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1 中華福音神學院教牧博士科畢業論文台灣祭祖及喪禮儀式問題的突破學生 : 溫永生台灣大學 ( 台北 ) 工學士中華福音神學院 ( 台北 ) 道學碩士主後二三年六月呈交

2 中華福音神學院教牧博士科畢業論文圖書館表格作者姓名 : 溫永生論文題目 : 台灣祭祖及喪禮儀式問題的突破根據本院圖書館規則, 本館之任何讀者皆可在本院內, 借閱任何館藏之論文 1 本人授權本院之圖書館長, 從現在起, 可權宜以館際互借方式借給其他圖書館的讀者在館內閱讀 2 本人授權本院之圖書館長, 在三年後, 可權宜准許讀者為神學的學術研究影印本論文的二分之一簽名 : 填表日期 : 年月日

3 中華福音神學院博碩士論文電子檔案上網授權書本授權書所授權之論文為授權人在中華福音神學院 2002 學年度取得教牧博士學位之論文論文名稱 : 指導教授 : 台灣祭祖及喪禮儀式問題的突破龍維耐蔡麗貞茲同意將授權人擁有著作權之上列論文全文電子檔 ( 含摘要 ), 依下述授權範圍, 以非專屬無償授權中華福音神學院圖書館, 不限地域時間與次數, 以微縮光碟或其他各種數位化方式將上列論文重製, 並得將數位化之上列論文及論文電子檔以上載網路方式, 提供讀者基於個人非營利性質之線上檢索閱覽下載或列印全文電子檔使用權限 : 校內外都三年後公開授權人 : 溫永生學號 :943DM210 hakkawen@yahoo.com.tw 親筆簽名或蓋章 : 西元 2003 年 6 月 20 日

4 博碩士論文電子檔案上網授權書本授權書所授權之論文為授權人在中華福音神學院 2002 學年度得教牧博士學位之論文論文名稱 : 台灣祭祖及喪禮儀式問題的突破指導教授 : 龍維耐蔡麗貞茲同意將授權人擁有著作權之上列論文全文電子檔 ( 含摘要 ), 非專屬無償授權國家圖書館, 不限地域時間與次數, 以微縮光碟或其他各種數位化方式將上列論文重製, 並得將數位化之上列論文及論文電子檔以上載網路方式, 提供讀者基於個人非營利性質之線上檢索閱覽下載或列印 gfedc 上列論文為授權人向經濟部智慧財產局申請專利之附件或相關文件之一 ( 申請專案號 : ), 請於年月日後再將上列論文公開或上載網路 gfedc 因上列論文尚未正式對外發表, 請於西元 2006 年 6 月 20 日後再將上列論文公開或上載網路授權人 : 溫永生身分證字號 : hakkawen@yahoo.com.tw 親筆簽名或蓋章 : 西元 2003 年 6 月 20 日

