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1 營養學 Nutrition ~ Minerals IV ~ 簡怡雯副教授臺北醫學大保健營養學系 #6556 ychien@tmu.edu.tw 2010/4/1 1

2 學習目標微量礦物質的深入認識鐵的營養特性與生理角色鐵食物來源鐵的缺乏症狀鐵的過多中毒問題鐵的建議攝取量 Ref: Whitney, Understanding Nutrition tenth ed. 2010/4/1 2

3 礦物質總論 The Minerals - An Overview 鈣磷鉀硫鈉氯鎂鐵鋅銅錳碘硒巨量礦物質微量礦物質 2010/4/1 3

4 The Trace Minerals 2010/4/1 4

5 The Trace Minerals I. RDA Nutrients II. Safe and adequate daily dietary intakes establishes III. Know essential for animals; human requirements under study 2010/4/1 5

6 I. RDA Nutrients DRIs(91) RDNA (82) 1. Iron (Fe) 2. Zinc (Zn) (no DRIs) 3. Iodine (I) 4. Selenium (Se) DRIs(Dietary Reference Intake) 國人膳食營養素參考建議量 RDNA(Recommended Daily Nutrient Allowances) 建議攝取量 2010/4/1 6

7 II. Safe and adequate daily dietary intakes establishes 1. Copper (Cu) 2. Manganese (Mn) 錳 3. Fluoride (F) 4. Chromium (Cr) 鉻 5. Molybdenum (Mo) 鉬 ESADDI(Estimated Safe and Adequate daily dietary intakes) 估計安全且足夠之飲食攝取量 2010/4/1 7

8 III.Know essential for animals; human requirements under study 1. Aresenic (As) 砷 2. Nickel (Ni) 鎳 3. Silicon (Si) 矽 4. Boron (B) 硼 2010/4/1 8

9 The Trace Minerals Food sources Deficiencies 體內含量小於體重的 50ppm (0.005%), 食物中含有, 但是有很多因子會影響吸收體內不能合成, 需要量少, 但缺乏會引起缺乏症, 且有些不易被發現 Toxicities 過多有毒性, 補充劑需小心使用 Interactions 會互相干擾, 例如 : 鐵會干擾鋅的吸收 2010/4/1 9

10 2010/4/1 10

11 Iron The principle that too little or too much of a nutrient is harmful seems particularly apropos for iron. 2010/4/1 11

12 Iron Ferrous (Fe ++ ) Reduced 較易吸收 Ferric (Fe +++ ) Oxidized 食物中的存在形式, 在酸性 ( 胃酸有機酸 ) 或還原物質 ( 如含 -SH 基化合物或維生素 C) 存在時, 可使 3+ 的鐵還原成 2+, 促進吸收 2010/4/1 12

13 Q: 維生素 C 可以增加鐵在體內的利用率之作用機制為何? 2010/4/1 13

14 Iron Absorption 鐵蛋白運鐵蛋白 2010/4/1 14

15 Iron Absorption 有兩個蛋白質負責鐵的吸收鐵蛋白 (1) Mucosal ferritin: receives iron from the GI tract and stores it in the mucosal cell. 運鐵蛋白 (2) Mucosal transferrin: transfers the iron to a carrier in the blood called blood transferrin, which transports iron to the rest of the body. 2010/4/1 15

16 血質鐵非血質鐵 Iron: Heme vs. Nonheme 2010/4/1 16

17 Heme iron and Nonheme iron Iron occurs in two forms in foods: (1) heme iron: found only in foods derived from the flesh of animals, such as meats, poultry, and fish (2) nonheme iron: found in both plantderived and animal-derived foods 2010/4/1 17

18 Q: 如何區別 heme iron 與 non-heme iron? 2010/4/1 18

19 促進非血質鐵吸收的因子 Iron Factors enhance nonheme iron absorption 1. MFP factor 2. Vitamin C Meat, fish, poultry 3. Citric acid from foods 2010/4/1 19

20 Iron Factors enhance nonheme iron absorption 4. Lactic acid from foods 5. HCl from stomach 6. Sugars 2010/4/1 20

21 抑制非血質鐵吸收的因子 Iron Factors inhibit nonheme iron absorption 1. Phytates 2. Fibers 3. Oxalates 2010/4/1 21

22 Iron Factors inhibit nonheme iron absorption 4. Calcium 5. Phosphorus 6. EDTA 7. Tannic acid EDTA is ethylenediamine tetra acetate, a chelating agent that is used in food processing to retard crystal formation and promote color retention 2010/4/1 22

23 Q: 請說明影響影響鐵 ( 鈣 ) 吸收的因子有哪些? 2010/4/1 23

24 Iron Recycling 2010/4/1 24

25 Iron Routes in the body: Most iron is recycled. Some is lost with body tissues and must be replaced by eating iron-containing food. Because iron losses are usually limited, balance is maintained primarily through. absorption 2010/4/1 25

26 Iron Recycling 1. The average red blood cell lives about four months; then the spleen and liver cells remove it from the blood, take it apart, and prepare the degradation products for excretion or recycling. 2010/4/1 26

27 Iron Recycling 2. The body loses some iron daily via the GI tract and, if bleeding occurs, in blood; only tiny amounts of iron are lost in urine, sweat, and shed skin. 2010/4/1 27

