所 always precedes a transitive verb (TV) forms a noun phrase that stands for the object of the TV the agent of the TV can be added as a modifier (with

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1 其 substitutes for a modifier incorporates 之 often functions as possessive pronoun (his, her, its, their) forms a noun phase (just line any A 之 B expression) does not function by itself (e.g. 其 cannot be S of sentence) distinguish from "modal" use of 其 (Lesson 11) A 之 B 君子之命孔子之教屋中不死之道小人之不知天下失道而後生之仁義其 B (never 其之 B 其命其教其中其道其不知其仁義

2 所 always precedes a transitive verb (TV) forms a noun phrase that stands for the object of the TV the agent of the TV can be added as a modifier (with or without 之 ) TV TV-O 所 + TV (=NP) 知 to know 知命 to know fate 所知 what is known 順 to obey 順天 to obey Heaven 所順 what is obeyed 在 to be at 在地 to be on earth 所在 where one is at

3 所 more examples 言德 to talk about virtue 君言義 The ruler talks about righteousness 不知德 to not understand virtue 小人不知德 The petty person does not understand virtue. 得報 to get a reward 得報於天 to get a reward from Heaven 君子得報於天 The noble person gets a reward from Heaven. 所言 what one talks about 君子 [ 之 ] 所言 what the ruler talks about 所不知 that which is not understood 小人 [ 之 ] 所不知 that which the petty person does not understand 所得 what one gets 所得於天 that which one gets from Heaven 君子 [ 之 ] 所得於天 that which the noble person gets from Heaven

4 為 (wèi) coverb: on behalf of, for, on account of 為之說君子之言君為民行政子為其父棄酒臣為公就坐 Be sure to differentiate this word from the related word wéi to do, to function as, to be, etc,which is indicated by the same graph 為. 為善者天報以德為不善者天報以禍民爭為善

5 以 1. coverb: by means of, using; for the reason that 聖人以心導耳目, 小人以耳目導天以禍報為不善者小人報天以怨 2. conjunction: in order to 桓公舉觴以飲之設阱以伺虎大呼以求救

6 桓公舉觴以飲之桓公舉觴以之飲之 Duke Huan raised his goblet and by means of this had him drink. S VP1 以 [ 之 ] VP2. S VP1 以 VP2. OMIT

7 桓公舉觴以飲之以 as coverb 桓公舉觴以之飲之 Duke Huan raised his goblet and by means of this had him drink. 以 as conjunction 桓公舉觴以飲之 Duke Huan raised his goblet in order to have him drink.

8 乎 final particle that serves to: turn an affirmative statement into a question (?) sometimes the usage is rhetorical and marks an exclamatory statement (!) distinct usage as CV identical in function to 於於禮可乎? 管仲飲酒乎? 天以德報為善者乎?

9 曰 particle of direct speech unlike verbs, cannot take the object pronoun 之 "to say it" 公曰: 期而後至, 飲而棄酒於禮可乎? 曰 can be preceded by a variety of verbs or coverbs to show the manner or direction of speech. The object pronoun 之 is often omitted in such cases. 管仲對曰桓公笑曰公問曰謂之曰

10 如 1. to resemble, to be like 2. to go to (takes destination as object) 3. CONJ if, supposing (like MC 如果 ) 不如 idiomatic usage: "to be not as good as"

11 勿 particle of negation used in negative imperatives ("do not...") fusion of 毋之 (where 之 stands for object of verb) 我能勿畏乎? 我能毋之畏乎我能毋畏之乎

12 則 subordinating conjunction can be placed before or after subject indicates what follows is a consequence of what precedes X 則 Y can often be interpreted "If X then Y." 萬物得其本則生君以仁義治國則民順先生非求於人, 人則獻之

13 則則 can also work in tandem with another conjunction in the first (i.e. the subordinate or "if") clause 如 X 則 Y If X, then Y. 使 X 則 Y Supposing X, then Y. 非 X 則 Y If not (unless) X, then Y.

14 則 examples 則王如知仁則勿害民 If the king knows about humaneness, then you would not harm the people. 使王臣不順則民亦不順 Supposing the kings [own] ministers were not obedient, then the people will also not be obedient. 非如孔子則難非王則不能祭天 Unless one is like Confucius, it is difficult. Unless a king, one cannot sacrifice to Heaven.

15 奚 interrogative pronoun typically refers to things as opposed to people less common than 何奚為不受?

16 縱 TV to let loose, to give free reign CONJ (subordinating) indicates a hypothetical (usually unlikely) condition often translated "even if..."; "even supposing..." 縱君有賜, 不我驕也, 我能勿畏乎?