5 致謝感謝上帝, 讓我在開拓牧會九年後, 有機會進修教牧博士的課程, 使我能將過去所學所經歷的, 加以整理及進深研究, 期能提升未來的事奉在論文寫作期間, 蒙周聯華牧師林治平院長查時傑教授及廖昆田牧師接見, 並不吝指教, 指引研究的重點與方向 ; 客家福音協會主委曾政忠牧師也經常分享實做心得, 提供不少創見, 使論文增色不少指導教授龍維耐老師和蔡麗貞老師, 從宣教學教會歷史和教義的角度, 費心地給我指導, 受益良多 ; 更承蒙周功和老師多方的教導與啟發, 及擔任本論文的批閱教授, 使論文更加豐富紮實 ; 科主任張宰金老師多次敦促鼓勵與代禱, 終使本論文在期限前完成同時, 在舊約解經和崇拜學的部分, 多謝賴建國老師和白嘉靈老師分別提供寶貴的書籍資訊 ; 也謝謝吳獻章老師主動提供祭祖研究的書籍, 及經常地鼓勵這些老師都令我銘感於心在問卷內容的設計上, 羅超華老師夏忠堅牧師及林口体育學院的謝智謀教授, 都曾鼎力協助, 使我能從生疏到順利完成問卷調查尤其謝智謀教授更指導我問卷的訪查與電腦軟体 SPSS 的操作使用, 感恩不盡問卷的訪查上, 客家宣教神學院的同學, 東勢行道會台北崇真堂雙和崇真堂大埔崇真堂及平鎮崇真堂的同工和會友, 熱心義務擔任訪查員, 使這份問卷進行順利, 十分多謝收集資料方面, 多謝齊明弟兄呂一中弟兄及鄭麗津姊妹, 分別在天主教民間宗教及佛教方面熱誠指引及提供資料, 獲益匪淺另外, 也要感謝崇真堂聯會會長余慶榮牧師及眾教牧同工與委員們, 愛心容讓我在論文寫作期間, 免擔任公職 ; 平鎮崇真堂的鍾君果傳道陳品月幹事為主當兵的同工及全体執事小組長, 分擔了許多教會責任, 使我能抽出餘暇撰寫論文, 劉名浩弟兄在電腦技術與實務上, 助我克服許多困難, 同時, 許多弟兄姊妹更以禱告來扶持我, 使我渡過最艱難的時段, 這些都令我難忘客家宣教神學院的院務同工們和彭雅文祕書, 也在論文緊鑼密鼓的階段, 鼎力支持與包容, 使我能有足夠的時間完成寫作 ; 國際差傳協會 (SEND) 會長潘天信牧師更是在百忙中慨允為摘要英文版修改潤筆, 不勝感激! 最後, 要感謝多年來與我同心事奉主的妻子 ~ 鳳美, 若不是她全力支持, 擔代許多教會牧養的責任, 就不可能完成此論文同時, 衷心感謝敬愛的母親溫李春菊女士, 多年來在我繁忙的服事工作中, 体諒我支持我且常為我禱告 ; 岳父母康鐵龍康楊玉秀伉儷也多方地支持我們, 使我們在服事中得許多幫助 ; 我們的義母周懷蜜長老 ( 台南太平鏡長老教會榮譽長老 ), 自我們服事之初就十分關心我們, 支持我們, 為我們禱告這些親人長者及其他家人都是我們服事的後盾, 想到他們就會為著神的厚恩獻上感恩當然, 最要感謝的是上帝, 若不是祂的憐憫與扶持, 我必沒有今天的服事, 唯願全然擺上, 忠心事主, 至死不渝! 阿們!

6 敬獻予普世宣教的主也是差我回客庄事奉的神並獻給 M2 宣教士與我同甘共苦的摯愛的妻子鳳美

7 摘要經常傳福音的人, 必然發現華人信主最普遍的障礙就是傳統祭祖問題 ; 台灣的基督徒信主後, 最感困擾的, 也莫過於是民間喪禮的應對然而, 從宣教史的角度來看, 多是以違反禁拜偶像的誡命作為反對祭祖的理由 ; 從基督教敬祖實務的角度來看, 目前仍有不少人因擔心犯了拜偶像的罪, 而遲疑不敢越雷池一步, 或甚至在喪禮和敬祖上採極端保守的立場, 而造成長久以來向國人宣教的困境因此, 本論文從聖經出發, 針對十誡中第一二誡作解經研究, 探討拜偶像的真義 ; 進而, 研究第五誡, 比較聖經和傳統的孝道觀的異同, 並建立慎終追遠與相關宣教神學的聖經基礎, 為基督教敬祖實務奠立聖經的根基其次, 過去的宣教史已累積了許多經驗, 並建立了豐富的學理因此, 本論文從宣教學的福音與文化的關係傳播理論處境化及崇拜學, 來構築敬祖取代模式的觀念與理論接著, 採兩個重要工具, 維根斯坦的語言行為定義法和田立克的符號與象徵分類法, 設計定期性的做法, 即追思三禮和致敬禮, 和長期性的做法, 即祖先紀念表或世代傳承表, 透過這些具体的做法與表達, 能改變國人對基督教不敬祖宗的刻板印象, 而帶出福音工作的突破最後, 針對中北部漢人族群進行分層叢集立意抽樣問卷研究, 嘗試了解目前民間對祭祖的看法, 與對過去基督教敬祖做法的接受度, 以利未來敬祖與創新喪禮取代模式的實施與推廣 I

