長久以來，經濟學者最常利用國民生產毛額（Gross National Product, GNP）來作為一個國家或經濟社會福利水準高低之衡量標準

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眺窦
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1 Research Center For Taiwan Economic Development (RCTED)

4 GNP GNP GNP GNP 1960 Easterly

5 2001 US13, / PPP GNI US18,000

6 Anand and Ravallion GDP Pritchett and Summers (1996) Shafik

7 Easterly Individual Rights and Democracy Political Instability and War Education Health Transport and Communication Inequality Across Class and Gender Bads Bads

8 World Bank Fixed Effect Model Panel Data Fixed Effects Model Pooled OLS y i, t = α + β i, t + i + ε i, t = ( α + i ) = α i X + βx i, t v + ε i, t v + βx i, t + ε i, t 1

9 Biased Inconsistence 6 Instrumental Variable Lag 2 = ε ~ N (0, ) 2 y i, t α i + βx i, t 1 + ε i, t i, t σ i = 1,..., N t = 1,..., 20 v α α i X 8 ε i, t 1 2 σ y i, t it i, t 2 GNI per capita, PPP cov( (2000) X t, ε t ) 0 Johnston and Dinardo(1997)Wooldridge

10 LY GNI, PPP PRS ILL MOR HEA CO2 WAT LAT TEL World Development Indicators, World BankTaiwan Statistical Data Book, Council for Economic Planning and Development AREMOS Easterly1997

11 3 SAS Stepwise ,574,016

12 OLS Barro World Bank (1991), p.6

13 2 3 95

14 SAS Stepwise 5

15 95

16 World Bank Easterly 1997 SAS Stepwise 8 Eviews Pooled Data Barro1991

17 Chenery GNP 9 Basu(2001) Todaro2000, ch3.

18 GDPGNP (human development) (comprehensive development) 5 Anand, Sudhir and Martin Ravallion, 1993, Human Development in Poor Countries: On the Role of Private Incomes and Publics Services, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 7(1), pp Barro, Robert J., 1991, Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2), pp Barro, Robert J. and Xavier Sala-i-Martin, 1995, Economics Growth, McGraw-Hill, Inc. Basu, Kaushik, 2001, On the Goals of Development, in Meier and Stiglitz (2001), p Chenery, Hollis B. and Moises Syrquin, 1975, Patterns of Development: ,

19 London: Oxford University Press. Easterly, William, 1997, Life During Growth, Poverty, Environment, and Growth, Discussion Paper, World Bank. Fedderke, Johannes and Robert Klitgaard, 1998, Economic Growth and Social Indicator: An Exploratory Analysis, Economic Development & Cultural Change, 46(3), pp Johnston, Jack and John Dinardo, 1997, Econometric Methods, Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc. Merier, Gerald M. and Joseph E. Stiglitz, Editors, 2001, Frontiers of Development Economics, the Future in Perspective, World Bank and Oxford University Press. Pritchett, Lant and Lawrence H. Summers, 1996, Wealthier is Healthier, The Journal of Human Resources, 31(4), pp Shafik, Nemat, 1994, Economic Development and Environmental Quality: An Econometric Analysis, Oxford Economic Papers, 46, pp Todaro, Michael P., 2000, Economic Development, Seventh Edition Addison Wesley Longman. World Bank, 1991, World Development Report Wooldridge, Jeffrey M., 2000, Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach, South-Western College Publishing pp.21-40

20 1 with logarithmic fitted line GNI per capita, ppp (1990) 2 with logarithmic fitted line GNI per capita, ppp (1990)

21 3 with logarithmic fitted line GNI per capita, ppp (1990) 4 with logarithmic fitted line GNI per capita, ppp (1990)

22 5 with logarithmic fitted line GNI per capita, ppp (1990) 6 (with logarithmic fitted line) GNI per capita, ppp (1990)

23 7 with logarithmic fitted line GNI per capita, ppp (1990) 8 (with logarithmic fitted line) GNI per capita, ppp (1990)

24 LnGNI Fixed effect *** *** -1 ( ) ( ) *** *** -1(3.4794) (5.2611) *** ( ) (1.2545) *** ( ) (0.7655) 2 R F *** *** *** *** * 10 ** 5 *** 1 t LnGNI Fixed effect GNI *** ** *** *** -1 (3.0369) ( ) ( ) (2.5784) *** *** *** -1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 R F *** *** *** *** * 10 ** 5 *** 1 t

25 LnGNI Fixed effect *** ** *** *** / ( ) (2.2919) ( ) (5.0675) ** *** * *** / ( ) ( ) ( ) (4.5298) 2 R F *** *** *** *** * 10 ** 5 *** 1 t LnGNI Fixed effect *** *** *** *** LN ( ) (3.7123) ( ) (6.8357) *** *** *** -1 ( ) (0.1892) (9.2288) ( ) 2 R F *** *** *** *** * 10 ** 5 *** 1 t

26 5 LnGNI Fixed effect *** * * (1.1088) (3.2615) ( ) ( ) ( ) (1.5598) (0.5905) (0.1624) * ** (1.4778) ( ) (2.2058) (0.7757) ** *** ( ) ( ) (0.2879) ( ) CO *** * *** (3.2946) (1.6555) (1.1474) (6.1980) * ** (1.4177) (2.4534) (0.3152) ( ) *** *** ** LN (5.4624) (0.8189) (4.0940) (2.2835) * ** (1.6663) (2.0930) (0.8179) (0.8339) 2 R F *** *** *** *** * 10 ** 5 *** 1 t

GII 指標國際比較聯合國開發計畫署 (UNDP) 自 21 起編布性別不平等指數 ( Gender Inequality Index, GII), 以生殖健康賦權及勞動市場 3 領域之 5 項指標衡量各國性別平

GII 指標國際比較聯合國開發計畫署 (UNDP) 自 21 起編布性別不平等指數 ( Gender Inequality Index, GII), 以生殖健康賦權及勞動市場 3 領域之 5 項指標衡量各國性別平 GII 指標國際比較聯合國開發計畫署 (UNDP) 自 21 起編布性別不平等指數 ( Gender Inequality Index, GII), 以生殖健康賦權及勞動市場 3 領域之 5 項指標衡量各國性別平等情形將我國資料代入 GII 公式計算,214 我國 GII 值為.52(