28 Iron Recycling 3. Daily iron losses in the adult male are about 0.9 to 1.0 milligrams per day. Because of their smaller surface area, women s basal losses are 0.7 to 0.8 milligrams per day, but women lose additional iron in menses. Menstrual losses vary considerably, but over a month, they average about 0.5 milligrams per day. 2010/4/1 28

29 Iron High risk for iron deficiency Women in their reproductive years pregnant women Infants and young children Teenagers 2010/4/1 29

30 Iron Stages of iron deficiency Iron stores diminish Transport iron decreases serum ferritin transferrin Hemoglobin production declines late indicators of iron deficiency iron deficiency anemia People may be iron deficient without anemia Anemia: severe depletion of iron stores that results in a low hemoglobin concentration 2010/4/1 30

31 Both size and color are normal in these blood cells Blood cells in irondeficiency anemia are small and pale because they contain less hemoglobin 2010/4/1 31

32 Q 如何區別缺鐵性貧血與非缺鐵性貧血? 什麼是缺鐵性貧血的症狀? 2010/4/1 32

33 2010/4/1 33

34 Iron Iron Supplements : ferrous sulfate between meals, or at bedtime on an empty stomach, with liquids other than milk, tea, coffee Contamination iron inorganic iron salts from iron cookware, ironcontaining soils Iron supplements 2010/4/1 34 *Common side effect : constipation

35 Iron: In Summary 2001 RDA Men: 8 mg/day #Taiwan Men: 10 mg/day Women: 15 mg/day (19-50 yr) 10 mg/day (51+) Women (19-50 years): 18 mg/day Women (51+ years): 8 mg/day Upper level for adults: 45 mg/day 2010/4/1 35

36 Iron: In Summary Chief functions in the body Part of the protein hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood Part of the protein myoglobin in muscles, which makes oxygen available for muscle contraction Necessary for the utilization of energy as part of the cells metabolic machinery 2010/4/1 36

37 Iron: In Summary Significant sources Red meats, fish, poultry, shellfish, eggs Legumes, dried fruits 2010/4/1 37

38 2010/4/1 38

39 Iron: In Summary Deficiency symptoms Anemia: weakness, fatigue, headaches Impaired work performance and cognitive function Impaired immunity Pale skin, nailbeds, mucous membranes, and palm creases Concave nails Inability to regulate body temperature Pica 異食僻 ~ an appetite for ice, 異食僻 clay, paste, and other nonfood substances 2010/4/1 39

40 2010/4/1 40

41 Iron: In Summary Toxicity symptoms GI distress Iron overload: infections, fatigue, joint pain, skin pigmentation, organ damage 2010/4/1 41

42 Iron Overload 1. Hemochromatosis 血色素沈著症 :a hereditary defect in iron metabolism characterized by deposits of iron-containing pigment in many tissues, with tissue damage 2. Hemosiderosis 血鐵質沈積症 : a condition characterized by the deposition of hemosiderin in the liver and other tissue. 2010/4/1 42

43 Iron and Heart Disease 1. High blood iron high LDL cholesterol high blood iron is a risk factor for heart disease 2010/4/1 43

44 2. 流行病學研究調查發現, 女性於月經週期的血液流失, 使體內鐵常處於低或不足低或不足的狀態, 而罹患心血管的機率較低較低顯示體內顯示體內過高的鐵含量可能與心血管疾病有關 2010/4/1 44

45 3. 也有研究發現心血管疾病的罹患率與血清鐵含量有正相關, 鐵對於過氧化物產生會破壞組織細胞的 hydroxyl radical 有輔助作用, 而過氧化物或自由機對於 LDL 膽固醇有破壞作用, 被破壞的 LDL 會加速其本身對心血管疾病的致粥瘤性, 包括血管內皮細胞的損傷改變血管張力等改變血管張力等因此, 鐵含量與心肌梗塞有關 2010/4/1 45

46 Q: 新聞報導常引用一些報告說, 攝取過多的鐵容易罹患心肌梗塞, 試問為何鐵與心肌梗塞鐵與心肌梗塞有關? 2010/4/1 46

47 Iron and Cancer Positive association Involvement in lipid peroxidation free radical damage cancer 2010/4/1 47

48 Iron Poisoning Small children: multivitamin supplements Symptoms: 1. Nausea 2. Vomiting 3. Diarrhea 4. A rapid heartbeat 5. A weak pulse 6. Dizziness 7. Shock 8. Confusion 2010/4/1 48

49 Average 6-12 iron tablets death in a child within four hours Treatment: stomach pumped 2010/4/1 49

50 Fe Summary 消化吸收轉運影響吸收的因子生理角色食物來源缺乏可能會造成之疾病 2010/4/1 50

51 2010/4/1 51

Microsoft PowerPoint - 13-食品化学_矿物质.ppt

Microsoft PowerPoint - 13-食品化学_矿物质.ppt 矿物质食品化学曲文娟江苏大学 11/12/2012 矿物质定义定义 : 除碳氢氧氮主要以有机化合物 (organic compounds) 存在外, 其余统称矿物质 ( 无机盐,minerals) 微量元素虽然在人体中需求量很低, 但其作用却非常大如 : 锰能刺激免