8 TOWARD A BREAKTHROUGH IN ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM OF ANCESTOR WORSHIP AND THE FUNERAL RITUAL IN TAIWAN Abstract Those who regularly minister the Gospel in among the Chinese quickly discover that the most widespread hindrance in bringing Chinese to faith in Christ is traditional ancestor worship. The most distressing thing for Taiwanese Christians after coming to faith is also the issue of how to face traditional folk religious funeral rituals. From the perspective of mission history, Chinese churches generally have opposed ancestor worship based solely on the prohibition against idolatry. On the other hand, from the perspective of practical Christian ancestor reverence, many Christians do not dare to move even one step towards a new solution out of fear of violating the commandment against idolatry. Or even worse, facing funerary rituals and ancestral veneration, they take an extremely conservative position, and so contribute to the longstanding difficulty in mission to the Chinese. Therefore, the approach of this thesis is to begin with the biblical evidence, through expository study of the first and second Commandments to define the meaning of idolatry; then to compare the differences of filial piety between the Bible and Chinese traditions by studying the fifth Commandment; and to establish the biblical basis of the funeral ritual, ancestor worship and correlated missionary theology, in order that we may establish a strong foundation for Christian ancestor reverence practices. II

9 Then, out of the substantial accumulated experience and theories developed through past mission history, this thesis seeks to build a conceptual and theoretical "substitution model" of Christian ancestor reverence based on theories of missiology dealing with the relationship of the Gospel and culture, communication theory, contextualization, and liturgical study. Next, taking two important tools, Ludwig Wittgenstein's "the definition of language and behavior" and Paul Tillich's "classification of sign and symbol," this thesis seeks to design both episodal methodology, such as "the three memorial ceremonials" and "reverence ceremonial," and continuative methodology, such as "the ancestral memorial record" form and "the generational record" form. Through these fundamental methods and expressions, we hope to change the negative impression of Chinese that Christians neglect ancestor reverence, and to promote a breakthrough in evangelistic work. Finally, taking the Chinese people of the central and northern Taiwan area as a population, this thesis undertook a survey. The survey method was administered by using "stratified cluster-purposeful sampling." By this survey we tried to understand the opinions toward the ancestor worship of the modern Taiwanese, and their receptivity to the past Christian ancestor reverence expressions. This is with a view to carrying out and promoting Christian ancestor reverence and a creative funeral ritual of the substitution model in the future. III

10 台灣祭祖及喪禮儀式問題的突破目錄緒論 1 第一節本論文研究的動機和目的 1 第二節本論文研究的定義和範圍 4 第三節本論文研究的方法和內容 6 第一章民間祭祖與喪禮和基督信仰的衝突 7 第一節祭祖與拜偶像的關連 7 第二節民間喪禮儀式的概覽 20 第三節民間祭祖的概覽 26 第四節奠祭禮儀和基督信仰衝突之處 32 第二章基督教敬祖與喪禮模式的探討 38 第一節宣教史中敬祖模式的探討與評估 38 第二節天主教模式的探討與評估 43 第三章基督教敬祖的聖經基礎 48 第一節聖經中拜偶像的真義 48 第二節聖經與中國傳統的孝道 58 第三節聖經中的慎終追遠 63 第四節從宣教神學的角度看敬祖的必要性 71 IV

11 第四章敬祖與喪禮處境化模式的建立 79 第一節福音與文化的關係在祭祖問題上的應用 80 第二節傳播學在模式評估上的引用 89 第三節處境化模式在敬祖上的引用 101 第四節崇拜學在儀式設計上的應用 111 第五節處境化模式的建立 118 第五章創新喪禮與敬祖做法的設計 127 第一節從歷史回顧談敬祖設計 127 第二節設計的基本觀念 134 第三節追思三禮的設計 137 第四節致敬禮的設計 144 第五節長期性敬祖做法的設計 154 第六節如何面對民間喪禮與祭祖 158 第六章民間對祭祖的看法與對基督教敬祖法的接受 162 第一節研究設計 162 第二節一般背景資料 165 第三節調查研究的結果分析與討論 169 第七章創新喪禮與敬祖做法的實施與推廣 188 第一節創新喪禮與敬祖做法的實施 188 V

