Whyte Parish He Wu Wu Zhou 2015 Shelton John Yu Xie Becker 1991 time

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1 * Vol. 42No. 3 May Population Research % Time Allocation on Housework and Care among Urban Couples in China He Guangye Jian Minyi Wu Xiaogang Abstract Based on the analysis of data from China Family Panel Survey CFPS in 2010 this article investigates the pattern of time allocation between partners of married couples in urban China.We employ the Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equations SURE model to examine how relative income of husbands and wives may affect their time spent on housework and caring work the method of which takes account of the potentially associated between the unobserved gender role expectation and the division of household labor between the couple which have been largely neglected in previous studies. We separate work days from holidays and housework from family care in the empirical analysis.results show that gender display pattern in time allocation is less pronounced in housework than in family care.on work days wives earnings contribution is positively associated with husbands housework time but negatively associated with their own housework time.on holidays wives earnings and husbands housework time show a curve-linear relationship with a first increasing and then declining.as to family care wives earnings contribution is not significantly associated with husbands caring time.there is a clear pattern of gender display on both work days and holidays for wives their caring time would first decrease and then increase with their earnings after their earnings reach 60 percent of their husbands.to understand women s living conditions in China we call for further exploration of potential mechanisms and forces that drive the long-term change and continuity of the traditional gender practices. Keywords Housework Family Care Time Allocation Gender Disparity Authors He Guangye is Junior Research Fellow School of Social and Behavior Sciences Nanjing University. hgy.gloria@ nju.edu.cn Kan Man-Yee is Associate Professor Department of Sociology University of Oxford Wu Xiaogang is Professor Division of Social Science The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology. * 17CRK024

2 Whyte Parish He Wu Wu Zhou 2015 Shelton John Yu Xie Becker 1991 time availability Bianchi et al Cooke Baxter Perrucci et al. 1978

3 3 81 Manser Brown 1980 Mc Elroy Horney 1981 / Greenstein 2000 South Spitze 1994 Brines 1994 Greenstein CF- PS 25 CFPS 18 ~ ~ = 0 =

4 = 2 = 0 ~ 6 3 = 7 ~ 14 4 = 15 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 2 1 = 2 = <75 3 = > = 75 1 = 2 = <75 3 = > = 75 1 = 0 = 1 = 0 = Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equations SURE Srivastava Giles 1987 t k HTime 1 = X 1 β 1 +ε 1 HTime 1 t 1 X 1 t k β i k 1 k ε 1 t 1 HTime 2 = X 2 β 2 +ε 2 HTime 2 t 1 X 2 t k k ε 2 SURE Ω = Var ε 1 ε 2 [ ] = E ε [ 1 c' ] 1 c' 2 [ ] = E ε 1ε' 1 ε 1 ε' [ 2 ] ε 2 ε 2 ε' 1 ε 2 ε' 2 ε 2 ε' 1 = 0 SURE OLS Ω OLS SURE GLS GLS β Gupta Gupta Ash 2008 Killewald Gough 2010

5 3 83 Table 1 1 Descriptive Statistics of Selected Variables / / / / = = = < > = < > = < ~ > = N 3183

6 SURE 1 23 Breush-Pagan U 68% ~

7 3 85 Table 2 2 SURE SURE Model Predicting Housework Time of Husbands and Wives * * * *** * = *** *** *** = * *** *** *** *** * * *** ** ** ** ~ ** ** ** ~ * R ** ** *

8 * = * * * = *** *** *** * ** * * * ~ ~ R *** p<0.001** p<0.01 * p<0.05 Breusch-Pagan 1 55% 55% 1 60%

9 3 87 Table 3 3 SURE SURE Model Predicting Caring Time of Husbands and Wives ** ** ** ** = *** *** *** = *** *** *** *** *** *** * *** *** *** * * * ~ *** *** *** *** *** *** ~ ** ** ** *** *** *** R * * **

