20,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,20, 1905 1909,5 (1906 1909 ), (1905 1908 ) (1907 ),1906 1910,, 100
, 1909,,,,,,,,,200 1906,,,,,,,,1910 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1910,,1984 ;,, 1983 ;, 80, 1994, 101
2002 3,,,, :,;, ;,,?,,,,,,,,, 4 11,80 80 1,, 80, 85,,,60, 80 100,,,,,,, (),,, (),,4,,, :,1982,156,,,4 102
,,,,,,, 1909,,,,,,,,,,,,,?, 150,10,,4,,, :,,,?,, 1902 14,,, 3 3 17, 3,4,,,52,,,16,,52,,55 103
2002 3 24000, 20 20 (1904 1911 ) : 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 121561 301075 37534 353208 911124 668632 35952 1079392 257673 31743 288 47994 788672 307215 4907 304357 379234 332818 37822 401202 1699796 975847 40859 1383749 ::,,1936,37, () ( ) 6,,,1906 37822,1909 975847, 1906 938025,,,56,,,40,1998,137 138, 1000 1000 1908 1699796, 1000 17 %,1909 (6 ) 570,1906 22,1909 1906 550 1910, : 2,1961 104
,1907,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,,,, :,,,,, :,,,,,, ;,,,,1906,,,,,,16,,55 105
2002 3,,,,,,,,,,;,, 1863 ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 30 60,,,() (),,,,,,1906 9,, 1906 4,,1993,93 : ( ),, 106
,, 1906 1909,, 16 10 23 : 16,1,14,,,,,,,,,,, : :,,,,, :,,,,,,,, :,,,, : 14,, 30, :,,,,,, :,,,,1 107
2002 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 150,,,,,, 1906 1908,,,,, 25,, 15, 20 30,,,,,,,,,,,,,1 2,1 13,,,3 108
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 109
2002 3,,,,,, 1910,,,,,,, ;, ;,,, :, ;,, 2000,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,169 :,1992,176 : 3, 2 110
,,, : :,,,, :,,,,,,, :,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1909,,,,,,,,,1 13,,1 13,,,177, 111
2002 3,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1 13,,,,61 112
: (1) ; (2) ; (3),(,,) ; (4) ; (5) ; (6),,,,,, 40,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7 5,,1 13,,,, 113
2002 3,,,,,,, (),,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,1 13, 114
, 1909 1910,,,, 3 13 :,,,,,,,, ;1910,,,,,, () :,,,,,,, 1908,,6 30 12, 7 5,,,59 :1910, 2, 115
2002 3 7 1909 6,,,,,,, 1910,,,,,,:,,,,,, : :,,,,,,,,,,,, 150,1993,51,1999,197,,2,,52,,55,,64 116
()? :,,,,,,4 14,,,, 4,,, () ( ),,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,1 13,, 7 4,,, 7 5,, 117
2002 3,,,,? :,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7 5,, 118
,,,,,,,, :,,!,,, :, ;,,,,,,,,,,, :, 88,,160 119
2002 3,,,,,,,,, 1910,,,,!, 411201 :, 10, 30,, 120
accounts tended to devolve into polemic under the influence of later events, so historical materials are quite fragmentary and scholars hold differing opinions concerning the rele2 vant persons, their motives and their roles, and there has been no consensus. Based on an analysis of the historical veracity of historical data, with reference to the relations be2 tween the relevant persons, we can reconstruct the course of historical events, and see into the thought process of the royalists who advocated revolution. Officials, Gentry and Commoners in the Changsha Rice Riots Yang Pengcheng (100) In the early 20th century, because of successive years of disaster and bad harvest in Hunan Province, the people had little store of grains, and individualsweak defens2 es against natural calamities were thoroughly destroyed. The local government took upon itself the duty of resolving the deadly social problem of famine. However, be2 cause of financial embarrassment, official corruption, gentry resistance and complica2 tions from famine in neighboring Hubei, the government plan failed. Under normal cir2 cumstances, the gentry used official power to intimidate ordinary people, but now that interests had come into conflict with those of the government, the gentry used the peo2 ple to resist the officials, resulting in the replacement of the provincial governor and throwing the government into confusion. Disappointed in their hopes that the govern2 ment would solve their problems of survival, famine refugees were driven to desperate measures. At the instigation of evil gentry, a small number of bad elements took to looting, which aggravated the situation and finally led to serious social conflict which was a disaster for officials, the gentry and commoners alike. This further hurt the al2 ready devastated economy of Hunan. The Shanghai Bank Guild during the Period from the September 18th Incident to the January 28th Incident Wu Jingping, Wang Jing (121) For a time after the September 18th Incident broke out, the Shanghai Bank Guild publicly advocated regarding the Nanjing Nationalist Government represented by Chiang Kai2shek as the country s legitimate government, promoted rapprochement between Nanjing and Canton, and adopted a unsupportive attitude toward radical acts such as shopkeepersstrikes. During the peace conference in Shanghai, while urging both sides (Nanjing and Canton) to stop quarreling and fight against foreign aggression as soon as possible, the Guild expressed dissatisfaction with the Nanjing government s rule. During the period of unrest aroused by stopping payment of principal and interest on public bonds and treasury bonds after Chiang fell from power, the Shanghai Bank 2