12 第二節推廣的方法與再評估 192 結論 195 附錄一清明節敬祖追思大會節目單 197 附錄二安息禮拜程序單範例 200 附錄三致敬禮登記單 203 附錄四祖先紀念表和世代傳承表 204 附錄五基督教與民間祭祖問題研究問卷 205 附錄六卡方分析 P 值低於 0.05 的數據 208 中文參考書目 210 英文參考書目 218 VI

13 1 1991~

14 % % ~

17 5 3 5

18 6 6

19 7 Alessandro Valignano Machael Ruggerius 3 Matteo Ricci accommodate de Morales ~22 7

20 8 4 Martina Juan Polanco Clement 5 Fr. Navarelle Charles Maigrot ~134 8

21 9 6 Clement Ex illa die 7 Benedict Ex Quo Singulari Pius 1939~ ~ ~70 126~146 86~ ~148 ~ 9

22 10 1 Robert Morrison 9 Matthew T. Yates ( Hudson Taylor) ~

23 11 Awakening Movement 13 Pietism James T. Addison

24 12 John L. Stuart

25 ~66 13

26 APATS 2 14

27 ~ ~

28 16 Yamaguchi Noboru Yamaguchi ~ ~ ~

29 ~30 35~ ~2 17

30 18 18

31 ~162 19

32 20 34 rites of passage ~ ~ ~38 20

33 ~31 21

34 ~199 22

35 ~203 23

37 25 25

38 26 animism Max Mü Herbert Spenser Edward Tylor Emile Durkheim ~ ~62 26

39 ~ ~ ~

40 28 28

41 ~99 29

43 ~ ~182 31

44 ~62 32

45 ~

46 Lucy Tan 118~ ~98 171~ Symbol 34

48 /12/

49 37 37

50 38 Henry Smith 67 55~94 38

51 39 functional substitute ~ ~ ~

52 40 Matteo Ricci, 1552~1610 symbol

53 41 3 Henry Smith threefold contextual model accommodation re-interpretation innovation 41

54 42 42

55 43 72 Pius 1939~ ~ ~ ~ ~

56 ~

57 45 79 Latria Hyperdulia Dulia ~

58 46 Karl Barth Hendrik Kraemer ~ ~

59 47 communio sanctorum Paul Althaus ~

60 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~6 17 7~ ~ ~6 44 7~

61 ~21 6 9~ ~!5 20 1~ ~ ~ By the side of Me 49

62 50 In My presence In opposition to Me 88 John I Durham It (or There) is not to be to you(singular) other gods in my Presence. in my Presence, gods 89 2 Obbink von Rad 90 John I Durham John I Durham, Exodus(Waco, Tex.: Word Books, 1987), p ~ 1~17 ( ) 7~11 John I Durham, Exodus, p.285f. 50

63 51 91 Naham M. Sarna 92 Brevard S. Child 93 Obbink 91 John I Durham, Exodus, p Naham M. Sarna, The JPS Torah Commentary-Exodus (New York: The Jewish Publication Society, 1991), p.109f. 93 Brevard S. Child, The Book of Exodus (Philadelphia: Westminister Press, 1974), p

64 52 secondary expansion 94 Terence E. Fretheim 20:23 23:32~33 32:1~6 34:13~17 20:5 34:14 6:14~15 24:19 multifaceted 95 Monotheism 1 94 Brevard S. Child, The Book of Exodus, p.406ff. 95 Terence E. Fretheim, Exodus (Louisville, Kentucky: John Knox Press, 1991), p.225f. 52

65 53 2 Durham Sarna Child Fretheim 29 16~18 syncretism 96 essence Sarna divine reality absolute transcendence the divinized personification image statue objects divinity invested place and presence the New Kingdom independent deities ~ 1~17 ( ) 13 53

