2002 2002 12 14 15
(Berardo, Shehan, Leslie 1987; Bianchi, Milkie, Sayer and Robinsion 2000; Bird and Bird 1984; Barnett and Baruch 1987) (Lavee and Katz 2002; Shelton and John 1996; Willigen and Drentea 2001) (Lennon and Rosenfield 1994) (Hochschild 1989; Major 1993; Robinson and Spitze 1992) Hochschild(1989) (Jamieson 2002) Bernard(1981) : ( 2000; 1
1998) ( ) (1) (2) (3) / ( 2
) ( )(Ross 1987; Spitze 1986) (provider) Brines(1994) ( )(Tichenor 1999) ( ) (Bianchi et al. 2000; Nakhaie 2002) (1998) ( ) (2000) (Bianchi et al. 2000; Nakhaie 2002; Shelton and John 1996) ( ) 3
(providers) Bernard(1981) (Major 1993) (Jamieson 2002) ( ) ( ) (Barnett and Baruch 1987; Bianchi et al. 2000; Ross 1987; Shelton and John 1996; 2000) (Jamieson 2002) ( ) Hochschild(1989) 靭 Moya, Expósito Ruiz(2000) ( ) 4
( ) 1. 1996 1924 20 75 20 39 ( ) ( 1996) ( ) 2. 5
( 2000 1997) 1) 2) ( ) ( ) /( ) 100 1 (Shelton and John 1996) (Bianchi et al. 2000 2002) ( ) ( =3; =2; 1 100 100 6
=1) 2.56 1.43 1.43 1.27.13 (13.10 ).13 (12.90 ) 72.52 30.43 37.84 34.58 47.40 44.20 2.70 49.60 33.60 5.10 5.70 11.70 5.17 1.08 5.67 1.20 8.29 1.61 8.02 1.81 8.74 1.44 8.65 1.40 6.29.87 6.12.99 20.50 21.04 80.79 20.99 10 0.00 50.00 25 0.00 69.36 50 14.76 87.50 75 33.33 100.00 9.54 1.94 11.52 2.99 739 649 7
2 ( ) ( )(Presser 1994) (role overload) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (Berardo et al. 1987) ( ) / ( 3 4 ) ( 5 7 2 Rulrn(1976) World of Pain (p.93-113) 8
8 ) ( 1 2 6 3 (maximum likerihood) 2 (p=.043) (4 3 2 1 ) ( ) 3. (social desirability) (Zipp and Toth 2002) : 4 (Berardo, Shehan and Leslie 1987; South and Spitze 1994; Presser 1994) 1 ( ) 6 ( ) ( 2000) 3 4 9
( ) Rossi(1989) (Shelton and John 1996; Bianchi et al. 2000) (2000) Ross(1987) 5 (Bianchi et al. 2000; Nakhaie 2002) (Bernardes 1997) ( ) ( ) 4. (quantile regression) OLS OLS 5 (2000) 10
(Eide and Showalter 1999) (Koenker and Bassett 1978) min β θ y i X β i + ( 1 θ) X β { } { } i yi X β i i yi < X iβ y i i y i ( ) X i OLS OLS (Lieberson 1996) (Rousseeuw and Leroy 1987:11) 25 50 75 ( ) OLS ( ) 11
OLS OLS (N 486) OLS -6.76*** (1.83) 1.05-2.64 (1.53) 1.55** (.63) (.53) 5.24* 2.68 (2.52) -.05 (.03) 6.06** (2.08).00 (.03) (1.90) (1.59) 12.53 5.01 (6.62) 1.27 (4.63) 3.48*** (.83) 1.79 (.99) -8.57 (8.26) 4.02* (4.92).15 (3.45).67 (.67) 1.19 (.83) -11.40 (6.65) -8.77*** (1.84) 1.35* (.63) 5.72* (2.53) -.05 (.03) 9.69*** (1.90) 6.72 (6.41) 5.42 (4.58) 2.55** (.84) 3.95*** (.99) -21.43 (8.26) -6.97** (2.59) 1.57 (.86) 5.45 (3.55) -.11* (.05) 8.68** (2.68) 28.24** (8.98) 4.54 (6.30) 3.32** (1.19) 3.44* (1.46) -6.40 (12.59) Adj R 2 / pseudo.13***.04.11.12 R 2 *p.05 **p.01 ***p.001 12
( ).75 (p.069) ( 2000) ( 5 ) ( 2000) ( ) ( ) ( b 28.2%) ( 13
) Presser 1994 Bianchi et al. 2000 ( 2000) 6 ( ) (Hochschild 1989) OLS (Jamieson 2002) (pseudo R 2 ) OLS 6 (1998) 14
R 2 R 2 (OLS) ( 2000 1998) (.25 ) 25 70 ( ) (b 43 ) (Bianchi et al. 2000; Presser 1994) 15
