6 1/297.06/97.12 knowledge, if we can extract the valued tacit knowledge and express it systematically. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to exp

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刘钮祜禄
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1 61/297.06/ 利用模式語言表達獨立紀錄片製作之隱性知識研究 Externalizing Tacit Knowledge in Independent Documentary Film Production via Pattern Language Ming-Shu Yuan 摘要 pattern languages Abstract Recently, Taiwan locally made documentary has been received high regards at international movie festivals and by domestic reviewers. The independent documentary producers in Taiwan are different from the commercial documentary producers in other countries. Since these producers in Taiwan don t have enough funds to have a big production team, they have to possess whole knowledge in documentary production. The knowledge is hidden in the producers mind which is difficult to express, share, and disseminate. It will be helpful for the dissemination and application of the * (Associate Professor, Graduate Program and Department of Information and Communications, Shih Hsin University) 57

2 6 1/297.06/97.12 knowledge, if we can extract the valued tacit knowledge and express it systematically. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the types and characteristics of tacit knowledge from 12 independent documentary producers through the in-depth interview based on the process of the documentary production in Taiwan. An -- framework of coding was used to identify the tacit knowledge, and twenty types of tacit knowledge were identified by the study. This study uses the concepts of pattern languages to express the tacit knowledge through material, viewpoint, production, post-production and distribution and miscellaneous classified from the literature, and integrate with the coding framework of -- to display the tacit knowledge and to form the pattern language of independent documentary production. The study finds out that to utilize -- as a coding framework and expression the outcome of knowledge extraction helps interviewer to identify tacit knowledge context of interviewee how they using the knowledge. This process is also good for tacit knowledge extraction. The outcome of tacit knowledge extraction can systematically display the whole knowledge structure and context of documentary film-producing process. It is helpful for readers to have a comprehensive tacit knowledge that enables novice take advantages of skills quickly. The extracted tacit knowledge from the study provides valuable reference for those who are interested in documentary film-producing. The ways of systematic expression of the tacit knowledge of the study provides concrete domain of knowledge management and a base for further studies. Keywords: Documentary; Independent documentary film-producer; Tacit knowledge; Pattern languages 壹前言 D V 2009YouTube9 WikiAnswers, Q/How_many_videos_are_on_Youtube 12WikiAnswers, watch_youtubei m TV 74 80IMTV, about.asp Wagner,

3 Alexander knowhow 貳文獻探討 Rabiger, 2004 (1)(2) 2008 Turan,

4 6 1/297.06/97.12 Pre-production Production Post-production Distribution 60 DVD 2008Barbash, I., & Taylor, L Cross-Cultural Filmmaking: A Handbook for Making Documentary and Ethnographic Films and Videos. Berkeley: University of California Press.; Rabiger, M Directing the documentary. Boston: Focal Press

5 Polanyi Polanyi, 1967; Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1997 Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1997; Sternberg, 1999 Polanyi, 1969; Sternberg, 1999; Howells, 1996 Polanyi, 1967; Reber, 1993 Howells, 1996; Sternberg, 1999 Howells, 1996; Sternberg, 1999 Zander and Zander Howells, 1996Horvath 1994 (1) (2) 61

6 6 1/297.06/97.12 Prasarnphanich, Tschannen-Moran and Nestor-Baker2004Prasarnphanich Horvath1994 practical intelligence 1. Pattern Language Alexander1964 hierarchical system Alexander A l e x a n d e r (a) context(b) 62

7 Alexander, C Notes on the synthesis of form, Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press. Alexander, C Notes on the synthesis of form, Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press. 63

8 6 1/297.06/97.12 (c) Hughes, 2006 Derntl, 2003 Alexander1977 format Alexander Alexander1979 Alexander Alexander, C., Silverstein, M., & Ishikawa, S A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction. New York: Oxford University Press. 64

9 65 Alexander Alexander Takashi, 2008 Alexander1977 Alexander 2. Takashi, 2008Gamma 2001 Holopainen & Björk, 2003 Hughes

10 6 1/297.06/97.12 參研究方法 () 12 G T H E N 66

11 A 44 B 30 C 34 D 36 E 41 F 32 G 33 H 28 I 25 J 25 K 26 L /01/20 01:00: /07/16 00:56: /02/25 01:15: /02/25 01:34: /06/17 02:54: /06/10 00:31: /06/10 00:37: /02/20 00:53: /10/24 01:24: /06/12 00:47: /01/22 01:10: /02/20 01:20:18 67

