von Flotow 1997: 53 5:22-23 ILL RSV NRSV RSV NTPI NRSV KJV RSV ILL RSV NRSV NTPI NIV NIVI REB Wives, submit yourselves unto your own husbands, as unto the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife Wives, be subject to your husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife Be subject to one another out of reverence for Christ, 22 wives to your husbands as to the Sovereign. For the husband is the head of the wife Wives, be subject to your husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife Wives, be subject to your husbands as you are to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife Wives, be committed to your husbands as you are to Christ. For the husband is the head of the wife Wives, submit to your husbands as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife Wives, submit to your husbands as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife Wives, be subject to your husbands as though to the Lord; for the man is the head of the woman 28

41 NTIB CEV INT Wives, be supportive of your husbands as to God. For the husband is essential to the wife A wife should put her husband first, as she does the Lord. A husband is the head of his wife Those of you who are in committed relationships should yield to each other as if to Christ, because you are inseparable from each other CEV 23 CEV 29

42 1. inclusive language : indefinite pronoun 1959: : : 44 he man 6. World Olasky 1997a: par. 4 unisex language : bk. 1997: : LB TLB 11. GNB 12. NIrV96 NIrV Executive Committee of the South Baptist Convention 2000: par. 1 Wegener 1997: par NKJV ma(e)n âdâm îsh e nôsh anthrôpos ançr he Strauss 1998: Poythress and Grudem 2000: NJB New American Bible New Testament 1986 NABNTNRSV REB NJB NABNT anthrôpos huios adelphos he 19. NTI 20. ILL RSV and of Jesus Christ the beloved Child of God and of the Son 21. WU God loved the world, loved it so much that the beloved Child of God was given to the 30

43 world 22. ILL 23. CEV salvation repentance anti-christ versionwaite 1996:

44 1. Robert Morrison 1986: 11 Comfort 1991: 38 Wycliffe Bible Comfort 1991: :

45 KJV The Living Bibles International Loh 1995: : 283 Spillett 1975: : :

46 2000a: Zetzsche 1999:

47 : United Bible Societies 1999: par a:

48 2.3. par NIVI he man brother(s) son(s) father(s) he man 36

49 brother(s) son(s) father(s) brother(s) son(s) father(s) Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft The Greek New Testament, 3 rd ed., : :18 1: :58 2:3 21:31 3:28 2:17 3:1 37

50 6:2-3 7: brother(s) son(s) father(s) 38

51

52 14:5 adelphos adelphoi huios huioi patçr pateres Doyle 1995: 5 Doyle 1995: 5 40

53 Dale Spender 1985: bk. adelphos adelphoi huios huioi patçr pateres adelphos adelphoi brother(s) brother(s) and/or sister(s), friend(s), Christian friend(s), fellow Christian(s), follower(s of Jesus) huios huioi son(s) child(ren), descendant(s) patçr pateres father(s) parent(s), ancestor(s), people (long ago) 1998: :

54

55

56 adelphos adelphoi huios huioi patçr pateres % % % % % %

57 20 45

58 : : (1) The Bible in China: The History of the Union Version or the Culminaton of Protestant Missionary Bible Translation in China Zetzsche 1999(2) A Catalogue of Scriptures in the Languages of China and the Republic of China Spillett 1975(3) Chinese Translations of the Bible Loh 1995(4) 1934(5) 1951(6) 1993(7) 2000(8) pt. 7 pt :35 5: b: (1996): a: : par Nestlé-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece Nestlé Aland Eberhard Nestlé Kurt Aland

59 TLB adelphos adelphoi huios huioi patçr pateres TLB TLB adelphos adelphoi huios huioi patçr pateres 9.9% 63.2% 12.9% 61.8% 10.4% 74.1% 29.5% TLB 13.9% 24.2% 6.7% 60.3% 7.7% 57.4% 18.0% :

60 1. Biblical Archaeology Society 1993: : par a:

