Combes Lafourcade and Toutain % % 66% Tw % T Tb Tw T

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1 * Thünen Krugman-Helpman Krugman-Helpman 1 Dixit-Stiglitz T * jyfan0393@ 163. com shaotingfd@ gmail. com 06JJD B101 08BJL032 09AZD012 09SG Anderson and Ge Fujita and Hu

2 Combes Lafourcade and Toutain % % 66% Tw % T Tb Tw Tb 100% Tw 100% T Tb Tw Tb 100% Tw 100% T Tb Tw Tb 100% Tw 100% Combes Lafourcade and Toutain 2008 T T w T b

3 / = /2004 = / Thünen Helpman and Krugman 1985 Krugman 1980 Davis and Weistein Fujita et al

4 Zipf's Gabaix and Ioannides Thünen P i = P 1 R - 1 P i i P 1 R i i 2 i

5 Krugman-Helpman Krugman-Helpman Krugman 1991 Helpman 1998 Helpman 1998 M H N U = M δ H 1 - δ H δ CES M = Σ n i = 1 c ρ i 1 / ρ c i i ρ ρ = ε - 1 / ε ε Helpman Krugman 1991 Krugman 1991 Helpman 1. ε 1 - δ > 1 2. ε 1 - δ < 1 Helpman 91

6 Helpman Helpman Helpman Hanson 2005 Mion 2004 Brakman et al 2004 ε 1 - δ Helpman ε 1 - δ > 1 T = T D rs > 1 r s D rs r s Helpman Helpman 1998 Krugman 1991 r I r W r = Σ Y s s I ε -1 s T D rs 1 - ε 1 / ε 1 = Σ s λ s T D rs 1 - ε W 1 - ε s 1 / 1 - ε 2 Y r = λ r LW r 3 λ r r W r Y s s I s s L 1 I r I s 2 Hanson Hanson 2005 P r P s 1 4 ln W r t = α 0 W r / P 1 - δ r I δ r = W s / P 1 - δ s I δ s 4 r s + 1 / ε ln Σ Y s s t P 1 - δ 1 - ε / δ s t W ε -1 / δ s t T 1 - ε D rs + v r t Mion 2004 T - D rs ε - 1 = θd θ Arellano & Bond 1991 In W r t = α + Σ n s = 1 K 1 Y s t + K 2 P s t + K 3 W s t D -1 rs rs 5 + ρin W r t -1 + βx r t + μ r + v r t In W r t - 1 μ r v r t K 1 = θ ε K θ 1 - δ 1 - ε 2 = K εδ 3 P s t In W s t /Σ n W s = 1 s t 92 = 6 θ ε - 1 P εδ s t = P s t In P s t /Σ n P s = 1 s t W s t = 6 K 1 K 2 K 3

7 In W t = K 1 H Y t + K 2 H P t + K 3 H W t + AIn W t -1 + dummy t + βx t + u t 7 Y t P t W t t H N N H r s = D - 1 rs X t β N 1 dummy 7 K 1 K 2 K 3 ε 1 - δ θ Helpman 1998 Helpman-Hanson Hanson Helpman ε 1 - δ < 1 Mion Helpman Brakeman et al Helpman Hanson 2005 Mion 2004 Krugman-Helpman ε 1 - δ 7 GDP FDI GDP FDI student GDP industry local amenity book road green capital port 1 Bao et al D rr = 2 3 area 槡 π area 1 93

8 Arcview3. 0 Google Earth FDI GDP GDP FDI GDP 92% Pooled OLS 2 μ r + v r t 5 fixed effect random effect 2 2 Hausman W r t - 1 v r t v r t two-stage GMM v r t v r t GMM Arellano & Bond 1991 Arellano & Bover 1995 Blundell & Bond 1998 Sargan Sargan Sargan p % Arellano-Bond AR 1 Arellano-Bond AR 2 p % AR 2 2. GMM 2 H i W i t H i P i t K 2 K 3 Helpman Hanson 2005 H i Y i t Hausman χ 2 10 =

9 FDI 2 1 Pooled OLS 2 Fixed Effect 3 Random Effect 4 GMM In wage H i Y i t * H i W i t H i P i t * FDI student industry * * bed road * green * * port * east capital cons R-square AR AR Sargan-Test % 5% * 10% 7 k 1 k 2 k 3 θ ε δ 3 GMM θ = ε = δ = Krugman-Helpman Hanson 2005 Mion 2004 Brakeman et al Helpman 1998 ε 1 - δ >

