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1 Ξ, ; Topica, ;,,, 1961,, ( ),,, ( Neapolis,, ),,,,, 6 5,,,, Ξ Aldo Petrucci Topica, : 2,, 1993, 1 74

2 ,,,,,,, : (Q. Mucius Scevola), 95, 82, (Servius Sulpicius Rufus),,, 51 (Appollonius Molon),,,, ( Gaius Trebatius Testa),,, Topika, :, Topika, ( Topica), ( , 63 ), Cicerone, Bruto, a cura di Enrica Malcovati. Oscar Mondadori, Milano, Fritz Schulz, Storia della giurisprudenza romana. Sansoni Firenze, 1968, p Manuel Jesus Carcia Garrido, Diritto privato romano. CEDAM, Padova, 1996, p. 111,, 1 (, 1990 ) Topica (, 1985, 827 ) ;, (, 1988, 544 ) ; (,, 1991, 113 ) (,, 1977, 29 ) Topica, ;,, Cicero, Topica, 1 51In http : ΠΠpatriot. netπlillardπcpπcic. topica. html ; also see Anche si vedi I Topici, a cura di G. Galeazzo Tissoni, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1973, pp. 198ss. 75

3 ( ) (Filon) ;,, 87,, 79,, (Antioco) ( 78 ),, 1,,, (Jenocles) (Dionisius) (Menipus), (Apollonius),,,? :,,,,, ( 58 ),,,,,,,, (, ) ;,,,,,, ( 450 ),,,?, 1,, La vida de Ciceron por Plutarco, in Nicolas Estevanez edi., Obras Escogidas, Casa Editorial Canier Hermanos, Tomo Primero, Paris, sπa, p. 31 (, 1998 ) 141 La vida de Ciceron por Plutarco, in Nicolas Estevanez edi. op. cit., p. 51,, (, 1983 ) 226 R. H. :, 2000, 169,, 76,,, : ,,,,, ( Poseidonius, ),, ( 242 )

4 ,, (, ),,,,,, ; ( ) ( ) :, ;,,, ;, ;, (Casiatico),,,,,? Dia lektikos, :, ( diviso, distinto, differentia ),,, ( Inventio),,,,,, Manuel Jesus Carcia Garrido, op. cit., pp. 13, 151 : 2, 424 Fritz Schulz, op. cit., p (, 1982 ) 222 Cicero, Topica, pp. 6, 541 Fritz Schulz, op. cit., p

5 2003 5,,, 1 (,, )?,, Topika, Topos,,, Topos :,,,, ( ),,,, 4, Topika,,, ;,,,,,,?,, :, 3 : Manuel Jesus Carcia Garrido, op. cit., p. 101 D. 1, 2, 2, 411 K. Feyerabend, Pocket Greek Dictionary, Classical Greek2English. Langenscheidt KG, Berlin and Munich, wπy, p. 3811, Topo,, : ) Topos 3 Topos , 353 : 1998, ; ; Cicero on the genres of rhetoric, tras. by John F. Tinkler, in www. towson. eduπtinklerπreaderπcicero. html,, (

6 :,, 6, 13,, 6 ;,,,,,,,, ;,,, :,, ; : ;,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 2 ), Cicero, Topica, pp ( 1959 ) 38 1, 367 Cicero, Topica, p. 151 E. :, 1992, 227 I Topici, op. cit., p ; (, 1985 )

7 ( ),,,? :,,,,, 4 :, : ;, 5 ;, ;,,,,, ;, ; 4 ; 3 ;,,,,,,,, Quasi,,, (Actio utile),,,,,, :,,,,,,,, 2, : ( ) :, 1993, 163 Cicero, Topica, p

8 , 4 Topos, 7 Topos :,, 11 Topos, 13 Topos :,,,,, 2 ;,, 14, 15,,,, 5, :,,,,, 11 Topos, ( II) (,, 1998 ) , Topos, Topos, 12 ( ) 4 (, ), 18 Topos ; O. Diliberto, Topos,, ( Una Nuova edizione cinese delle XII Tavole : qualche riflessione sullo stato dei nostri studi, Manoscritto inedito),, Topos Topos, Topos,,,,, Topos, Topos, Topos,, Topos ( 1998 ) Fritz Schulz, op. cit., p