61 1997: :11 11:35 11:11 49

62 50 11:35 4:10 8:

63 51 functional equivalence 1997: 46, :40 * * 85:10 8:6 85:10 8:6

64 52 13:9 144:13 13:9 144:13 12:2 2 7: :24

65 : 58 he man brother(s) son(s) father(s) 53

66

67

68 15:21 anthrôpos anthrôpos 7 2:7 8 anthrôpos 9 anthrôpos anthrôpoi anthrôpos anthrôpoi 16:26 8:37 anthrôpos 16:26 16:26 anthrôpos anthrôpos he 56

69 2.3. adelphos adelphoi huios huioi : adelphos 4:11 adelphos adelphos adelphos adelphos adelphoi 57

70 11 1:15-16 adelphoi adelphoi adelphoi huios anthrôpos huios tou anthrôpou huios tou anthrôpou huios huioi 8: : 58 huioi huioi 5:21 12 huioi 7:23 13 huioi 7:4 14 huioi 21: :5 huioi 58

71 16 2:10 17 REB sons NRSV CEV children huioi 3:7 father(s) Father(s) patçr pateres patçr 18 patçr 16:30 8:38 patçr patçr patçr pateres 3:21 pateres 59

72 patçr pateres 3:9 patçr 19 3:13 pateres 3:13 REB fathers NRSV CEV NTIB NTPI INT ancestors pateres ILL(A) The God of Abraham [and Sarah], of Isaac [and Rebekah], of Jacob, [Leah, and Rachel], the God of our ancestors 20 adelphos adelphoi huios 60

73 huioi patçr pateres 61

74

75 adelphos adelphoi huios huioi patçr pateres adelphos adelphoi huios huioi patçr pateres 0.0% 0.9% 2.6% 30.9% 5.2% 79.6% 3.0% 6.3% 6.7% 61.8% 6.6% 79.6% 0.0% 0.0% 1.5% 29.4% 5.2% 77.8% 1.0% 1.8% 3.6% 35.3% 6.0% 77.8% 28.7% 78.9% 6.7% 63.2% 6.3% 79.6% 9.9% 63.2% 12.9% 61.8% 10.4% 74.1% 7.1% 25.2% 5.7% 47.1% 6.6% 78.1% : 58 16:1 diakonos diavkonon diakonos 63

76 11:10 KJV For this cause ought the 21 woman to have power on her head because of the angels Stott 1990: : Strandenaes 1988: : :10 5: :34 2: :7 64

77 ILL NTIB NTPI INT NRSV NTPI 5:22-23 ILL(B) NRSV NTPI NTIB INT Be subject to one another out of reverence for Christ, 22 wives to your husbands as to the Sovereign. For the husband is the head of the wife Wives, be subject to your husbands as you are to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife Wives, be committed to your husbands as you are to Christ. For the husband is the head of the wife Wives, be supportive of your husbands as to God. For the husband is essential to the wife Those of you who are in committed relationships should yield to each other as if to Christ, because you are inseparable from each other 2: NRSV NTPI Let a woman learn in silence with full submission. I permit no woman to teach or to have authority over a man; she is to keep silent. Let a woman (or wife) learn in silence with full obedience. I permit no woman to teach or have authority over a man (or her husband), she is to keep silent. 65

78 NTIB INT I, Paul, do not allow a woman to teach or to have authority over the man. She must keep quiet. Women are to be quiet and completely submissive during religious instruction. I don t permit a woman to teach or to have authority over a man. She must remain silent. 14:34 24 NRSV NTPI NTIB INT women should be silent in the churches. For they are not permitted to speak, but should be subordinate, as the law also says. women should be silent in the churches. For they are not permitted to speak, but should be subordinate, as the law also says. Women should be quiet in the churches. They are not permitted to make small talk, but must be responsive to the needs of others, as the law says. only one spouse has permission to speak. The other is to remain silent, to keep in the background, as it says in the Law. 3: NRSV NTPI NTIB INT Husbands, in the same way, show consideration for your wives in your life together, paying honor to the woman as the weaker sex, Husbands, in the same way, show consideration for your wives in your life together, paying honor to the woman in her vulnerabilities, Husbands, in the same way, be understanding as you live with your wives. Cherish and esteem them, so that nothing will stand in the way of your prayers. Though physically weaker, Husbands have a special obligation to be understanding and nurturing. Men, though physically stronger than women, must nonetheless acknowledge their equal status 66

