《歐美研究》第卷第期 (民國年月)，1-

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1 年 * 0 nteng@sinica.edu.tw 連連理路連裡行雷理不行雷念論念論行理落行來林 * NSC H 年力念參見論年參見論行論更

2 98 metaphor 領 two-domain model 念理論 conceptual metaphor theory 來念說裡念論行論理念領論裡 metaphor 領 metaphorical expression 領 linguistic representation 領論裡說論句論領領句領領念理領論裡行論論裡領行裡論領論領論句論裡行不領領

metaphorical expression 領 linguistic representation 領論

3 99 念理領不讀不讀例行領領論裡類 analogy 領類理論類領論領 1 領不領論領類論異不領論領類論 2 論裡聯 association 不聯來不念理度例說例立理論念領 1 類論都領論不略領類例若了類列來參 Thagard & Shelley 2001: 領類論雷了領理領類論類理領論論度參 Gentner et al. 2001

4 100 論裡念例來理念聯念例理念說論略 Ludwig Wittgenstein 例例聯行 3 例弄度讀不例理讀略理論立立說立不來不立說力了說不例說例理 4 雷 George Lakoff Mark Johnson 年 (Metaphors We Live By 理例說理 5 3 參 Wittgenstein 雷諾 the cognitive reality commitment 諾 the convergent evidence commitment 理說力諾 the generalization and comprehensiveness commitment 參 Lakoff & Johnson 1999: 參 Lakoff & Johnson 1980a, 1980b, 1980c 領不裡例來說神路 Narayanan, 1997 理 Gibbs, 1994 Sweetser, 1990 C. Johnson, 1997 立論例拓行 McNeil, 1992 Taub, 2001 Lakoff & Turner, 1989;

commitment 理說力諾 the generalization and comprehensiveness commitment 參 Lakoff & Johnson 1999: 79-80 5 參 Lakoff & Johnson 1980a, 1980b,

5 101 例領立論說行度論路行度領領例例來說論例說例理不 inheritance 異 variation transformation 來念理異樂不不領不例讀 6 論理例行說行 Turner, 1987, 1991 Lakoff, 1997 Kövecses, 2000a 2001 Forceville, 1996; Teng & Sun, 2002 力 M. Johnson, 1987 M. Johnson, 1993 Lakoff, 2002 律 Winter, 2003 念 Lakoff & Johnson, 1999 Brown, 2003; Fernandez-Duque & Johnson, 1999 數 Lakoff & Núñez, 2000 領參 Ahrens & Huang 2002 Su 2002 Yu 領念例異例異例領念

6 102 連領立論 Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr. 領裡 mapping 切領論裡行連來念裡領不 Gibbs, 1999a 7 切度說落裡度拓領例行度說領洞見例說行說領說行論領論領來說領易 A B A B 不念領 conceptual domains A 來 7 Gibbs 1994) 論

7 103 source domain B target domain A 念理領 B 念理 A B 說立領來來來念理來領念切羅列例例讀不領念不來例讀索例讀索來領念行羅列例不易裡雷例讀例讀例 AN ARGUMENT IS A JOURNEY 論旅行 We have set out to prove that bats are birds. 論類 When we get to the next point, we shall see that philosophy is dead.

ARGUMENT IS A JOURNEY 論旅行 We have set out to prove that bats are birds.

8 104 論 So far, we ve seen that no current theories will work. 行理論行 We will proceed in a step-by-step fashion. 理 Our goal is to show that hummingbirds are essential to military defense. 不 This observation points the way to an elegant solution. We have arrived at a disturbing conclusion. 來了令不論 Lakoff & Johnson, 1980a: 90 AN ARGUMENT IS A JOURNEY 便不句串連來來 AN ARGUMENT 論 A JOURNEY 來旅行 IS 來列例句領列例論旅行例說連論旅行說歷旅行旅論旅行來旅行領來論

不 This observation points the way to an elegant solution. We have arrived at a disturbing conclusion.

