Coverbs 於 location/direction comparison 禍生於耳目孔子聖於眾以 instrument 知己者以自禁順天 direct object 天報為善者以德 reason 小人以不知命怨天

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Coverbs 於 location/direction comparison 禍生於耳目孔子聖於眾以 instrument 知己者以自禁順天 direct object 天報為善者以德 reason 小人以不知命怨天"

爪催栾
5 years ago
Views:

1 Coverbs (CV) work in conjunction with a main verb transitive (so they govern an object) often mark relationships b/t verbs and nouns similar to prepositions

2 Coverbs 於 location/direction comparison 禍生於耳目孔子聖於眾以 instrument 知己者以自禁順天 direct object 天報為善者以德 reason 小人以不知命怨天

3 1 鴉鳴於樹上 S IV CV O CV coverbal phrase

4 Coverbal phrases (CVp) CVp=CV + O S V O CVp ADJUNCT 兒以石擊之 CVp COMPLEMENT 鴉鳴於樹上

5 焉 directional complement (i.e. follows verb) fusion of/equivalent to 於 +pronoun e.g. towards it, on it, at it, there, here distinct usage: before a verb as interrogative ADV "how?" 天下失道, 而後仁義生焉

6 Modifier An expression that limits or describes another element. In classical Chinese, modifiers always precede the element that is modified (sometimes called the "head"). Another word for modifier is "adjunct." 樹上大鳥鳴鴉鴉鳴

7 Standard rules of word order in CC subject precedes predicate verb precedes object modifier precedes what is modified Standard inversions of word order in CC interrogative pronoun objects precede verbs

8 何 interrogative pronoun similar to MC 什麽

9 兒以石擊鴉兒以何擊鴉兒何以擊鴉

10 X Y 也 equational nominal sentence X and Y are both nouns or noun phases basic meaning: X is Y extended meanings: X is tantamount to Y; X is because of Y 也 can be omitted negated with 非 not 不鳴者鴉也鳴者非鵲也

11 Two basic sentence types S V O X Y 也 nouns/noun phrases

12 Noun phrases compound 吉凶人不能知吉凶 A 之 B 鵲之鳴鵲之鳴吉 X 者鳴者今鳴者鴉也

13 Nominalization 擊鴉鴉鳴兒擊鴉擊鴉者鴉之鳴兒之擊鴉兒之擊鴉者 S V O S 之 V O

14 之 object pronoun substitutes for object of a TV similar to MC 他她它 never used to substitute for subject particle of explicit modification modifier always precedes what it modifies always forms a noun phrase often omitted

15 之 N 1 之 N 2 人之智 the wisdom of people V stative 之 N 高之人 tall people V Intransitive 之 N 鳴之鳥 the calling bird V Transitive + O 之 N 殺人之罪 the crime of killing someone S + P 之 N 鴉鳴凶之故 the reason that the bird's call is inauspicious 兒以鴉鳴凶之故擊鴉. The boy hit the crow for the reason that the crow's call is inauspicious. When a verb appears in the second position, it is nominalized: N 之 V 鳥之鳴 the calling of the bird From this you can see how 之 can nominalize a whole sentence: 兒擊鳥 (the boy hit the bird) 兒之擊鳥 (the boy's hitting the bird) 父惡兒之擊鳥. The father resented the boy's hitting of the bird.

16 Nominalization with 之君子為善小人怨君子 S P S V O 君子之為善小人怨君子之為善 S P S V O

17 者 particle of nominaliztion indicates that what precedes it acts as a noun V+ 者 typically means "the one who V" BUT NOT ALWAYS IV+ 者鳴者鳴者不吉 SV + 者吉者吉者鴉鳴也 TV + O + 者擊鴉者擊鴉者兒也擊鴉者凶事也 S V O 者兒擊鴉者兒擊鴉者不吉 N 者大人者大人者不擊

18 者 other examples 天者 N + 者故天者, 高之極也地者, 下之極也

19 者 other examples 天報以德者 Sub + Pred + 者天報以德者善哉乎!