10 ** = = *** *** *** ** *** * * * * *** *** ** ~ *** *** *** *** *** *** ~ ** ** ** *** *** *** R *** p<0.001** p< 0.01 * p< Breusch- Pagan SURE

11 /References Li Wangyang and Xie Yu.2015.Trends in Occupational Gender Segregation in China Chinese Journal of Sociology Liu Aiyu Dong Xin and Fu Wei.2015.Household Division of Housework of Double-Income Family Economic Dependence Gender Ideologies or Emotional Express.Chinese Journal of Sociology Qi Liangshu.2005.The Impact of Changes in Bargaining Power on Housework Time Allocation Evidence from Chinese Double-Income Households.Economic Research Journal Wu Xiaoying.2009.The Transformation of Gender Discourse in the Context of Marketization.Social Science in China Wu Yuxiao and Wu Xiaogang.2009.Occupational Gender Wage Gap in Urban China.Sociological Studies Xu Anqi and Liu Wenrong.Division of Housework and Perceived Fairness An Empirical Study of Shanghai.Chinese Journal of Population Science http / /news.china.com /socialgd / / / html

12 90 42 Yang Juhua. Identifying Gender Division of Private Space from the Division of Domestic Work. Collection of Women s Studies Yu Jia Gender IdeologyModernization and Women s Housework Time inchina. Chinese Journal of Sociology Becker GS.1991.A Treatise on the Family.Harvard University Press. 10 Brines J.1994.Economic Dependency Gender and the Division of Labor at Home.American Journal of Sociology Bianchi SM Milkie MA Sayer LC and Robinson JP.2000.Is Anyone Doing the Housework Trends in the Gender Division of Household.Social Forces Cooke LP and Baxter J Families in International Context Comparing Institutional Effects across Western Societies. Journal of Marriage and Family Greenstein TN.2000.Economic Dependence Gender and Division of Labor in the Home A Replication and Extension.Journal of Marriage and Family Gupta S.2006.Her Money Her Time Women s Earnings and Their Housework Hours.Social Science Research Gupta S.2007.Autonomy Dependence or Display The Relationshipbetween Married Women s Earnings and Housework. Journal of Marriage and Family Gupta S and Ash M.2008.Whose Money Whose Time A Nonparametric Approach to Modeling Time Spent on Housework in the United States. Feminist Economics He G.and Wu X.2017.Market Transition Occupation Segregation and Gender EarningsInequality.Social Science Research Killewald A and Gough M.2010.Money isn t Everything Wives Earnings and Housework Time. Social Science Research Manser M and Brown M.1980.Marriage and Household Decision-Making A Bargaining Analysis.International Economic Review Mc Elroy MB and Horney MJ.1981.Nash-Bargained Household Decision Toward a Generalization of the Theory of Demand.International Economic Review Perrucci C Potter H and Rhoads D.1978.Determinants of Male Family-Role Performance.Psychology of Women Quarterly Shelton BA and John D.1996.The Division of Household Labor.Annual Review of Sociology South SJ and Spitze G.1994.Housework in Marital and Non-Marital Households.American Sociological Review Srivastava VK and Giles DEA.1987.Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equations Models.Marcel Dekker Inc. 25 Whyte MK and Parish WL.1984.Urban Life in Contemporary China.Chicago IL University of Chicago Press. 26 Wu Y and Zhou D.2015.Woman s Labor Force Participation in Urban China Chinese Sociological Review Yu J and Xie Y.2012.The Varying Display of Gender Display.Chinese Sociological Review

Jul Journal of Chinese Women's Studies No. 4 Ser. No. 148 * CFPS 2010 C A Where does the Ti

Jul Journal of Chinese Women's Studies No. 4 Ser. No. 148 * CFPS 2010 C A Where does the Ti 2018 7 Jul. 2018 4 148 Journal of Chinese Women's Studies No. 4 Ser. No. 148 * 210023 CFPS 2010 C913. 68 A 1004-2563 2018 04-0019-14 Where does the Time Go Gender Differences in Time Use over the Life