9 105 力來說論不論旅行來說說說行裡論旅行露裡不立不異行度論旅行論行離理路不論論見論論不論行論論不論領不來不例論領 AN ARGUMENT IS A BUILDING 論 We ve got the framework for a solid argument. 論 If you don t support your argument with solid facts, the whole thing will collapse. 不論

10 106 He is trying to buttress his argument with a lot of irrelevant facts, but it is still so shaky that it will easily fall apart under criticism. 不論論不 With the groundwork you ve got, you can construct a pretty strong argument. 論 Lakoff & Johnson, 1980a: 98 裡論論論度度邏行度論行論論論論旅行論論領不論旅行旅論論論領論領裡理路論領論領裡論論領不例例論更論旅行 8 更 8 例說參 Lakoff 1987:

不論論不 With the groundwork you ve got, you can construct a pretty strong argument.

11 107 論更論論理路論立來裡理念聯論旅行論來論領略論領裡例說立論論行度類領論論論說索力立論類裡 9 They tore the theory to shreds. 理論 She was able to weave the notion of attachment into her theory. 念理論 Although many of its specific claims were shown to be incorrect, the basic fabrics of the theory remained intact. 理論 case study 2 9 例句理論 theory 若 argument 論例句 theory 理論行論論理論論理論

念理論 Although many of its specific claims were shown to be incorrect, the basic fabrics of the

12 108 理路 Grady 1997: 272 不論旅行論行念論不不不不不力不不 10 不來不來領不例旅行不領論領來讀 LOVE IS A JOURNEY 旅行 Look how far we ve come. 了 We re at a crossroad. 路 We ll just have to go our separate ways. 路 We can t turn back now. 不 10 參 2001 論裡

13 109 I don t think this relationship is going anywhere. 不裡 Where are we? 裡了 We re stuck. 泥 It s been a long, bumpy road. 路 This relationship is a dead-end street. We re just spinning our wheels. Our marriage is on the rocks. We ve gotten off the track. This relationship is foundering. 沈 Lakoff & Johnson, 1980a: 戀旅車車輪泥不不沈路路勞路路來不論旅行車旅行戀車旅車戀說見讀論雷例旅行例車來戀領

We re just spinning our wheels. Our marriage is on the rocks. We ve gotten off the track.

14 110 聯來領不不連來理旅 experiential gestalt 論旅行旅行領論理 12 領念念旅例例旅聯聯領不理例論 13 不車領旅行 LOVE IS A JOURNEY 戀旅行 THE LOVERS ARE TRAVELERS THE LOVE RELATIONSHIP IS A VEHICLE 說參 Lakoff & Johnson 1999: 旅行領旅行不領 12 論論旅行旅行句不更說見句說不句不見讀論離論例例羅列裡例句例 13 更說參 M. Johnson 1987: chap. 3

RELATIONSHIP IS A VEHICLE 說參 Lakoff & Johnson 1999: 64-69 旅行領旅行不領 12 論論旅

15 111 理例旅行更旅行裡聯歷練歷練領 14 旅列旅行領旅行裡旅旅行旅行旅行旅行參來歷旅領理旅行旅行旅旅旅旅行度旅行來論旅來力來說理行行例連連 14 說參 M. Johnson 1993:

16 112 連連連行不裡行旅行連路行路行路路來讀路來旅行旅行不理路裡路來旅行旅行路路旅行路旅行路旅行路旅行不路旅行路 B A C A C B A C A B 路旅路行路來旅行路旅行路洛 Robert Frost 路 The Road Not Taken 句 Two roads diverged in a wood, and I I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference, 林裡兩路了切不兩路兩旅了路了路

Frost 路 The Road Not Taken 句 Two roads diverged in a wood, and I I took the one

17 113 切不 Lakoff & Turner, 1989: 不了林路年不年六說路歷了路不路來路裡路路裡路路來理不路論列錄來李路練 86 年路路歷練論練論不論路立路路盧路都路了 86 年

18 114 不來論路略行朗朗行落略行行略裡不落零零紐 Mr. Soong made his name as a retail politician. As the provincial governor of Taiwan, he boasted of visiting nearly every village on the island. 零省 The New York Times, March 26, 2000, p. 4 不零裡理率不零不讀來更略路論參 2001

19 115 參歷連理理連連理論理行連念不連來念理理行來不來來不連連行論旅行論說例了連不來不行行裡露了裡論旅行論論旅行旅行旅行旅行路路例了連來不連連行路行念理理行不來連旅路領裡行