17 Stative Verbs (SV) used as Transitive Verbs (TV) SV TV 貴 to be valuable to consider valuable 德之所在, 天下貴之怪 to be odd to consider odd 聞而怪之明 to be bright to cause to be bright (to brighten) 君子明明德快 to be happy to make happy 快天下之心 putative causative

18 Standard Rules of Inversion #1 interrogative pronoun objects precede verbs 為奚不受? 奚為不受? #2 pronoun objects precede negated verbs 不驕我不我驕

19 partitive construction noun phrase that refers to a subset of larger category may refer to an individual or to a class derived from nominalized SUBJECT+PREDICATE subject (NP) refers to category; pred. (VP) defines subset typically marked by 者 and possibly 之 b/t subj. & pred. SUBJ [ 之 ] PRED 者萬物 [ 之 ] 得其本者事 [ 之 ] 不可知者鄉人 [ 之 ] 不識字者魯 [ 之 ] 好禮者

20 partitives vs. non-partitives 萬物 [ 之 ] 得其本者 those of the 10,000 things that obtain their roots 得其本之萬物鄉人 [ 之 ] 不識字者不識字之鄉人 the 10,000 things that obtain their roots a certain illiterate country person illiterate country people

21 Topicalization 天下歸道之所在之 topic comment 道之所在, 天下歸之 NP S V O

22 Pivot Constructions S V O 魯君使人往致邑焉, S V O pivot

23 Pivot Constructions 魯君使人往致邑焉天命王導民曾子請孔子說仁義孟子助王明其德 The ruler of Lu sent someone to present him a city. Heaven commanded the king to lead the people. Zengzi requested that Confucius explain benevolence and righteousness. Mencius helped the king to illuminate his virtue.

24 Verbs that can take two objects verbs of giving or explaining: 致報賜予說, etc. can take two objects 1. thing given or explained ("direct object" [DO]) 2. recipient ("indirect object" [IO]) basic word order: V + recipient (IO) + thing given (DO) 公賜孔子邑公賜邑孔子

25 Verbs that can take two objects you can also use coverbs to set off either or both objects 以 sets off thing given or explained (DO) 於 sets off recipient (IO) 公以邑賜孔子公賜孔子以邑公賜邑於孔子公以邑賜於孔子

26 Verbs that can take two objects Pronouns can substitute for either or both objects: 公賜之邑公以邑賜之公賜邑於之公以之賜孔子公以之賜於之公賜邑焉公以賜孔子公以賜焉於之焉 (usually) 以之以 (sometimes)

27 非 negative particle negates only sentences of the A=B variety (A, B both noun phrases) A 非 B means "A is not B" A B 也孔子聖人也 A 非 B 孔子非聖人

28 非 when 非 negates a verbal predicate, it applies to entire sentence. contrast with 不, which negates verbs S VO 我去家 I abandon my home. S 不 V O. S 非 V O. 非 S V O. 我不去家 I do not abandon my home. 我非去家 It's not that I abandon my home. 非我去家 It's not that I abandon my home. S 非 V O. is a special type of "A 非 B" sentence in which the S is the "topic" and the predicate (VO) serves as the comment. Keep in mind that S 非 V O is generally equivalent in meaning to 非 S V O.

29 SVO 也 S VO 也參之言, 足以全其節也

30 非 and 也 can be used with verbal predicates to reject one explanation in favor of another. 非 VP 1 VP 2 也 It is not VP 1. [Rather] it is VP 2. 臣非哭君師哭臣之子也

31 足 N foot SV to be sufficient, enough, adequate AUX V 足 +TV: worthy of being TV "; "sufficient to be TV..." 足 +TV functions as a SV (it describes the subject) give the verb a passive sense 足全 to be worthy of preservation 足順 to be worthy of following 足修 to be worthy of fixing

32 足足 + V: to be sufficient to be V to be worthy of 足以 + V: to be sufficient to be used to V to be sufficient to 參之言足以全其節也 Shen's words are sufficient to preserve his virtue. 參之節足全 Shen's virtue is sufficient to be preserved (i.e. worthy of preserving)

33 可可 SV to be possible or permissible 可 + V: AUX can be... 可以 + V: AUX can... 王可殺 The king can be killed. 王可以殺 The king can kill. Note 易 / 易以 and 難 / 難以 work the same way

34 足 ("to be sufficient") 難 ("to be difficult") 易 ("to be easy") 可 ("to be permissible or possible") 則文王不足法與 Then is King Wen not sufficient to be taken as a model? 久則難變也 Having lasted a long time, it will be difficult to be changed. 三年學不至於穀不易得也 To study for three years and not arrive at goodness, this is not something that is easy to be attained. 王可殺 The king can be killed. 吾力足以舉百鈞而不足以舉一羽 My strength is sufficient to lift 3,000 catties but is not sufficient to lift a single feather 為人使易以偽為天使難以偽 When you serve man, it is easy to cheat, but when you serve heaven it is difficult to cheat. 王可以殺 The king can kill.

35 Duke Huan of Qi (r BCE) 齊桓公小白 state (=lineage) guo 國 shi 氏 clan name: xing 姓姜 temple name shihao 諡號 title jue 爵公 duke 侯 marquis 伯 earl 子 viscount 男 baron given name ming 名

36 Guan Zhong (ca ) 管仲夷吾 lineage shi 氏 style name 字 given name ming 名伯仲叔季 x- 父 x- 甫

37 曾子 Master Zeng Zeng Shen 曾參 (c ) 曾 =lineage name 參 =ming 名子 =honorific suffix (Master)

C o n t e n t s...7... 15 1. Acceptance... 17 2. Allow Love... 19 3. Apologize... 21 4. Archangel Metatron... 23 5. Archangel Michael... 25 6. Ask for

Doreen Virtue, Ph.D. Charles Virtue C o n t e n t s...7... 15 1. Acceptance... 17 2. Allow Love... 19 3. Apologize... 21 4. Archangel Metatron... 23 5. Archangel Michael... 25 6. Ask for a Sign... 27 7.