79 INT NTPI 3. CEV NRSV CEV 67

80 Strauss 1998: bk. Grether 1990: art. adelphoi adelphos adelphoi adelphos huioi huios father(s) paters patçr he man he 68

81 he Poythress and Grudem 2000: xxviii, 278 he 27 jiç 1991: 2 he he 28 he businessman 1995:

82 10:7 anthrôpos 7:28 anthrôpoi anthrôpos anthrôpos anthrôpoi 1990: 80 70

83

84 b: NIV RSV NIVI NRSV nations NIVI NRSV Jews CEV Jewish leaders 5. the blind people who are blind blind people the one who are blind Harris 1997: 213 NIV NIVI the man who had been blind : 186 Gibbon 1999: : :21 2:7 NIV a man NIVI a human being :21 huioi 13. 7:23 huioi 14. 7: : :5 17. pollou;" 18. 8: ILL(A) RSV 21. Alvera Mickelsen 1999: ILL 23. ILL 24. ILL 25. ILL 3:8-22 3:7 72

85 &QueryString= : 2, 59, :7 31. NIV 73

86 Lefevere 1992: : system literature Lefevere 1992: 12 73

87 Lefevere 1992: b: ideology Lefevere : b: : 177 Lefevere 1992: 41 patron Lefevere 1984: b: 176 Lefevere 1992: b:

88 : V 1981a: 9 United Bible Societies 1999: par a: 9 American Bible Society Eugene A. Nida Biblical Archaeology Society 1993: : par

89 2002: par : b: par : 13 76

90 4 1983: : 99, 101 The World Council of Churches : :

91 1969: : : : : : 21 Dictionnaire Robert 78

92 Féminisme 1997: 1 NIVI A Draft UBS Policy Statement on Gender and Translation Activities United Bible Societies 1997: 1 TEV 1997: 58 79

93 United Bible Societies 1997: 1 TEV TEV Preface par : : : 58 80

94 : (1) : : n.d.: par : : : 62, : : 66 81

95 1989: : : : 32 82

96 1999: bk. 1999: : : : : : iii 83

97 inclusive 1988: : : : : 9 84

98 : 20, pateres anthrôpos anthrôpoi 4. poetics Lefevere 1992: Lefevere 1992: b:

99 dynamic equivalence 1993: : : III 1983: 144 Phil Noss 2000: par. 15 UBS Translation Program Report Charles R. Taber The Theory and Practice of Translation 1969 TEV : : 43 86

100 1983: 163 par. 9 adequacy acceptability Toury 1980: : : 144, Gibbon 1999: 57 Bird 1988: 90 Vries 1998:

101 adelphoi adelphos huioi huios pateres patçr huioi huioi huioi huioi 88

102 1998: : par : : 310 Christiane Nord 2001: : : 17, 19 Raymond C. van Leeuwen 2002: 1; van Leeuwen 2001 par

103 : : 46 he TEV : 50-51

104 André Lefevere 91

105 a: par a: : World Council of Churches : : : pt : feminist theology 1997a: : :

106 18. Be what you are! 1989: : : par : Nida and Waard 1986: vii-viii 1993: TEV TEV 2001: 10 TEV 2001: Thor Strandenaes 1987: Fee and Stuart 1993: : : a:

107 1. NIVI TNIV gender-inclusive language he man adelphos adelphoi huios huioi patçr pateres 94