10 3 1 Pooled OLS 2 Fixed Effect 3 Random Effect 4 GMM θ * * ε * * δ * % 5% * 10% ε 1 - δ θ ε δ ε 1 - δ 1 2 ε 1 - δ ε 1 - δ 14% 18% ε 1 - δ θ ε δ R-square p-value AR AR Sargan-Test % 5% * 10% 4

11 Helpman Krugman Helpman Hanson 2005 Mion 2004 Brakman et al Krugman-Helpman 2 3 GMM 2 12% ε / ε - 1 ε / ε Helpman Helpman 97

12 GDP Krugman-Helpman Arne Bigsten Anderson G. and Ying Ge 2005 The Size Distribution of Chinese Cities Regional Science and Urban Economics Arellano M. and S. Bond 1991 Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equation Review of Economic Studies Arellano M. and O. Bover 1995 Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error-components Models Journal of Economics Bao S Chang G Sachs J and Woo W 2002 Geographic Factors and China's Regional Development under Market Reforms China Economic Review

13 Blundell R. and S. Bond 1998 Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models Journal of Economics Brakman S. H Garretsen and M. Schramm 2004 The Spatial Distribution of Wages and Employment Estimating the Helpman- Hanson Model for Germany Journal of Regional Science Combes P. P. and Lafourcade M Thisse JF Toutain JC 2008 The Rise and Fall of Spatial Inequalities in France A Long-run Perspective CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP7017. Davis D. Weinstein D Market Access Economic Geography and Comparative Advantage An Empirical Assessment Journal of International Economics Dixit A. K. and J. E. Stiglitz 1977 Monopolistic Competition and Optimum Product Diversity American Economic Review European Economic Review Fujita M. and Hu Dapeng 2001 Regional Disperity in China the Effects of Globalization and Economic Liberalization Annals of Regional Science Fujita M. Krugman P. Venables A. J The Spatial Economy Cities Regions and International Trade MIT Press Cambridge MA. Gabaix and Ioannides 2004 The Evolution of City Size Distributions In Henderson V. Thisse J. F. Eds. Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics Vol. 4. Elsevier Amsterdam Chapter 59. pp Hanson Gordon 2005 Market Potential Increasing Returns and Geographic Concentration Journal of International Economics 67. Helpman Ehhana and Paul R. Krugman 1985 Market Structure and Foreign Trade The MIT Press. Helpman E The Size of Regions In Topics in Public Economics Theoretical and Applied Analysis ed. D. Pines E. Sadka and Y. Zilcha pp Cambridge University Press. Krugman P. R Scale Economies Product Differentiation and the Pattern of Trade American Economic Review Krugman P. R Increasing Returns and Economic Geography Journal of Political Economy Mion G Spatial Externalities and Empirical Analysis the Case of Italy Journal of Urban Economics VonThünen J. H Der Isolierte Staat in Beziehung auf Landtschaft und Nationalokonomie Hamburg English translation by C. M. Wartenberg Von Thünen's Isolated State Oxford Pergamon Press Housing Price Location of Diversified Product and Urban System Fan Jianyong and Shao Ting School of Economics Fudan Universtiy Abstract The flattening trend of urban system at the prefectural-level may be a manifestation of the extensive economic growth and excess capacity. This paper embedded the effect of housing price to diversified products' geographical distribution into the Krugman-Helpman model described the internal diffusion mechanism of rising urban housing price especially large cities on the location choice of differentiated products using the prefectural-level's relevant data during and by parameter estimation of empirical model we find that the non-black hole condition of urban system's flattening trend in the Krugman-Helpman model is established in China. This means that by controlling the level of abnormal price reversing the flattening trend of city system may have an important implication on adjusting the economic structure and growth pattern. Key Words Non-black Hole Condition Housing Price Urban System JEL Classification R30 H30 99

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( 1 2 ) ( ) ( ) 2010 4 4 ( 265 ) China Industrial Economics Apr. 2010 No.4 ( 361005) [ ] Combes et al.(2007) 16 13 19 1994 2007 : 1990 ; ; [ ] ; ; ; [ ]F124.1 [ ]A [ ]1006-480X(2010)04-0035-11 [ ] 2010-03-15 (J. Gottmann)1957