, , , ,,, 1868,,, :,,,, 1870, 64,199, 1880, 105, ,,,,, ,, , (The Chinese Restriction Act)

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1 : ,,,,,,,, 1965,,,,, 1980,,,, ,,, 1785,, Pallas, :, 1987 ; : :20, ( ) 1992 ; : : ( Xiaojian Zhao, Remaking Chinese America : Immigration, Family and Community ), 2002 : : (Min Zhou, China Town : The Socioeconomic Potential of an Urban Enclave), 1992 ; : (Peter Kwong, The New Chinatown), 1996 :, 1989, 3

2 , , , ,,, 1868,,, :,,,, 1870, 64,199, 1880, 105, ,,,,, ,, , (The Chinese Restriction Act), :10 ;,, ; ; 1884, 1882,,,, 1888,, (Scott Act),, ;, 600, 1892,, ( Geary Act) : ;, ; ,,,, ,,,, 1940, 106,334, , 15, 2500 : (Thomas E. La Fargue, Some Early Visitors to the United States ), ( T ien Hsia Monthly), , : (Mary R. Coolidge, Chinese Immigration), 1909, 489 :, 17 : 1,, , : (Bill Ong Hing, Making and Remaking Asian America through Immigration Policy, ), 1993, 48 :, 1989, , , 48

3 : , Peter Kwang, 1906,,,,,,,, 13,000, 17 %,, 1943, (Magnuson Act),, ,,, 1946, , 5000, 90 %, (Paul Williams), , 7500,,80 % - 90 % , 106, ,232,20,, ,,, 60 %,, 20 50, 20 60,, 1964,,,,, 1924, 1890,, 94 % 1965, 2, : ; 1965, 1960,,,, :, 14 :, 1987, 252 : :20, 419 : :20, 357 : :20, 422

4 ,,,,,, 1965,, 6 : ( 20 %) ; ( 26 %) ; ( 10 %) ; ( 24 %) ; ( 10 %) ; ( 10 %), 80 %, 20 %,,,,,, 1965, 2, 600,,, 4769, 1966, , 28,391,, 1979, 2, 4106,,, 10 % - 20 % ;, 1979,,,, 20 80, %, :, 1998, 354 : :, 43 : :20, 419 :, 4 : (John D., Heinberg, Jeffrey K. Harris and Robert L. York, The Process of Exempt Immediate Relative Immigration to the United States ), ( International Migration Review) 23,1989 4,

5 : ,,,,,,, 10,, 20 80, , 20 70, 1968, 100, 1980, , ( ) 37. 8,, 85 %, ( ) 10 %, ( ) , 80 %,60 %, 87,008, 52, , , 22,300, 25, 58,85 % - 90 %,, 20 90,,,, , 218,,,,, , 15, 70 % - 80 % 1990, 97 % F - 1,,,, , , 2, , , 22,, ,, , 32, 2002,1996,1996 : ,http : / / www. auol. com. au/ reader/ index,1996 :, 60 61

6 ,,,,,,, 1996,,, ,,, 2001 : ( ), , 46,, 56,426, 2,, 206,426 70, ,,, ( ) 10 ( ) % % ,475 61,711 2, ,159 29, ,005 16, , , ,645, , ,879, , 683, , 10,000 : ( Public Law , printed by Bureau of International Labor Affairs),, 1992, 5 : (Paul. J. Smith, Human Smuggling), 1997, 10, ; % http :/ / www. chineseinternetnews. com. cn, : : , 48 ; : : 21 ( Eric Lai & Dennis Arguelles, eds., The New Face of Asian Pacific America : Number, Diversity & Change in the 21 th Century), 2003, 38

7 : , 1190,60 %,47 % 270 ( ), , , , , 40 % 1970,, 50 %, 1980, %, 1990, 70 % , 30,,, 20 80,, 20 80,,,, (Flushing), , 20,,, : 10,, 1989,,,,, 1995,, 60, 20, , ,, :, 1999, 22 :, , 3 : , 16 : 2002

8 ,930 12,565 5,457 2, ,800 70,100 54,900 16,400 32, ,800 21,700 36,000 7,200 66,200,,,,,,,,,,1965,, : 41 %, 21 %,, 46 % 65 % ; 36 %, 27 % ; 9, ,, 40,,,,,, 20 % 11,,,,, ,, 20 70,,, % : ( Zai Liang, Demography of Illicit Emigration From China : A Sending Country s Perspective), ( Sociological Forum), 16,2001 4, 682 : 21, 39

9 : ,, : (Betty Lim Guimares) ; (Lilian Sing) ; ; ; ; ; 20 80,, , ;1984, ( Hugh Mok),1983, ;1986, ;1987, ;1983, ;1985, ;1983, :1982, ;, 1989 ;1984, ;1989,,, 20 90,, :1990, ;1996, ;, ;2001,,20 80,,,,, 1974,, 1983,, 1987, 1988,,,,,,, 33, 2/ 3,,, 100,,,,, 1100, 3. 5 % 2000, 875, 7, : :20, ; : :, 2003, 214 : :20, 502 :,,

10 % , 2, 0. 8 % 500,,, 21 %, %, 16 %, 15 %, 6 %,,, 1990,, (Committee of 100),,,,,,, 1998, 80/ 20, 2000,, ,, 18, 2, 1, 9 80 %,,,,, 50 50,,,, 80 20,,,,,, 30, Bill - Lann - Lee 80/ 20,, 82 % :16 % % :34. 7 % 78 % :20 %,, 2000,, http : / / www. lanxun. com/ bmx/ bmx035/ nm htm.

11 : ,,,,2000,,,, 20,,,,, 1965,,,,,,,,, [, ] ( : ) P., , , ,, ( ), :, , 1999, ( )

数量优势下的恐惧

数量优势下的恐惧 SOCIOLOGY OF ETHNICITY 8,9 1997 9-10 Association of Sociology of Ethnicity, Sociology Society of China Institute of Sociology and Anthropology, Peking University 1993 1926 11/12 1995 26 1996 2 18 self-assertion