20 而 conjunction joins verbs, predicates, or clauses does not join nouns can be contrastive ("but") or parallel ("and") coordinating or subordinating

21 而小人言而不行 S V1 V2 小人言仁而行不仁 S VP1 VP2 小人言仁而君子行仁 S1 P1 S2 P2 王不行仁而天下亂 S1 P1 S2 P2

22 而 more examples 君子不怨天而不罪人善人禁惡而勸愛君子自禁而不禁人人不知而不慍. 文公過宋而見孟子. 誤踏虎阱而墮於其中. 順道而行, 循理而言 A gentleman does not resent heaven nor does he blame others. A good person suppresses hatred and encourages love. A gentleman restrains himself, but does not restrain others. People do not know him, yet he is not indignant (Lunyu 1.1). Duke Wen, passing through Song, saw Mencius. Mistakenly stepping on the tiger trap, she fell into it. He acts in accordance with the Way, he speaks in accordance with principle.

23 而後 conjunction usually implies "and only then" 天下失道, 而後仁義生焉

24 Stative verb (SV) special class of IV describes the state of a subject similar to adjectives 鴉之鳴凶 (SV as predicate) 智人不擊鴉 (SV as modifier)

25 加 +stative verb (SV) 加 functions as an adverb "increasingly" 加多 to be increasingly many to increase 加少 to be increasingly few to decrease 加易 to be increasingly easy to become easier 加難 to be increasingly difficult to become more difficult 鄰國之民不加少寡人之民不加多 The people of neighboring states do not decrease, and the people of my state do not increase (Mencius).

26 曰 indicates that what follows is direct speech unlike most TV does not take the object pronoun 曰之 "to say it"

27 今 TIMEWORD: now, at present can refer to present situation rather than present time sometimes a week introductory particle (similar to now in English)

28 故 2 basic meanings 1. reason or intention 2. the past Many usages 1.Noun: reason, deliberate action 2.CONJ: therefore 3.ADV: consequently, deliberately 4.Noun modifier: previous, past, former

29 以故 coverbal phrase implied reference to what comes before used as a conjunction to join w/ previous expression often translated as "therefore" or "for [this] reason" 鳥鳴凶以故擊之

30 己 PRONOUN (reflexive) oneself (but also: myself, ourselves, himself, herself, themselves) 己 is often contrastive with 人 (people, but in this context often translated as "others" or "other people." 己 jǐ 已 yǐ 巳 sì 賺跑

31 自 COVERB from, along ADVERB (reflexive) oneself 甩

32 Reflexivity 己 and 自 both can indicate identity of subject and object both imply a contrast with "others" ( 人 ) 己 is a reflexive PRONOUN 己 in object position implies a contrast of objects 知己 : knowing oneself vs. knowing others 自 is a reflexive ADVERB 自 implies a contrast of subjects 自禁 : restraining oneself vs. others restraining one

33 君子不怨人之不知己君子不怨人之不自知

34 parallelism 知命者不怨天知己者不怨人

35 Topicalization 天報為善者以德 topic comment 為善者天報以德 NP S V

36 Lesson 0 鴉鳴於樹上兒以石擊之父曰何以擊鴉兒曰人言鵲之鳴吉鴉之鳴凶今鳴者鴉也以故擊之父曰人之智高於鳥之智人不能知吉凶鳥何以能知之

37 Lesson 1 知命者不怨天, 知己者不怨人禍生於欲得, 福生於自禁聖人以心導耳目, 小人以耳目導心為善者天報以德為不善者天報以禍

38 Lesson 2 Passage #1 君子有終身之憂而無一朝之患順道而行循理而言喜不加易怒不加難

39 Lesson 2 Passage #2 天下失道, 而後仁義生焉國家不治, 而後孝子生焉民爭不分, 而後慈惠生焉道逆時反, 而後權謀生焉

高中英文科教師甄試心得

高中英文科教師甄試心得高中英文科教師甄試心得英語學系碩士班林俊呈高雄市立高雄高級中學今年第一次參加教師甄試, 能夠在尚未服兵役前便考上高雄市立高雄高級中學專任教師, 自己覺得很意外, 也很幸運考上後不久在與雄中校長的會談中, 校長的一句

Coverbs 於 location/direction comparison 禍生於耳目 孔子聖於眾 以 instrument 知己者以自禁順天 direct object 天報為善者以德 reason 小人以不知命怨天

Coverbs 於 location/direction comparison 禍生於耳目孔子聖於眾以 instrument 知己者以自禁順天 direct object 天報為善者以德 reason 小人以不知命怨天