/ / / / 10 / / http: / / www. ssdph. com. cn / ( 010 ) / / / / (010 ) / / ( 010 ) / / / / / 32 /

Transcription

1 In Defence of Sociology E ssays, I n ter pretations & Rejoin ders ANTHONY GIDDENS

2 / / / / 10 / / http: / / www. ssdph. com. cn / ( 010 ) / / / / (010 ) / / ( 010 ) / / / / / 32 / 9.75 / 243 / / / ISBN / D 035 / 25.00,

3 ( CIP) /. - :, ( ) ISBN C91 CIP ( 2003)

4

5 , :,,,,,,

6 : 76 ( Britishness ) : 163 : 186 : 194 : ( ) 282

7 ,,,,?!?? ;?,, : 20 60,,, 60 70,,,,,,

8 2,, ( Vilfredo Pareto ) ( Robert Michels), ( Emile Durkheim) R K ( Merton ) ( Talcott Parsons ) ( Erving Goffman ) ( Ralf Dahrendorf),, ( Horowitz),,,,,, ( ), 70 20,, ,,,,, 60,,,,,, ;,

9 3,,, ( William Julius Wilson),,,,,?,?,? :,,,,,!,,,,,,,,,,,,,

10 4,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 60 ( ),? 30,,,,,,,,,, ( Pierre Bourdieu)

11 5 (Niklas Luhmann) ( Ulrich Beck),,,, (Quantophrenia),, ;,,,,?????,?,,,,,,,,,,,

12 6?, 60, ;,,, 20,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, John Goldthorpe Steven Lukes Stuart Hall Michele Barrett Ray Pahl Janet Wolff Michael Mann,,,,,, 70, ;,,,,

13 7, :?,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,!

14 , 2000 : ( ), 20,,,,,,,,, ;?,,,,,,

15 9,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 40,,,,, ; ( ),,

16 10,,,,, ;,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,, ( ), ;,,,

17 11,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

18 12,,, ( Nicholson Baker) ( The Mezzanine), :, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,

19 13,,,,,, ;, ;, ( Kung San),,,,,,, :,,!,,?,,,

20 14,,,, :?,,,,,,,,,,,, : ;, ( ),, ;, ( ),,,, ;,,

21 15, ;,, :?, ;,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,, :,, (integrity) (authenticity ) :,

22 16 (oral culture) ;,,,,, :, ( Maurice Halbwachs) ; ; notion of truth ),, ( formulaic ; ;,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,

23 17,,, (integrity) ;,?,,,,, ;, (in-between),,,,,,,,,, ;, ( a temporal autonomy), ;

24 18,, ( guardian ),, ;,, ;,,,,,,, ;, ( ),,,, ( Pascal Boyer ),,,,

25 19 ;,,, :,, :, :,,,, ; (anxiety-control),,,,, ( ) ;,,, :, :, ; :, ;,

26 20,, ( de-traditionalized )?,,,,, :,,, ( ),,,,,,,,

27 21!,,,,,, ( oedipus),,,, ( programming),,, ;,,,, ;,,, ;

28 22,,,,, :,,, ;,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,?,, :

29 23,,, ( ),,,,,,,, ( the auri sacra fames),,,,,, : ;,, (economic traditionalism),,,,,,

30 24, ; ( sensuous culture),,,,, 300,,,, ( motivational urgency),,,,,,,,, : :,?,,, ( repetition),,,, (compulsiveness ), :

31 25 ; (addictions),,, ( ),,,, (, ),,, ;,,, ( ), ( ) ; ( ingestive addiction ) ;,,, ( the dry drunk ), ;,,? :, ;,,

32 26,,,, ;, ( ),, ( genogram),,,, (inheritance),, ( Maggie Scarf),,,,,,,,,,,

33 27,,, :,,,,, ;,,, ;,,, 20 ;,,, ( arrangement ),,,,,

34 28,, 40,,,,, ;,,,, (excavation),, ( evacuation),,,, :,,, ;,, ( ), ;,, ;,, (intimacy),

