* CHNS 0.7,, Gini coefficient Theil Index intergenerational mobility 0.4 Solon, Wiegan, Bjorklund an

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1 College of Economics Zhejiang University Working Paper Xianguo Yao Liqiu Zhao - 1 -

2 * CHNS 0.7,, Gini coefficient Theil Index intergenerational mobility 0.4 Solon, Wiegan, Bjorklund and Jantti, Dearden, Machin and Reed, 1997 CHNS 8 *

3 1877 Galton Atkinson et al(1978), Becker and Tomes Blau and Duncan 1967 Behrman and Taubman 1985 NAS-NRC 0.2 Becker and Tomes land of opportunity measurement error homogeneous samples Bowles and Nelson 1974 Solon Zimmerman 1992 Solon 1992 Solon 1992 Zimmerman Bowles and Gintis 2002 Ahlburg 1998 Becker and Tomes Eide and Showalter % Restuccia and Urrutia 2004 Mulligan(1999) NLSY National Longitudinal Study of Youth 90 AFQT Armed Forces Qualifying Tests 2/5 Bowles and Gintis 2002 Bowles and Gintis

4 Bowles and Gintis CHNS CHNS % 2004 SEH CHNS 1-7 Erikson and Goldthorpe(2002) - 4 -

5 BMI BMI BMI fincome93 sincome00 Fitted values Graphs by urban=1; rural=

6 1 Sons (2000) Fathers (1993) Monthly wage Age Years of education Occupation Health (BMI) Monthly wage Age Years of education Occupation Health (BMI) Full sample Urban Rural Eastern Middle Higher income class Lower income class CHNS 8 (Eastern) 4 (Middle) BMI Body Mass Index kg m - 6 -

7 fincome93 sincome00 Fitted values Graphs by Eastern=1; Middle= fincome93 sincome00 Fitted values Graphs by higher income class=1; lower income class=2 3 the log-linear model the quantile transition matrix approach y i y 1i y = ρ y + ε 1i 0i i ρ 1% 0i - 7 -

8 1 ρ Solon(1992) Solon(1992) y = y + α + β A + γ A + v 2 2 1it 1i 1 1 1it 1 1it 1it A 1it i t s (2) (3) (1) y = y + α + β A + γ A + v 3 2 0is 0i 0 0 0is 0 0is 0is y = α ρα + ρ y + β A + γ A ρβ A ργ A + ε + v ρv it 1 0 0is 1 1it 1 1it 0 0is 0 0is i 1it 0is µ i 4 t s y 0is v ois y 0is u i Solon β (3) t y1 it = α1 ρα 0 + ρ y0i + β 1A 1it + γ1a1 it ρβ0a0i ργ 0A0i + εi + v1 it ρv0i σ ' v 2 σ, σ v v 0is β T 5 2 OLS

9 2 ρ OLS Year of father s Measure of father s log earning log income (1) (2) (3) *** *** *** 1989 (0.066) [308] *** (0.167) [67] *** (.076) [241] *** *** (0.087) [296] *** *** (0.201) [61] *** *** (0.102) [235] *** 1991 (0.079) [298] *** (0.093) [270] (0.185) [61] *** (0.249) [54] (0.090) [237] *** (0.110) [216] *** (0.088) [272] *** ** (0.238) [54] *** *** (0.102) [218] *** 1993 (.070) [274] *** (0.125) [183] (0.211) [54] 0.632** (0.412) [33] (0.079) [220] *** (0.141) [150] *** (0.110) [185] *** *** (0.350) [33] *** ** (0.124) [152] *** 1997 (0.073) [232] *** (0.102) [147] (0.154) [54] *** (0.310) [24] (0.084) [178] *** (0.113) [123] *** (0.089) [169] *** (0.185) [34] *** (0.107) [135] 2000 (0.055) (0.110) (0.065) [204] [41] [163] (1) (2) (3) [] *** 0.05 **

10 0.7 Barker, 1995, 1997 Case et al 2002 Bowles and Gintis 2002 Y = α Y + α iedu + α ihea + α i Occu 6 st 0 pk 1 s 2 s 3 s 6 Yst t Ypk k Edus Hea Occu s s y = b y + b iedu + b ihea + b i occu 7 st 0 pk 1 s 2 s 3 s 7 y pk E( y iy ) = b E( y iy ) + bie( edu iy ) + b ie( hea iy ) + b ie( occu iy ) 8 st pk 0 pk pk 1 s pk 2 s pk 3 s pk ryst y = b pk 0 + br 1 edus y + b pk 2rheas y + b pk 3roccus y 9 pk 9 ry y y st y pk redu y edu s st pk s pk

11 y pk rheas y hea pk s y pk roccus y occu pk s y pk (9) Currie 1999 CHNS BMI BMI R SEH R SEH BMI BMI Variables Monthly wage of sons Years of education *** (0.078) *** (0.074) *** (0.090) *** (0.126) *** (0.098) Edu*City (0.193) Edu*Eastern Edu*Class *** *** Health: BMI (0.077) (0.091) BMI*City (0.174) (0.162) *** (0.108) (0.161) *** (0.097)

12 Health: SEH BMI*Eastern (0.153) BMI*Class (0.157) Occu Occu*City Occu*Eastern *** (0.077) *** (0.064) *** (0.075) *** (0.087) (0.194) *** (0.123) (0.157) *** (0.103) Occu*Class (0.154) Dummy: City No No Yes No No Dummy: Eastern No No No Yes No Dummy: Class No No No No Yes Adjusted R r heas ypk 4 Variables Urban Rural Eastern Middle Education Health Social Networking *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** Higher income class *** Lower income class 0.221*** *** *** Variables Full sample Urban Rural Eastern Middle Higher income class Lower income class Education