12 6 1/297.06/ Pre-production Production Post-production DVD Distribution 68

13 A B K B 4 T H E N -- B E C A U S E -- () T H E N Alexander1977, 69

14 70 6 1/297.06/ 肆結果與討論

15 D follow K C 71

16 6 1/297.06/97.12 H K C J 72

17 A E G 73

18 6 1/297.06/97.12 E C H 74

19 75 D F I B

20 6 1/297.06/97.12 E B A DVD 76

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22 78 6 1/297.06/97.12 E? F? CEF C C F E E CE --

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24 6 1/297.06/ ANDORBUT 參考文獻 A6 2008Me Alexander, C., (1964). Notes on the synthesis of form. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Alexander, C., Silverstein, M., and Ishikawa, S. (1977). A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction. New York: Oxford University Press. 80

25 Alexander, C. (1979). The Timeless Way of Building. New York: Oxford University Press. Ambrosini, V., and Bowman, C. (2001). Tacit knowledge: some suggestions for operationalization. Journal of Management Studies, 38(6), Barbash, I., and Taylor, L. (1997). Cross- Cultural Filmmaking: A Handbook for Making Documentary and Ethnographic Films and Videos. Berkeley: University of California Press. Brooking, A. (1999). Corporate Memory: Strategies for Knowledge Management. New York: International Thomson Business Press. Castillo, J. (2002). A note on the concept of tacit knowledge. Journal of Management Inquiry, 11, Derntl, M., and Motschnig-Pitrik, R. (2003). Towards a Pattern Language for Person- Centered e-learning. Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (SITE 2003), Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, pp Gamma, E., Helm, R., Johnson, R. & Vlissides, J. (2001). Design Patterns Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. Gourlay, S. (2002). Tacit knowledge, tacit knowing, or behaving? In 3rd European Organizational Knowledge, Learning and Capabilities Conference, 5-6 April 2002, Athens, Greece. Haron, H., and Alias, R. A. (2006). Tacit knowledge manifestations in an institute of higher learning. Paper presented at the Postgraduate Annual Research Seminar 2006 (PARS 2006). Horvath, J. A., Williams, W. M., Forsythe, G. B., Sweeney, P. J., Sternberg, R, J., McNally, J. A., & Wattendorf, J. (1994). Tacit knowledge in military leadership: A review of the literature (Technical report 1017). Alexandria VA: United States Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences. Holopainen, J. and Björk, S. (2003). Game Design Patterns. Lecture Notes for GDC 2003 Lecture, Available Online: Howells, J. (1996). Tacit knowledge, Innovation and Technology Transfer. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 8(2), Hughes, M. (2006). A pattern language approach to usability knowledge management. Journal of Usability Studies, 2, Nonaka, I. and Hirotaka T. (1995). The Knowledge-Creating Company. New York: Oxford University Press. 81

26 6 1/297.06/97.12 Polanyi, M. (1967). The Tacit Knowledge Dimension. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Polanyi, M. (1969). Sense-giving and sensereading. In M. Grene (Ed.), Knowing and being: Essays. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Prasarnphanich, P. (2005). Encoding personal tacit knowledge: a field study of systems analysts. Unpublished Doctor, The University of Memphis, Memphis. Rabiger, M. (2004). Directing the documentary. Boston: Focal Press. Reber, A. S. (1993). Implicit learning and tacit knowledge: an essay on the cognitive unconscious. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Sternberg, R. J. (1999). Epilogue: What do we know about tacit knowledge? Making the tacit become explicit. In R. J. Sternberg & J. A. Horvath (Eds.), Tacit Knowledge in Professional Practice - Researcher and Practitioner Perspectives. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Sternberg, R. J., Wagner, R. K., Williams, W. M., and Horvath, J. A. (1995). Testing common sense. American Psychologist, 50(11), Takashi, I. (2008). Creation toward Quality Without a Name - Sociological Analysis of Pattern Language, 2nd Workshop on Software Patterns and Quality (SPAQu 08), Nashville, Tennessee, USA, from patterns-wg.fuka.info.waseda.ac.jp/spaqu/ proceedings/16-f2-spacu07-iba.pdf Tschannen-Moran, M., and Nestor-Baker, N. (2004). The Tacit Knowledge of Productive Scholars in Education. Teachers College Record, 106(7), Turan, K. (2007). The Rise of the Independents. ejournal USA, 12(6), Wagner, J. (2004). Constructing Credible Images: Documentary Studies, Social Research, and Visual Studies. American Behavioral Scientist, 47,

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