35 29,,?,,, :,,

36 30,,, : :,,,, ( ), ;,?,, ( option ),,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,

37 31, ;,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,, : ;, :

38 32!,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, :,,,

39 33,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 200, 20, 300 ;,, ( the International Panel on Climate Change),,, 20, ;,,,,,,,

40 34 ( Rupert Sheldrake), ;,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,, 19 20,,,,,,,

41 35, (contextual),,, ;,, ;, (exclusion) ( insider) ( other),,,,, ;,,,, ( believer),,,,,,, ( Malinowski)

42 36, ;,,,,,, ;, ;,,, ;,, ( ) ( salvation religion), ( exemplary religion),, ( ) ( Robert Michels),,,

43 37,, ; ( Georg Simmel) :,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, :? ( ) (familiarity ),,,,,,,,

44 38 ( Kula ring),,, :, ;, ( reference-point), ;,,, ;,, ( ) ( ),,,,,, ( personal master),, ;,

45 39,,, ( wisdom ),,, ( ),,, ;,,,,, ( rationallegal authority),, ;,, ;,,,,,

46 40 ( ),, (expert ) ( official),,,, ( professional),,,,, :, ( disembedding) ;,, ( decentred ),,,,,,,,,,,,,

47 41, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,, ; ( skill) ( duty) :,,,, (decontextualize) ;,, ;,,

48 42,,,, ( ), ( deference),,, ( motor),,,, ( scepticism ) ( universalism ) ;,, ( Popper),,,, ( pluralism),,,

49 43,,,,,,, ;,, (, ) ( non-traditional culture ),,,,, ( ),,, ;,, ;,,,,,,

50 44,, ; ( ) ( tension),,,,, ( commitment),, ;,,,,,,, ;,, 40,,,,,, ( the moving areas), ( specialization),, (local knowledge)

51 45 ( re-embedded), ; ( generalism) ;, ( nonspecialist),,,,,, ;,,, (competence),,,,, ( causal relation), ;,,, ( revisable) ;,, ;,

52 46,, ( face work ) ;,,, ( absent others),,,, ;, ( generalized trust),,,,,,, ( Jehovah s Witnesses),, ;,,,, (local) ( centred ) :,,

53 47,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, ;,,, ;,

54 48,, ; ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, ( filter-down ),,,

55 49 ;, ( ),,,,, 19 20,,, ;,, ;,,, ( Eric Hobsbawm), 19 20,,,, 19, :,,

56 50,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, ( compulsiveness ),,,,,, (, ),, :,

57 51,,, 100,???,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,

58 52,,,,,,,? ( Disembedding ),,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

59 53,,,,, ( ), ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ( Nigel Barle),

60 54 ;,,,,,,,, ; ;, 40, ;, ;,, ( determined ),, ;,,,,,,, ;,

61 55, : :,,,, ;,,, ;, ;,,,,, ( Trobriands) ( ),,,,,,,,,

62 56,,,,,,,?, :,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

63 57,,,,,,,,, ( ice-cube tray), (commodification),, ;, ;, ;,,,, ;

64 58, 20 80,,, 1930 ;,, : :,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, ;,, ;,, ;,,

65 59,,,,, (,, ),, ( ),,, 10 ( Voortrekker),, Die Stem 100 ( Boers) ;,, ;,,, ;,, ;,,,

66 60,,,, ( prism) ;,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

67 61,,,,, :,,,, ;,,, ( ),,?, :,,,,,,,, ;,,,

68 62, ;,?,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,

69 ,,, ( naturalism),,,,,, ( social causation ),,, ( functionalism) (, ),,,,,

70 64,,,,,,, (, ),, (perspective) (tradition), ( paradigm ), ( Kuhn ),,,,,,, ( Robert K Merton ),, ( ),,,,,,,

71 65,, :, ;,,,,,,,,, ( C. Wright Mills), ;,,,,,,,,,,

72 66 ( human agency),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

73 67,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, ( Wit tgenstein ), ( ethnomethodology ),, (Goffman ),,, ( ),, ;,,,

74 68,,,, ( social world),,,,, ;, ( Peter Winch),, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

75 69 (the view of generalization ),,,,, ( Weber ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,

76 70,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( mutual knowledge),,,,,,

77 71,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ( social causes),,,, ;,,,,,, :,?