108 95

109 Lefevere 1992: vii 2. Toury 1995:

110 Tejawini Niranjana Niranjana 1992: a: 126 Toury 1995: a: 126 Gentzler 1993: 125 Toury 1995:

111 3. 98

112 1995:9 Nida 1966: 60 99

113 2000a: a: 141 loyal Nord 1991a: 94; 1991b: 94-95; 1997: ; 2001: faithfulness fidelity Theo Hermans 1996: 27 the entire transfer operation subjective theory 100

114 Klaus Berger Das Neue Testament und frühchristliche Schriften 1999 Nord 2001: , 196 transparent Nord 2001: 187, 196, 199 NIrV96 NIrV96 Poythress and Grudem 2000:

115 Nitsa 2000:

116 103

117 103

118 adelphos TLB 5:22(a) 1 5:22(b) 1 7:4 1 10: : : : : :10(a) 1 14:10(b) 1 14:13 1 5: : :6(a) :6(b) 1 1 7: :11 1 8:13(a) 1 8:13(b) 1 4:6 1 3: :15 1 8: : :15 1 4:11(a) :11(b) 1 1 2:9 1 2:10 1 2:11 1 3:10 1 3:15 1 3: :20(a) 1 4:20(b) 1 4:21 1 5: adelphoi TLB 104

119 TLB 5: : :8 1 25:40 1 8: : :23 1 1: : :29 1 3:17 1 3: : :2 1 7: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :7 1 15: : :23(a) 1 15:23(b) : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

120 TLB 23:1 1 23: : : : : : : : : : :29 1 9: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :29 1 8: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

121 TLB 11: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :10(a) 1 1 4:10(b) : : : : : : : : : : : : : :6(a) 1 1 3:6(b) :

122 TLB 4: :1 1 6: : :11 1 2:12 1 2:17 1 3: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : huios TLB 1:1(a)

123 TLB 1:1(b) : :21 1 1:25(a) :25(b) :9 1 11:27(a) 1 11:27(b) 1 11:27(c) 1 12: : : : : : :7 1 10: :22(a) 1 10:22(b) 1 10:22(c) 1 11: : :41 1 4:53 1 4:50 1 5: : : : :6 1 4:7(a) 1 4:7(b) 1 2: :6 1 5: : huioi TLB 5: : :

124 TLB 9: : :38(a) :38(b) : : : : : :56 1 2: : : : : : :8(a) :8(b) : : : : : : : : : : :26 1 8: : : : : : :7 1 3: : : : : :.5(a) :.5(b) : : : :5 1 12:

125 TLB 2: : : patçr TLB 3: :6 1 6: :4 1 15:5 1 15:6 1 16: :9 1 7:11 1 7: : :12 1 1: : :33 1 2:48 1 3: : : : : : :27(a) :27(b) 1 16: :20 1 1:18 1 4: :23 1 4:53 1 6:46 1 6:57 1 8:16 1 8:

126 TLB 8:38 1 8: :44(a) 1 1 8:44(b) 1 8:44(c) : : : : : : : : : : :28 1 4: : : : : : :3 1 7: : :15 1 2:16 1 4: pateres TLB 23: : :17 1 1: : :

127 TLB 6: : : : : : : : : : : :2 1 7: : : : : : : : :45(a) :45(b) : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :23 1 3:

128

129

130

131 adelphos adelphoi huios huioi patçr pateres anthrôpos anthrôpoi 1 adelphos adelphos 2. 4:11 adelphos adelphos adelphos 117

132 1 adelphoi adelphoi 2. 1:15-16 adelphoi 118

133 1 huios huios tou anthrôpou huios 2. 16:1 119

134 1 huioi huioi 2. huioi (1) 5:21 huioi (2) 7:23 huioi (3) 7:4 huioi (4) 21:12 huioi 3. 5:5 huioi 120

135 1 patçr patçr 2. 8:44 patçr patçr 5:1 patçr 3. 7:20 patçr patçr 1 pateres pateres 121