9 :, (D. 50, 17, 7),,,,,, : (1),,,,,,,,, ( 470 ),,, (2) ( ),,, D., The Digest of Justinian, edited by,, Roman A. Tokarczyk, The Paradigm of Social Contract, in Eugenio Bulygin etc., edited, Changing Structures in :, 1991, Mommsen and Alan Watson, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1985,,,, Modern Legal System and the Legal State Ideology, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 1998, p. 3261

10 ,,,,,, (Dynasty),,,,,, :,,,,,,, (3) ( ) 37,,,,,,,,, (1) (Titus Lucretius Carus, ),,,,, ;,,,,, (2),,,, , 183 :, 1986, :,,, 1981, :, 1997, 39 Cicero, De la Invencion, in Nicolas Estevanez edi. Primero, Paris, sπa, p Obras Escogidas, Casa Editorial Canier Hermanos, Tomo 83

11 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, ;,,,,, 2, 1, 11 :,,,,,,, :, (Lex regiae),,,, :, ; (C. 1, 14, 4), :,,,, Cicero, De la Invencion, op. cit., p :,,, 1959, 27 :,,, 1999, 167 :, 1999, 115 :, 41, I. 1, 2, 61In Enzo Nardi, Istituzioni di diritto romano (testi 2), Giuffr, Milano, 1986, p. 111 :, 1963,

12 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : :,,, 1989,

13 also provides us with a new perspective to understand Chuanshans philosophy of qi. In the intellectual history of the Yuan and the Ming dynasties, when li ( reason, order) was rejected as the prime entity and regarded as dominated by qi, due to Confucianisms inherent requirements, there was need to redefine the goodness of human nature and the goodness of li itself in a framework dominated by qi. Arguments on qi as origin of goodness thus provided a new and ultimate guarantee for the goodness of human nature and of li. The theory of qi2substance that developed from the early Northern Song Dynasty finally emerged as a complete system in Confucianism through Chuanshans philosophy. (10) A Theory of J ustice : A Revision to Classical Liberalism Liao Shenbai 126 In A Theory of J ustice (1971), Rawls revises classical liberalism in three main dimensions. First, he rejects utilitarianism as a dominant political philosophy, placing in its place a revised version of Lockean thought. Next, he criticizes the latter for its tacit approval of the arbitrary effects of natural contingencies on the starting points of mans life. He makes further efforts in substantially assuring the equal liberty for all. Thirdly, he corrects Lockean liberalism with a Kantian explanation, reforming the former into a conception of procedural justice. Rawls revisions is indeed a contribution to theory. However, as he conceives the principle of justice as applying only to basic institutions, his revision and his arguments about justice as fairness holds both merits and demerits. (11) Being and Method Yang Guorong 138 Method, as the way to reach the truth and the way of practice, is at once based on and regulates reality. From a metaphysical perspective, the orders of thinking, action and being are inter2related to rather than independent from each other, which reflects, in ontological dimension, the profound relations among method, practice and being. In form of understanding, method merges with the existence of humanity when it finds its way into being, by means of opening up of the world and the self. Thus related, being and method bridge the existence of humanity and the being of the world, and reveal the inner unity of ontology and methodology. (12) Poetry for Readingand Modern Chinese Poetics Liu Jiye 153 Poetry designed for reading has taken an important role in the history of new poetry in modern China. It was advocated between the 1920s and 40s as an important line of development in poetics, that attempted to popularize the new poetry. When it further developed into a dominant artistic criterion for new poetry in general, it was questioned by advocates for poetics of pure poetry, such as Shen Congwen and Liang Zongdai. Discussions and debates centering round poetry for reading reflect the prolonged conflicts, competition and entanglement between different poetics, as well as their advocatesvaried understanding and contemplation of the future of Chinese new poetry. 208

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