78 72,,,, (, 4 ),,,, ; ( mixed intentionality ),,,, x,,, (intentionality), ( ),

79 73,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( Winch ),,,

80 74, ( ),?,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( Machiavelli),,,,,,

81 75,,,,,, ;, 19,,,,,,, ;

82 :,,,,,,,,,, :,,, (, ),, ( subjectivism ), ; :, 19

83 : 77,,,,, ( social statics),,,, 20, ( structural functionalism),, ( solidarity ),,, 19, :,, (, ),,

84 78,,,,, 30,, ;,,,,,, :, P. K. ( Merton ) (codification), ( Ernest Nagel) 1949, ( ),,,,, :,, (, ),

85 : 79,, ( Stinchcombe),, :, : ; :,, (function), ( public gathering),,, : ( purpose) (consequence) :, ( ),,

86 80,, ( functional unity ),, :, :?,,,,, ( ),,, ( ) ( function) ( dysfunction), ( net balance of anaggregate of consequences) :, ( ),

87 : 81,,,, :,, (,,, ) : :,,, ( subjective disposition ),,,?,, ;,,,

88 82,, :,,,, ;,,,,,, ( ) ( social change), :,,,,, :,,

89 : 83, ( multicomponent) :,,, : ; ; ( tension ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

90 84,, ;,,,, 19,,,, ( Cannon),,, 19 ( Claude Bernard ),,,,,,, 19,,,,,,

91 : 85 :,,,, :,,,,, :,, :,,, ;,,,,,, :,,

92 86 ( decoding) :, (internalization) :, (, ),, : ( ),,,, ( wants),,, ( Wanting), :,, ( circum-stance),,,, :

93 : 87,,,,,,,,,,, x, y; x, y,, ;,,,,,,,,,

94 88, a, b ( ),, a, b,, ( )?, ( ), / / /,, :, :,,,, /,, :,,

95 : 89, ;,, :?,,,,,,,,, :,,? ;,,,,,,,,,

96 90 ( causal loop ),,,,,,,,, ;,, :,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, 19,

97 : 91,, ( survival function),,,,, ( functional prerequisites),,,, ( Aberle),, ;,,,,,,, ;,,

98 92,,,,,,, ;,,, : :,,,, ;, (General Systems Theory) ;,,,,,,,,,,,

99 : 93,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,

100 94,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ( ),,,

101 : 95,, ( self-regulaton ),,,,,,, ( VonBertalanffy ) 19 20,,,,,,, ( reflexivity),,,,

102 96,,, :,, : ( regulation, self-regulation and reflexive self-regulation ), ; ;, :,,,, 19, :,,,?,,,,, :

103 : 97,,, ( Traeger),,, :,,?, ( production and reproduction; structuration; and the duality of structure),,,,,, : ( generative rules), :,,, ( )

104 98, ( ),,,,,, ( structuration),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

105 : 99,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, :,,,,,,,

106 100,,, (,, ) : :,,, : :,, ;,,,,, ( Kingsley Davis ),,,, ( ),

107 : 101,,,,, :,,,,, ( ), (the theory of structuration ),,,,,,,, :,,

108 102 ( ) : A. B. C. / D. / : A. B. C. D. : : A. =, A. =, ( 1 ) ; (2 ) B. = ; ( 3 ) C. = = B. = C. = D. = ( ) = D. = ( ) : E. / F. / ( theory of structuration ),,,,, ( ),,