66 vital force eidôlolatria figuratively Peter T. O Brien 97 Nahum M. Sarna, Exploring Exodus the heritage of Biblical Israel (New York: Schocken Books, 1986), p ( ) 9 99 George Arthur Buttrick, and others, eds., The Interpreter s Dictionary of the Bible, Vol. 2 ( Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1962), p

67 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Peter T. O Brien, Colossians and Philemon (Waco: Word Books, 1982), p.183f. 101 Ernest De Witt Burton, The International Critical Commentary GALATIANS (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1921), pp.303f. 102 Terence E. Feitheim, Exodus, p

68 56 56

69 57 57

70 ~ ~ ~ ~19 19~ ~

71 59 6 1~ ~

72 ~41 60

73 honor

75 ~

76 ~ ~ ~ ~3 7~14 64

77 65 1 1~17 23~38 David M. Howard Jr M. D. Johnson David M. Howard Jr., ~342 65

78 ~8 26 2~ ~ ~ Brevard S. Child, The Book of Exodus, p

79 ~

80 ~ ~18 12~21 9 5~31 ( 3 15) 68

81 ~ ~

82 70 70

83 G Roland De Vaux

84 ~ ~27 72

85 Gordon D. Fee, The First Epistle to the Corinthians (NICNT), pp.427~

86 ~13 Gordon Fee 1992 Gordon D. Fee, The First Epistle to the Corinthians (NICNT), pp.430~

87 ~

88 ~340 76

90 78 78

91 XO

92 80 Willowbank Louis J. Luzbetak 118 John R. W. Stott & Robert Coote, The Willowbank Report, Down to Earth Studies in Christianity and Culture (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980), pp.311~ Culture is an integrated system of beliefs(about God or reality or ultimate meaning), of values(about what is true, good, beautiful and normative), of customs(how to behave, relate to others, talk, pray, dress, work, play, trade, farm, eat, etc.), and of institutions which express these beliefs, values and customs(government, law courts, temples or churches, family, schools, hospitals, factories, shops, unions, clubs, etc.), which binds a society together and gives it a sense of identity, dignity, security and continuity. 80

93 beauty goodness 121 demonic ~97 Louis J. Luzbetak, The Church and Cultures: New Perspectives in Missiological Anthropology (New York: Orbis Books, 1988), pp. 156~ John Stott, The Lausanne Covenant, An Exposition and Commentary, Laussnne Occasional Papers No. 3(Minnesota: World Wide Publicatons, 1975), p25. 81

95 83 Lloyd Kwast Behaviors, What is done? Values, What is good? Beliefs, What is true? Worldview, What is real? 123 N. T. Wright Story Question & Answer Symbol 124 Racial Idenity Praxis N. T. Wright Symbol N. T. Wright Symbol Sign 83

96 N. T. Wright Wright 125 N.T. Wright, The New Testament and the People of God ( Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992), pp ,

97 Transform H. Richard Niebuhr

98 86 Charles H. Kraft God above but through Culture Paul G. Hiebert 127 Charles H. Kraft, Christianity in Culture (New York: Orbis, 1979), pp.113~

99 87 Indigenization Contextualization 129 Independent work Accommodation Adaptation Confrontation Transformation 130 Accommodation Transform Paul G. Hiebert, Anthropological Insights for Missionaries (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1985), pp.52~

100 Steve Sjogren

101 89 Aristotle, 384~322 B.C. speaker speech audience James F. Engel David J. Hesselgrave Charles H. Kraft Engel Model Engel Scale

102 Donald A. McGavran 133 James F. Engel

103 Hesselgrave Model David J. Hesselgrave Trinity Context 135 encode decode ooov / David J. Hesselgrave, Communicating Christ Cross-Culturally (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1978), p.29. Hesselgrave Claude E. Shannon 1949 information theory. 91

104 92 Code F. H. Smith 92

105 Claude E. Shannon information theory Destination Apparatus David J. Hesselgrave, Communicating Christ Cross-Culturally, pp

