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2006 9 16 3 China s Borderland History and Geography Studies Sep12006 Vol116

1 China s Borderland History and Geography Studies Sep12006 Vol116 No13,,,,,,,,1965, ;,1964, :, ; 1, ,,,,,,,,,, 20 21,,, 1957,1 25

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13 CO NTENTS THEOR Y OF BORDERLAND STUDIES A Humble Opinion on the Conf iguration of State and Territory as well as Situ( ) in Pre - Qin Dynasty Taking the Shang Dynasty as Centre Li Sheng( 1) This paper discusses the configuration of state and territory, Wangji ( ), Bangguo ( ) and Situ ( ) in pre - Qin dynasty. It believes the formation and development of the State of ancient China went through a historical course. Though the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties had the basic elements to form a state,which had entered the early stage of formation of state, the states in this period mean the regional towns belonging to the feuds. The makeup of the Wangji - centred multi - stated ally presented in the early state didn t change the fact of political decen2 tralization in a tribal union society. The multi - state ally means the Wangji and the relatively in2 dependent feudal states( ) were juxtaposed. The paper further points out that the state was composed by the Wangji and Situ in the era of pre - Qin dynasty, the king ruled the Wangji di2 rectly and the Situ indirectly. So there was no concept of frontier in that historical era. Key Words : Pre - Qin - dynasty Era Configuration of State Territory Situ An Introduction to the Types of Civilization Plate to Form China s Territory and Their Pat2 tern of Conf ormity Yu Fengchun( 9) This paper probes into the formation of China s territory. It thinks China s territory con2 sists of 5civilization plates nomadic plate in the desert of north China, agricultural plate in pan - cent ral - China, fishing - hunting - herding - cultivating plate in nort heast China, Tibetan herding - cultivating plate in sout hwest China and marine plate, which have different historical o2 rigin and cultural tradition. From 200 B. C to 1820 A. D, after long - process of mutual impact, mutual attack and mutual defense, they amalgamated each other and comprised each other, and finally were developed into one nation. The paper thinks that the bond to conform the five civi2 lization plates is t he conditions of humanity and geograp hy and cult ural t radition. Key Words : China s Territory Civilization Plates Great Unification On thefanshu( ) andzongfan( ) Liu Zhiyang Li Dalong( 25) The thesis makes a review on the cognitions and meanings as well as uses of the two words, Fanshu and Fanshu, in ancient China and in today s academe. It points out, the wordfanshu came into use in Ming and Qing dynasties, it was used to describe the relations between Qing dy2 nasty and its frontier ethnic groups or peripheral states, though this kind of relationship was al2 ready calledfanchen ( ),Waichen ( ) andshuguo ( ) in Han dynasty. The wordzongfanhas already been used inshiji( ),its meaning was all about the royalty and its members who had got a feudal land. Today, a lot of scholars use the wordzongfan to describe the relationship between the China s dynasties in ancient time,especially Ming and Qing dynasties, and their peripheral states. This misuse contradicts with the traditional meaning of the word and tend to make some misunderstanding. So we should use the wordfanshuinstead when refer to this kind of relationship. Key Words :Fanshu Zongfan, Dynasties in China s History Frontier Ethnic Groups 147

14 Peripheral States The Theoretic Resources of Tributary System and Its Character in Different Historical Peri2 ods Li Yunquan( 37) Tributary system once was one of the main forms of institutions concerning the Central dy2 nastiesrelationship with frontier ethnic groups or foreign states in Chinaancient history. Though thehuaxia - centrism ( ), the idea ofgreat unification ( ) and the principle ofshidazixiao ( ), which we can trace their origins back into a period be2 fore Qin dynasty, has provided a theoretic base for the Tributary System, but how to apply it and how much influence it can exert depend on the situation and state power then and there. So the Tributary System has a distinct character in different historical periods. Key words : Tributary System Huaxia - centrism Siyi Vassal State Some Reflections on Some Questions in the Study of China s Northwest Frontier Tian Shu Yang Junhui( 43) China s northwest frontier is an important part of China s territory in history. The st udies on it make up an important constituent part of China s borderland st udies. This t reatise discours2 es upon some questions we should take note of when we engaged ourselves in the research con2 cerned. It believes that a dynamic standard to be used to define China s territory in different his2 torical periods is a basic precondition to start such research. The changing stat us of t his f rontier is one of the characteristics and the basic model of the formation and historical variations of China s northwest frontier. Besides, the paper also discusses the reason why this frontier had formed and developed in the light of ethnic groups, geographic environment and state defense. Key Words : China s Northwest Frontier Central Dynasty State Security Geographic Environment RESEARCHES ON BORDERLAND ADM IN ISTRA TION On the Frontier Patrol System in Han Dynasty Manifesting from the Bamboo Slips Wang Guihai( 51) The Bamboo Slips excavated in J uyan ( ) and Dunhuang ( ) shows t hat Han dynasty had a very strict patrol system in some regions of its frontiers. Soldiers in frontier fortress pa2 trolled the frontier lines by turns, inspecting thetiantian ( ) to prevent people s transfer2 ring it and escaping into the other side. The soldiers wrote their observations down in diaries that would be put together and reported to superiors every month, which became an important mea2 sure to keep the patrol conducted properly. If there are escaping events, the soldiers need to search the zones they take charge of and help to catch the escapee. The patrol system has played an important role in helping keep a good order of state and preventing the Huns from invading and sacking the frontier. Key Words : Han Dynasty Tiantian ( ) Frontier Fortress Frontier Patrol System A Probe into the Youzhou Prefecture and the Politics in Late Tang Dynasty Feng Jinzhong( 62) The Youzhou Prefecture was in the far north of the Three Prefectures of Heshuo ( ). Because of the remote and isolated position, especially the frequent inner rebellions, it was more submissive to the central government than the other two prefectures (Weibo and Chengde). 148

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