(N 451) OLS -4.82* (1.92) -1.05 (.87).41 (2.65) -.05 (.03) -6.40** -4.09 (2.97) -.17 (1.35) -3.17 (4.09) -.02 (.04) -9.11** (2.19) (3.34) -30.41*** -43.02*** (4.96) -12.43*** (3.38) 1.47* (.62) -2.21* (.95) 95.26 (8.41) (7.61) -15.28** (5.19) 3.12** (.99) -4.37** (1.55) 84.86 (12.90) -4.35 (2.49) -2.02 (1.13) 2.63 (3.44) -.06 (.04) -6.20* (2.86) -26.19*** (6.37) -8.33 (4.38) 1.26 (.80) -3.34** (1.24) 108.58 (10.92) -1.13* (.52) -2.18*** (.23) 3.78*** (.74) -.01 (.01) -.29 (.61) -24.31*** (1.36) -.81 (.93).07 (.17) -.36 (.26) 104.69 (2.26) adj R 2 / pseudo R 2.12***.10.11.04 *p.05 **p.01 ***p.001 16
( ) (Cunningham 2001) Major 1993 Tichenor 1999 ( ) (Bird, Bird and Scruggs 1984; Lavee and Katz 2002; Spitze 1986; 2000) R 2 OLS 17
.12 (.18) -.04 (.06) -.41 (.25).02*** (.00) -.04 (.18) 1.47* (.59) -.63 (.44) -.04 / (.08).18 a (.09) 7.44 (.80) -.94** (.27).08 (.12) -1.11** (.38).00 (.00) -.83** (.30) -2.35** (.69) -1.08* (.49).21* (.09) -.26 b (.13) 12.63 (1.17) adj R 2.07***.09*** N 489 464 *p.05 **p.01 ***p.001 a p=.052 b p=.051 ( p.052) 廻 ( ) 18
( ) (Bernardes 1997) (Jamieson 2002:31) ( 2000 2000 2002 2000) / 19
( ) (2000) (1998) / (2000) (Bianchi et al. 2000 Nakhaie 2002) ( ) 20
(1998) ( ) (Jamieson 2002) ( ) ( ) / (Shelton and John 1996) ( ) 21
( ) (Lennon and Rosenfeld 1994) ( ) (Jamieson 2002) 22
2000 : 24:59-88 2000 : 1997 3:117-156 2000 : 24:1-58 1998 7:81-111 1998 1996 Barnett, Rosalind and Grace K. Baruch. 1987. Determinants of Fathers Participation in Family Work. Journal of Marriage and the Family 49:29-40. Berardo, Donna H., Constance L. Shehan and Gerald R. Leslie. 1987. A Residue of Transition: Jobs, Careers, and Spouses Time in Housework. Journal of Marriage and the Family 49:381-390. Bernard, Jessie. 1981. The Good-Provider Role its Rise and Fall. Reprinted in Pp.64-79 in Public and Private Families: A Reader, edited by Andrew J. Cherlin, 1998. (originally in American Psychologist, vol.36) Boston: McGraw-Hill. Bird, Gloria, Gerald Bird and Marguerite Scruggs. 1984. Determinants of Family Task Sharing: A Study of Husbands and Wives. Journal of Marriage and the Family 46:345-355. Bernardes, Jon. 1997. Family Studies: an Introduction. London: Routledge. Brines, Julie. 1994. Economic Dependency, Gender, and the Division of Labor at Home. American Journal of Sociology 652-688. Cunningham, Mick. 2001. Parental Influences on the Gendered Division of Labor. American Sociological Review 66:184-203. Eide, R. Eric and Mark H. Showalter. 1999. Factors Affecting the Transmission of Earnings Across Grenerations: A Quantile Regression Approach. Journal of Human Resources 34:253-267. Jamieson, Lynn. 2002. : (Intimacy: Personal Relationships in Modern Societies) : Hochschild, Arlie. 1989. The Second Shift: Working Parents and the Revolution at Home. New York: Viking. 23