106 Information Source Transmitter Receiver Destination Physical Noise Source Psychological Noise Source 137 Peter K. Chow, Analogical Applications of Information Theory to Semantic Problems, The Bible Translator, Vol. 31, No. 3 (July 1980), pp

107 95 Physical Noise Receiver Respondent Charles H. Kraft

108

109

110

111

112 100 Paul G. Hiebert 100

113 Indigenization Syncretism John Stott, The Lausanne Covenant, An Exposition and Commentary, p

114 102 Phil Parshall John Travis C1 to C6 Spectrum C Christ-centered Communities C4 Forms C5 C6 146 Contextualization WCC 146 Phil Parshall, DANGER! New directions in contextualization, Evangelical Missions Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 4 (Oct., 1998), pp

115 Paul G. Hiebert, Anthropological Insights for Missionaries, pp ~

116

117

118 ~ ~ ~

119

120 Ludwig Wittgenstein, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, 3 rd. ed., trans. by G. E. M. Anscombe(New 108

121 109 2 York: Macmillan, 1958), p

122

123 Marianne H. Micks

124 112 Robert E. Webber Consummation Recapitulate Actualized Marianne H. Micks 162 Robert E. Webber, Worship Old and New (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1982), pp

125 Marianne H. Micks Marianne H. Micks

126 114 Enactment Recitation Drama or Ritual Script Marianne H. Micks pp

127 Form Spiritual Reality Sign Symbol Language of Poetry

128 116 more spiritual, less physical approach dominical ecclesiastical 167 quality means Marianne H. Micks pp

129

130 118 Edward Hunt

131 ~ ~

132 Jay E. Adams, TheChristian Counselor s Manual (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1973), pp.175~

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230 218 Adams, Jay E. The Christian Counselor s Manual, Grand Rapids: Zondervan, Burton, Ernest De Witt. The International Critical Commentary GALATIANS. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, Buttrick, George Arthur and others, eds., The Interpreter s Dictionary of the Bible, Vol. 2. Nashville: Abingdon Press, Child, Brevard S. The Book of Exodus. Philadelphia: Westminister Press, Chow, Peter K. Analogical Applications of Information Theory to Semantic Problems. The Bible Translator, Vol. 31, No. 3 (July 1980), pp Durham, John I. Exodus.Waco, Tex.: Word Books, Fee, Gordon D. The First Epistle to the Corinthians(NICNT). Grand Rapids: Zerdverns, Fretheim, Terence E. Exodus. Louisville, Kentucky: John Knox Press, Hesselgrave, David J. Communicating Christ Cross-Culturally. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, Hiebert, Paul G. Anthropological Insights for Missionaries. Grand Rapids: Baker Book house, Kraft, Charles H. Christianity in Culture. New York: Orbis,

231 219 Kwast, Lloyd. The Discipling of West Cameroon/ A Study of Baptist Growth. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, Luzbetak, Louis J. The Church and Cultures: New Perspectives in Missiological Anthropology. New York: Orbis Books, O Brien, Peter T. Colossians and Philemon. Waco: Word Books, Parshall, Phil. DANGER! New directions in contextualization, Evangelical Mission Qusrterly, Vol. 34, No. 4 (Oct., 1998), pp Sarna, Naham M. The JPS Torah Commentary-Exodus. New York: The Jewish Publication Society, Sarna, Nahum M. Exploring Exodus the heritage of Biblical Israel. New York: Schocken Books, Stott, John R. W. & Coote, Robert. Down to Earth Studies in Christianity and Culturethe: papers of the Lausanne consultation on gospel and culture. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, Stott, John R. W. The Lausanne Covenant, An Exposition and Commentary( Laussnne Occasional Papers No. 3). Minnesota: World Wide Publications, Tillich, Paul. Theology of Culture. New York: Oxford University Press, Webber, Robert E. Worship Old and New. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Philosophical Investigations, 3 rd. ed., trans. by G. E. M. 219

232 220 Anscombe.New York: Macmillan, Wright, Nicholas Thomas.The New Testament and the People of God. Minneapolis: Fortress Press,

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