20 116 領來洞見裡論裡行連來念裡行讀 Gibbs, 1999a 列論裡 Gibbs, 1996, 1999a, 1999b, 2003; Gibbs & Matlock, 1999 索念兩連不例來說理領不來領行讀裡論度 16 裡例說論度例切說度不論理路不 16 參 Clark 1997, 2001 ; Dennett 1996 ; Franklin 1995 ; Glenberg 1997 ; Hutchins 1995 ; Kelso 1995 ; McClamrock 1995 ; Thelen & Smith 1994 參劉 2000

切說度不論理路不 16 參 Clark 1997, 2001 ; Dennett 1996 ; Franklin 1995 ; Glenberg

21 117 了不不不來度來 17 例論念說歷不理歷來不理例了不 17 論說參 Glenberg 1997

22 118 不行行歷例歷兩數例六拉數兩列數列類數來數兩數零 Rumelhart et al., 1986: 44-48; Teng, 1999: 度

23 119 領 representational 落裡行讀不念行例說立論理論論弄來行讀 Gibbs, 1999a: 158 若說臨弄領來行讀不不領不念領不念來落行行度領洞見念說行雷切說落行 1 2 3

24 120 說行論度領論來領不理 Zoltán Kövecses 理來領 central meaning 領來 metaphorical scope 讀來狀立來 central mappings 連來例論不論讀列例 RELATIONSHIPS ARE BUILDINGS Since then the two have built a solid relationship. 立了 You can help lay the foundations for a good relationship between your children by preparing your older child in advance for the new baby. 來年良 A CAREER IS A BUILDING Government grants have enabled a number of the top names in British sport to build a successful career. 立

25 121 Her career was in ruins. A COMPANY IS A BUILDING Ten years ago, he and a partner set up on their own and built up a successful fashion company. 年 The following year he borrowed enough money to buy his first hotel and spent three years building up a hotel empire. 年金旅館年立了飯 ECONOMIC SYSTEMS ARE BUILDINGS citizens fleeing their country s economic ruins. With its economy in ruins, it can t afford to involve itself in military action. 不行 There is no painless way to get inflation down. We now have an excellent foundation on which to build. 易路 SOCIAL GROUPS ARE BUILDINGS He s about to rock the foundations of the literary establishment with his novel. 說 By early afternoon queues were already building up 切 building up 領

26 122 A LIFE IS A BUILDING Now another young woman s life is in ruins after an appalling attack. 年女 Kövecses, 2000b: 例領論落 19 列列 X 來 X X 度 X 度 X 列裡來 X 來 X 來度領來列 X 不例句 building up 19 說參 Kövecses 2000b: 81-84

27 123 領不念若說行例不念不行念說裡領例念度領理論 The theory has French windows 20 度度行離不不索來論理論念來理說不念不異不不異例旅行路 X 旅行來旅行 X X 20 例 Grady 1997: 270

28 124 旅 X X 理省讀行路茶兩了茶路拉離茶旅讀來亂盧 2003: 不念不念裡茶旅行聯說聯茶旅行 X 旅行旅行旅行旅行領說連茶異例茶了茶讀理茶說茶

29 125 茶茶茶不念裡行領念不念裡歷弄領裡例弄行例年 Alfred Wegener 陸說裂說立陸裂陸例論 It is just as if we put together the pieces of a torn newspaper by their ragged edges, and then ascertained if the lines of print ran evenly across. If they do, obviously there is no course but to conclude that the pieces were once actually attached in this way. If but a single line rendered a control possible, we should have already shown the great possibility of the correctness of our combination. But if we have n rows, then this possibility is raised to the nth power. 裂參不列行參不行論

30 126 連行列列 n 行 n Giere, 1996: 281 理狀說來陸說例北北連裂說不說陸說了讀 21 立論連裂歷來不識量數數裂 21 列論參 Giere 1996 論參 Wegener 1929/1966

31 127 度列力來說讀理論率裂列行參不例裂裂連裂裂裂陸參不若裂列行參不來裂若理行讀不念行來念念念留行例

32 128 說了領理路領裡不更來說 Employees across the nation this year will steal $150 billion worth of time from their jobs in what is termed by an employment specialist as the deliberate and persistent abuse of paid working hours. The study, released by Robert Half International, Inc., reported that the theft of working time is America s No. 1 crime against business, surpassing employee pilferage, insurance fraud, and embezzlement combined. Robert Half, president of the firm bearing his name, said that time is the most valuable resource to business because it cannot be replaced, recovered, or replenished. He defined time theft as leaving work early or arriving late, extended lunch hours, excessive personal phone calls, conducting personal business during company hours, unwarranted sick days, and nonstop chitchat at the proverbial water cooler. The study showed the average weekly time theft figure per employee amounted to 4 hours and 22 minutes. 裡來年度行濫行