136 anthrôpos huios tou anthrôpou anthrôpos 14:16 2. (1) 7:9 (2) 8:9 (3) 7:8 (4) 2:3 (5) 9:9 (6) 5:12 (7) 9:11 (8) 9:24 (9) 9:24 (10) 8:40 (11) 7:22 (12) 3:4 (13) 9:

137 (14) 12:4 3. (1) 25:16 anthropos (2) 7:24 anthropos 1 anthrôpoi anthrôpoi 6:26 2. (1) 22:16 anthropoi (2) 12:14 anthropoi (3) 17:26 anthropoi (4) 6:9anthropoi (5) 7:8 anthropoi 3. 23:28 anthropoi 123

138 (1)-(5) Jost Oliver Zetzsche : Walter Bauer : a b :

139 1998 Andrée Michel 1997 Jane Mills : Richard P. Belcher 1997 John Sinclair a b iii-iv : Paul P. Enns 1994 Marshall Broomhall 1951 Marshall Broomball André Lefevere

140 n.d : a b David Moser : a 2000b 16 17: Alvera Mickelsen 1999 Bonnidell Clouse Robert G. Clouse :

141 1994a 1994b a 1997b A. J. Garnier 1934 Norman L. Geisler Marshall Broomhall : : III-V :

142

143 Biblical Archaeology Society (1993). Who s Who in Biblical Studies and Archaeology. Washington, D. C.: Biblical Archaeology Society. Bird, Phyllis A. (1988). Translating Sexist Language as a Theological and Cultural Problem. Union Seminary Quarterly Review 42, Brown, Francis, S.R. Driver, Charles Briggs, and Wilhelm Gesenius (2001). Hebrew Lexicon Entry for Ben, The KJV Old Testament Hebrew Lexicon. Bible Study Tool. n=kjv. 6 March Büchmann, Christina, and Celina Spiegel (1994). ed. Out of the Garden: Woman Writers on the Bible. New York: Fawcett Columbine. Cameron, Deborah (1995/96). Lost in Translation: Non-Sexist Language. in The Feminist Critique of Language: A Reader, rev. ed., ed. Deborah Cameron, London: Routledge, Cameron, Deborah (1998). ed. The Feminist Critique of Language: A Reader, rev. ed. London: Routledge. Carson, D. A. (1998). The Inclusive-language Debate: A Plea for Realism. Grand Rapids: Baker; Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press. Chan, Sin-wai (1993). comp. A Glossary of Translation Terms: English-Chinese Chinese-English Terms. Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press. Comfort, Philip W. (1991). The Complete Guide to Bible Versions. Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale. Cross, F. L. (1983) ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Division of Education and Ministry, National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. (1983). comp. and trans. An Inclusive Language Lectionary: Readings for Year A. Atlanta: John Knox; New York: Pilgrim; Philadelphia: Westminster. Division of Education and Ministry, National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. (1987). comp. and trans. An Inclusive Language Lectionary: Readings for Year B, rev. ed. Atlanta: John Knox; New York: Pilgrim; Philadelphia Westminster. Division of Education and Ministry, National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. (1988). comp. and trans. An Inclusive Language Lectionary: Readings for Year C, rev. ed. Atlanta: John Knox; New York: Pilgrim; Philadelphia: Westminster. Doyle, Margaret (1995). The A-Z of Non-Sexist Language. London: Women s Press. Even-Zohar, Itamar (1990). Polysystem Theory. Poetics Today 11, 1: Executive Committee of the South Baptist Convention (2000). SBC Faith and Facts. South Baptist Convention. 2 November Farris, Catherine S. (1988). Gender and Grammar in Chinese with Implications for Language Universals. Modern China 14, 3:

144 Fee, Gordon D., and Douglas Stuart (1993). How to Read the Bible for all its Worth, 2 nd ed. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. Freedman, Jane (2001). Feminism. Buckingham: Open University Press. Gentzler, Edwin (1993). Contemporary Translation Theories. London: Routledge. Gibbon, Margaret (1999). Feminist Perspectives on Language. London and New York: Longman. Grether, Herbert G. (1990). Translators and the Gender Gap. Theology Today 47, April Harris, John W. (1997). Inclusive Language and the Names of God in the Latest English Bible Translations. The Bible Translator 48, 2: Haugerud, Joann (1977). The Word for Us: Gospels of John and Mark, Epistles to the Romans and the Galatians. Seattle: Coalition of Women in Religion. Hermans, Theo (1996). Norms and the Determination of Translation: A Theoretical Framework. in Translation, Power, Subversion, ed. Román Álvarez and M. Carmen-África Vidal, Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters. I-Jin Loh (1995). Chinese Translations of the Bible. An Encyclopedia of Translation Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. International Bible Society (2002). TNIV FAQs. Today s New International Version. 6 March Kohlenberger, John R., III (1997). Understanding the Current Controversy over Bible. Paper presented at the International Convention of the Christian Booksellers Association, Georgia, 14 July John R. Kohlenberger III Home Page July LeBlanc, Doug (1997). Bible Publishing: Hands off My NIV! Christianity Today, 16 June January LeBlanc, Doug, and Steve Rabey (1997). Bible Translators Deny Gender Agenda. Christianity Today, 14 July January Lefevere, André (1984). That Structure in the Dialect of Men Interpreted, in Comparative Criticism 6, ed. E. S. Shaffer, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lefevere, André ( ). Systems Thinking and Cultural Relativism. Jadavpur Journal of Comparative Literature, 26-27: Lefevere, André (1992). Translation, Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. London: Routledge. Makkai, Valerie Becker (2000). Foreword to The Gender-Neutral Bible Controversy. in The Gender-Neutral Bible Controversy: Muting the Masculinity of God s Words, Vern S. Poythress and Wayne A. Grudem, xvii-xxiii. Nashville: Broadman & Holman. Marshall Broomhall (1977). The Bible in China. San Francisco: Chinese Materials Center. McGrath, Alister E. (1998). Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought. Oxford: Blackwell. Miller, Casey, and Kate Swift (1988). The Handbook of Non-Sexist Writing. New York: Lippincott & Crowell. 130

145 Morgan, Timothy C. (1997). Biblical Feminists Press for Gender-Inclusive NIV. Christianity Today, 1 September February Naranjana, Tejaswini (1992). Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, and the Colonial Context. Berkeley: University of California Press. National Board of Directors of Christians for Biblical Equality (1997). An Open Letter to International Bible Society. 11 June Christians for Biblical Equality April Nida, Eugene A. (1966). Bible Translation in Today s World. The Bible Translator 17, 2: Nida, Eugene A., and Charles R. Taber (1969). The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill published for the United Biblie Societies. Nida, Eugene A., and Jan de Waard (1986). From one Language to Another: Functional Equivalence in Bible Translating. Nashville: Thomas Nelson. Nitsa, Ben-Ari (2000). Ideological Manipulation of Translated Texts. Translation Quarterly. 16 & 17: Hong Kong: Hong Kong Translation Society. Nord, Christiane (1991a). Scopos, Loyalty, and Translational Conventions. Target 3, 1: Nord, Christiane (1991b). Text Analysis in Translation. Amsterdam: Rodopi. Nord, Christiane (1997). Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained. Manchester: St. Jerome. Nord, Christiane (2001). Loyalty Revisited Bible Translation as a Case in Point. The Bible Translator 7, 2: Noss, Phil (2000). UBS Translation Program in United Bible Societies. 9 June Olasky, Susan (1997a). Femme Fatale: The Feminist Seduction of the Evangelical Church. World, 29 March July Olasky, Susan (1997b). The Battle for the Bible. World, 19 April August Olasky, Susan (2002). Should We Trust the TNIV? World, 23 February March Omanson, Roger L. (1998). Who s Who in Romans 16? Identifying Men and Women among the People Paul Sent Greetings to. The Bible Translator 49, 4: Pauwels, Anne (1998). Women Changing Language. London and New York: Longman. Poythress, Vern S., and Wayne A. Grudem (2000). The Gender-Neutral Bible Controversy: Muting the Masculinity of God s Words. Nashville: Broadman & Holman. Schaberg, Jane (1990). Response, Special Section on Feminist Translation of the New Testametn. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, 15: Simon, Sherry (1996). Gender in Translation: Cultural Identity and the Politics of Transmission. London: Routledge. 131