13 Health Social Networking Full Higher income Urban Rural Eastern Middle sample class Lower income class Education Health Social Networking Total Intergenerational Correlation accounted for CHNS

14 CHNS Duncan Zimmerman 1992 Solon Bjorklund and Jantti Dearden, Machin and Reed Mulligan 1997 PSID 0.43 Wiegan BMI / (1) [J] (2) [J] 2005 (3) [J] (4)Ahlburg, D., Intergenerational Transmission of Health, The American Economic Review, 1998, 88(2), (5)Atkinson, A. B., Trinder C. G. and Maynard, A. K., Evidence on intergenerational Income Mobility in Britain, Economic Letters, 1978, I, (6)Barker, D. J., Fetal Origins of Coronary Heart Disease, British Medical Journal, 1995, 311, (7)Barker, D. J., Maternal Nutrition, Fetal Nutrition and Diseases in Later Life, Nutrition, 1997, 13(9), (8)Becker, G. S. and Chiswick, B. R., Education and Distribution of Earnings, The American Economic Review, 1966, 56(1/2), (9)Becker, G. S, and Tomes, N., An Equilibrium Theory of the Distribution of Income and Intergenerational Mobility, The Journal of Political Economy, 1979, 87(6), (10)Becker, G. S., and Tomes, N., Human Capital and the Rise and Fall of Families, Journal of Labor Economics, 1986, 4(3), s1-s39. (11)Berhrman, J. R. and Taubman, P., Intergenerational Earnings Mobility in the United States: Some Estimates and a Test of Becker s Intergenerational Endowments Model, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 1985, 67(1), (12)Bjorklund, A., and Jantti, M., Intergenerational Income Mobility in Sweden Compared to the United States, The American Economic Review, 1997, 87(5), (13)Blau, P. and Duncan O. D., The American Occupational Structure, New York,

15 (14)Bowles, S. and Nelson, V., The Inheritance of IQ and the Intergenerational Reproduction of Economic Inequality, Review of Economics and Statistics, 1974, 56(1), (15)Bowles, S. and Gintis, H., The Inheritance of Inequality, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2002, 16(3), (16)Case, A., Lubotsky, D. and Paxson, C., Economic Status and Health in Childhood: The Origins of the Gradient, The American Economic Review, 2002, 92(5), (17)Currie, J., Health, Health Insurance and the Labor Market, In Handbook of Labor Economics, 1999, Vol.3C, Orley Ashenfelter and David Card, eds. Amsterdam: North-Holland (18)Dearden, L., Machin, S. and Reed, H., Intergenerational Mobility in Britain, The Economic Journal, 1997, 107(440), (19)Eide, E. R. and Showalter, M. H., Factors Affecting the Transmission of Earnings Across Generations: A Quantile Regression Approach, The Journal of Human Resources, 1999, 34(2), (20)Erikson R. and Goldthorpe J. H. Intergenerational Inequality: A Sociological Perspective, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2002, 16(3), (21)Friedman, M. and Kuznets, S., Income from Independent Professional Practice, 1954, New York, NBER. (22)Galton, F., Typical Laws of Heredity, Proc. Royal Inst. Great Britain, 1877, 8, (23)Mulligan, G. B., Parental Priorities and Economic Inequality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, (24)Mulligan, G. B., Galton versus the Human Capital Approach to Inheritance, The Journal of political Economy, 1999, 107(6), s184-s224. (25)Mushkin, S. J., Health as an Investment, The Journal of Political Economy, 1962, 70(Supplement): (26)Restuccia, D. and Urrutia, C., Intergenerational Persistence of Earnings: The Role of Early and College Education, The American Economic Review, 2004, 95(5), (27)Solon, G., Biases in the Estimation of Intergenerational Earnings Correlations, The Review of Economics and Statistic, 1989, 71(1), (28)Solon, G., Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States, The American Economic Review, 1992, 82(3), (29)Solon, G., Cross-Country Differences in Intergenerational Earnings Mobility, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2002, 16(3), (30)Zimmerman, D., Regression toward Mediocrity in Economic Stature, The American Economic Review, 1992, 82(3), / /

16 Intergenerational Income mobility and the Channels of Intergenerational Transmission in China: By Yao Xianguo, Zhao Liqiu Intergenerational mobility means to what extent the income of one person is determined by the income of his previous generation. It is a supplement to indexes of inequality, such as Gini coefficient and Theil Index. It provides a new view to analyze inequality. Firstly, this paper estimates the intergenerational income elasticity of China using CHNS data. The intergenerational income elasticity of China is about 0.7 and is higher than that of other countries. Besides, this paper compares intergenerational income elasticity of different groups and finds that the intergenerational income elasticity of urban is higher than that of rural, the intergenerational income elasticity of the east is higher than that of the middle and the intergenerational income elasticity of higher income class is higher than that of the lower income class. Finally, this paper decomposes the intergenerational income correlation into three channels, including education, health and social capital. Meanwhile, we estimate the contributions of the channels and find that social networking is the main channel of intergenerational transmissions

:,,,, ;,,,,, Becker Tomes(1986), ( ), ( ),, ;,,,, , (CNHS) , ( ),CHNS,, CHNS :CHNS,, 30 %, 30 %, 30 % (1992),

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