33 129 羅行裡理都不都 San Francisco Chronicle, 14 November, 1984 Lakoff & Johnson, 1999: 165 雷論不立讀來 TIME IS A RESOURCE 金 TIME IS MONEY 浪 He wasted an hour of my time I don t have enough time to do that 更 I need more time 不 I ve invested a lot of time on this project 拾雷領立懶金來了金類 Lakoff & Johnson, 1999: 讀雷

34 130 金立論不金行論度不念度來都 MTV 旅館都都流行說錄說了宅兩句念都不 1996: 不來不了了不不易

35 131 念裡領連裡行流行來流行金例論領念裡領領來行不念領裡了領連來不連連行來領連例

36 132 立論行說異更來落念索立論索行度度了度 22 若立論行度不念度連度不歷例路 Internet World Wide Web 歷路 information superhighway 路路數 digital libraries electronic mail electronic marketplace 數 digital worlds 領念 23 來來例來行 22 例 Simon 1996: 路數館數讀參 Stefik 1996

37 133 異來異例浪 surfing 綠年車李 Tim Berners-Lee Weaving the web 不零讀零串串參 24 論讀兩行行念領行裡例論領例連來異行來念理理拉 24 拓行參 Berners-Lee 1999 Gilles & Cailliau 2000

38 134 Plato 來念邏理理不論略了裡理切省論切論行 25 念邏領不領切略行連念理理更不論連行不念領論行度領洞見念來連念論更來若念論了索 25 說參 Lakoff & Johnson 1999

39 135 參 1996 北劉 2000 論 30, 4: 裡路 67: 盧 2003 歷讀裡讀 ( 金 ) 北金 Ahrens, K. & Huang, C Time passing is motion. Language and Linguistics, 3: Berners-Lee, T Weaving the web: The original design and ultimate destiny of the world wide web. New York: Harper- Collins. 零路 WWW 北 1999 Brwon, T. L Making truth: Metaphor in science. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. Clark, A Being there: Putting brain, body and world together again. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Clark, A Mindware: An introduction to the philosophy of cognitive science. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Dennett, D Kinds of minds. New York: Basic Books. Fernandez-Duque, D., & Johnson, M Attention metaphors: How metaphors guide the cognitive psychology of attention. Cognitive Science, 23: Forceville, C Pictorial metaphor in advertising. London: Routledge. Franklin, S Artificial minds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Gentner, D., Bowdle, B. F., Wolff, P., & Boronat, C Metaphor is like analogy. In D. Gentner, K. J. Holyoak, & B. N. Kokinov Eds. The analogical mind: Perspectives from cognitive sciences pp Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Gibbs, R. W The poetics of mind: Figurative thought, language, and understanding. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Uni-

40 136 versity Press. Gibbs, R. W Why many concepts are metaphorical. Cognition, 61: Gibbs, R. W. 1999a. Taking metaphor out of our heads and putting it into the cultural world. In R. W. Gibbs & G. Steen Eds., Metaphor in cognitive linguistics: Selected papers from the fifth international cognitive linguistics conference pp Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Gibbs, R. W. 1999b. Researching metaphor. In L. Cameron & G. Low Eds., Researching and applying metaphor pp Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Gibbs, R. W Prototypes in dynamic meaning construal. In J. Gavins & G. Steen Eds., Cognitive poetics in practice pp London: Routledge. Gibbs, R. W., & Matlock, T Psycholinguistics and mental representations. Cognitive Linguistics, 10: Giere, R. N Visual models and scientific judgment. In B. S. Baigrie Ed. Picturing knowledge: Historical and philosophical problems concerning the use of art in science pp Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. Gillies, J., & Cailliau, R How the web was born: The story of the world wide web. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Glenberg, A. M What memory is for. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 20: Grady, J Theories are buildings revisited. Cognitive Linguistics, 8: Hutchins, E Cognition in the wild. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Johnson, C Metaphor vs. conflation in the acquisition of polysemy: The case of SEE. In M. K. Hiraga, C. Sinha, & S. Wilcox Eds., Cultural, typological and psychological issues in cognitive linguistics pp Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Johnson, M The body in the mind: The bodily basis of meaning, imagination, and reason. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