Koenker, Roger and Gilber Bassett. 1978. Regression Quantiles. Econometrica 46:33-50. Koenker, Roger and Kevin F. Hallock. 2001. Quantile Regression. Journal of Economic Perspectives 15(4):143-156. ----2000. Quantile Regression: an Introduction. (http://www.econ.uiuc.edu/~roger /research /intro/intro.html) Lavee, Yoav and Ruth Katz. 2002. Division of Labor, Perceived Fairness, and Marital Quality: the Effect of Gender Ideology. Journal of Marriage and the Family 64:27-39. Lennon, Mary Clare and Sarah Rosenfeld. 1994. Relative Fairness and the Division of Housework: the Importance of Options. American Journal of Sociology 100:506-531. Liberson, Stanley 1996 Major, Brenda. 1993. Gender, Entitlement, the Distribution of Family Labor. Journal of Social Issues 49(3):141-159. Nakhaie, M. R. 2002. Class, Breadwinner Ideology, and Housework Among Canadian Husbands. Review of Radical Political Economics 34:137-157. Presser, Harriet B. 1994. Employment Schedules among Dual-Earner Spouses and the Division of Household Labor by Gender. American Sociological Review 59:348-364. Robinson, Joyce and Glenna Spitze. 1992. Whistle While You Work? The Effect of Household Task Performance on Women s and Men s Well-Being. Social Science Quarterly 73:843-861. Ross, Catherine E, 1987. The Division of Labor at Home. Social Forces 65:816-833. Rossi, Alice S. 1989. Transition to Parenthood. Pp.420-430 in Family in Transition, 6 th edition, edited by Arlene S. Skolnick and Jerome H. Skolnick. Glenview Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company. Rousseeuw, Peter J. and Annick M. Leroy. 1987. Robust Regression and Outlier Detection. New York: John Wiley. Rubin, Lillian B. 1976. Worlds of Pain: Life in the Working-Class Family. New York: Basic Books. Shelton, Beth Anne and Daphne John. 1996. The Division of Household Labor. Annual Review of Sociology 22:299-322. South, J. Scott and Glenna Spitze. 1994. Housework in Marital and Nonmarital Households. American Sociological Review 59:327-347. Spitze, Glenna. 1986. The Division of Task Responsibility in U.S. Households: Longitudinal Adjustments to Change. Social Forces 64:689-701. 24
Tichenor, Veronica J. 1999. Status and Income as Gendered Resources: the Case of Marital Power. Journal of Marriage and the Family 61:638-650. Willigen, Marieke and Patricia Drentea. 2001. Benefits of Equitable Relationships: the Impact of Sense of Fairness, Household Division of Labor, and Decision Making Power on Perceived Social Support. Sex Roles 44:571-597. Zipp John and Joann Toth. 2002. She Said, He Said, They Said: the Impact of Spousal Presence in Survey Research. Public Opinion Quarterly 66:177-208. 25
( ) 1. -.03 -.05.58 2. ( ).04 -.00.64 3. -.86.01 -.15 4. -.48.00.07 5..10.79.02 6..04.31.36 7. -.03.53.09 8. -.03.58 -.12 28.2 18.6 15.3 2 14.48 d.f. 7 p.043 ( ) 1..74 2. -.23 3..59 4..61 47.5% 2 7.20 d.f. 2 p.028 26