146 Spender, Dale (1990). Man Made Language, 2 nd ed. London: Pandora. Spillett, Hubert W. (1975). comp. A Catalogue of Scriptures in the Languages of China and the Republic of China. London: British and Foreign Bible Society. Stott, John (1990). Issues Facing Christians Today, new ed. London: Marshall Pickering. Strandenaes, Thor (1987). Principles of Chinese Bible Translation: As Expressed in Five Selected Versions of the New Testament and Exemplified by Mt 5:1-12 and Col 1. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International. Strandenaes, Thor (1988). Paul s View of Woman. in Towards a Chinese Feminist Theology Collection from Asian Chinese Feminist Theology Seminar, ed. Winnie Ho, Hong Kong: Lutheran Theological Seminary. Strauss, Mark L. (1998). Distorting Scripture?: The Challenge of Bible Translation and Gender Accuracy. Downers Grove, Illionis: InterVarsity. Tong, Rosemarie (1998). Feminist Thought: A Comprehensive Introduction. 2 nd ed. Boulder, Colorado: Westview. Toury, Gideon (1980). In Search of a Theory of Translation. Tel Aviv: Porter Institute for Poetics and Semiotics of Tel Aviv University. Toury, Gideon (1995). Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Philadelphia: J. Benjamins. United Bible Societies (1999). Bible News in Brief. World Report May United Bible Societies Triennial Translation Workshop, Merida (1997). A Draft UBS Policy Statement on Gender and Translation Activities. United Bible Societies. Photocopied. van Leeuwen, Raymond C. (2001). We Really Do Need Another Bible Translation. Christianity Today, 22 October April von Flotow, Luise (1997). Translation and Gender: Translating in the Era of Feminism. Manchester: St. Jerome; Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press. Vries, Anneke de. (1997). Beyond Inclusive Language: Gender Stereotypes in Translations of the Old Testament. The Bible Translator 49, 1: Waite, D.A. (1996). The Contemporary English Version (CEV) An AntiChrist Version (ACV)?. New Jersey: Bible for Today. Waite, D. A. (1997). A Brief Analysis of the NIV Inclusive Language Edition (NI-VILE). New Jersey: Bible for Today. Wegener, David (1997). Support Grows for Guidelines. CBMW News 2, 4. Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood. 7 November World (1997a). IBS Press Release: International Bible Society Halts Revision Process of NIV Bible. World, 14/21 June August World (1997b). Zondervan s View: Not Serving the Feminist Agenda, World, 19 April August Zetzsche, Jost Oliver (1999). The Bible in China: The History of the Union Version 132

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148 The Greek New Testament, 3 rd ed NIV 2000 Contemporary English Version, The Holy Bible. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, Good News Bible: The Bible in Today s English Version. Nashville: Thomas Nelson,1992. Inclusive New Testament. Brentwood, Maryland: Priests for Equality, King James Version, The Holy Bible. CD-ROM. Hong Kong: Almega, New International Version, The Holy Bible. CD-ROM. Hong Kong: Almega, New International Version: Inclusive Language Edition, The Holy Bible. London: Hodder and Stoughton, New Revised Standard Version, The Holy Bible. CD-ROM. Hong Kong: Christian Communications, New Testament and Psalms: An Inclusive Version. New York: Oxford University Press, New Testament of the Inclusive Language Bible. Notre Dame, Indiana: Cross Cultural, Revised English Bible, The Holy Bible. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Revised Standard Version, The Holy Bible. CD-ROM. Hong Kong: Almega,