41 137 Johnson, M Moral imagination: Implications of cognitive science for ethics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kelso, J. A. S Dynamic patterns: The self-organization of brain and behavior. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Kövecses, Z. 2000a. Metaphor and emotion: Language, culture, and body in human feeling. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Kövecses, Z. 2000b. The scope of metaphor. In A. Barcelona Ed., Metaphor and metonymy at the crossroads: A cognitive perspective pp Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Lakoff, G Women, fire, and dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Lakoff, G How unconscious metaphorical thought shapes dreams. In D. J. Stein Ed., Cognitive science and psychoanalysis pp New York: American Psychoanalytic Association. Lakoff, G Moral politics: How liberals and conservatives think 2 nd ed.. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. 1980a. Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. 1980b. Conceptual metaphor in everyday language. Journal of Philosophy, 77: Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. 1980c. The metaphorical structure of the human conceptual system. Cognitive Science, 4: Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M Philosophy in the flesh: The embodied mind and its challenge to western philosophy. New York: Basic Books. Lakoff, G., & Núñez, R. E Where mathematics comes from: How the embodied mind brings mathematics into being. New York: Basic Books. Lakoff, G., & Turner, M More than cool reason: A field guide to poetic metaphor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. McClamrock, R Existential cognition: Computational minds in the world. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

42 138 McNeil, D Hand and mind: What gestures reveal about thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Narayanan, S Knowledge-based action representations for metaphor and aspect. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved August 18, 2001, from berkeley.edu/~snarayan/thesis.pdf Rumelhart, D. E., Smolensky, P., McClelland, J. L. & Hinton, G. E Schemata and sequential thought processes in PDP models. In J. L. McClelland, D. E. Rumelhart, & the PDP Research Group, Parallel distributed processing, explorations in the microstructure of cognition, volume 2: Psychological and biological models pp Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Simon, H The sciences of the artificial 3rd ed.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Stefik, M Internet dreams: Archetypes, myths, and metaphors. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Su, L. I What can metaphors tell us about culture? Language and Linguistics, 3: Sweetser, E From etymology to pragmatics: Metaphorical and cultural aspects of semantic structure. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Taub, S Language from the body: Iconicity and metaphor in American sign language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Teng, N. Y The language of thought and the embodied nature of language use. Philosophical Studies, 94: Teng, N. Y., & Sun, S Grouping, simile, and oxymoron in pictures: A design-based cognitive approach. Metaphor and Symbol, 17: Thagard, P., & Shelley, C Emotional analogies and analogical inference. In D. Gentner, K. J. Holyoak, & B. N. Kokinov Eds. The analogical mind: Perspectives from cognitive sciences pp Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

43 139 Thelen, E., & Simth, L. B A dynamic systems approach to the development of cognition and action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Turner, M Death is the mother of beauty: Mind, metaphor, criticism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Turner, M Reading minds: The study of English in the age of cognitive science. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Wegener, A The origin of continents and oceans J. Biram, Trans.. New York: Dover. Original work published 1929 Winter, S. L A clearing in the forest: Law, life and mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Wittgenstein, L Philosophical investigations 3rd ed. G. E. M. Anscombe, Trans.. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Yu, N The contemporary theory of metaphor: A perspective from Chinese. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

44 140 An Embodied and Environmentally Embedded Perspective on Metaphor Norman Y. Teng Abstract Metaphors form a web-like structure; they are experientially grounded in the basic actions we perform. The systematic presence of metaphor in linguistic expressions as uncovered by Lakoff and Johnson reflects not just the internally represented structure in the mind of individuals, but the settings of the external props that frame and sustain our embodied and metaphorically mediated actions. Lakoff and Johnson emphasize conceptual aspects of metaphorical activities. The present study is an attempt to show that metaphorical activities, viewed from an action-oriented and environmentally embedded perspective, are deeply supported by the external props that frame our individual and collective actions. Key Words: action-oriented, environmentally embedded, metaphor, source domain, target domain

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《歐美研究》第卷第期 (民國年月)，1-

《歐美研究》第卷第期 (民國年月)，1-