109 : 103, (cohe-sion),, ( ties or interchanges),, :,, :,,,, ( ),, ;, ( ), ( ),

110 104,,,,, :,, ( voluntaristic ),,,, ( motives, reasons and intentions or purposes) ( wants) ( ),,,, ( ),,,,,, ( systems of socialsystems),,

111 : 105 ( methodologcial individualism),,,,,,, ( ), ;,,,, ( ),,,,, (, ),,,,,

112 106,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ), ( ), ( )

113 : 107,, ; ( ), ( the transformational capcity of self-reflection), :, : ( ) ; ;,,,

114 (Brit ishness) ;,, 19, 19,,,?, : ( Benedict Anderson ),,,, ;,,

115 ( Britishness) 109,,,, ( Thomas Hobbes ) ( John Locke) 17,,,,,, (Mann Mersenne) ( Rene Descartes), ( Discourse on Method) 18,,, ( ),,, (Adam Ferguson ) ( John Millar) ( Adam Smith ) ;,, ;,,,,

116 110, ;, 19 ( James F razer) ( Edward Tylor),,,,, 19,,, (,,, ), 19, ( Herbert Spencer),,,,,,, 20 60,,,

117 ( Britishness) 111,,,,,, ( ),, J. M. ( J. M. Keynes) ( 1946 ),,,, ( Joan Robinson) ( Richard Kahn),,?,,,,, (Nikolas Kaldor) (Thomas Balogh) ( ) ( Pietro Sraffa), 30, ( Ludwig Wittgenstein) ( Karl Popper)

118 112,,, 1884 (Cracow),,, 7,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20?,,,,,, ( T. H. Marshall),

119 ( Britishness) 113, 30,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 60,

120 114,, 60,,,,, 60,,,,, 30,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( John Goldthorpe),

121 ( Britishness) 115,,????,,,,,, 1989,,,,,,,,?,,

122 ?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

123 117,,,,,,,?,??,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,

124 118,,,,,,,,?,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,,,

125 119?,,?,??, : ;,,,,, ;,, ;, ;,

126 120,,,,?,?,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,

127 ,,,,,,, :,,,,, 18, 1789 : ( ), 19,,,

128 2,,,,,, 19,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,

129 3 19,,,,,,,,,?,, :,,,,,,, ( ), :,,,, ;,

130 4 :,, ( ),,, (, ),,,, : ( ),,, : (, ),,,,,,

131 5 1871,, [ ( Jaur s) ],, 1789,,,,,,,,,, ( practical politics),,,, (Drefus),,,,,, 18

132 6 ( de Maistre) ( Bonald) ( Chateaubriand) : 19,,, ( Voltaire), (Burke),,, :,, ;,,,, (Nisbet) 19, 19,, ( ) ( John Stuart Mill)

133 7 ( ),,,,,, 19,,,, :,, : ; (, ), ( Haller),, 18,,,

134 8,, ; ( substantive),,,,,,,,, ( Schmoller) ( Wagner),,,, ( Renouvier),, ( imperative),, ;,,

135 9,,,?,,,, (, ) ;,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, ;

136 10,, ( ),,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, :,,,,,,

137 11,,, 19 25,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, 19, ( Quetelet),, 19,,

138 12,, (,, ),, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, 19,, :, ;

139 13,,, 19 :,,,,, ; :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

140 14,,,,, ( Horton), ( anomie), ;,, ;, :,,,, :,, ( ) ( ),,,, 18 :, (

141 15 ), ;,, :, ;,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,

142 16,,,, ;,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 19, ;, :

143 17,,, ;,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ;,, : : ( ),

144 18 19, ;,,, 19,,, 1789 :,,, : 19, 1789,,,,,,, ;,

145 19 :,,,, 1804, 1900,, 1804,,, 1804,,,,, 19 T H,, ( ) 19,, 18 ;, 19 : 1848,, 20 ;,, ;,,,

146 20, ( ) ( Dicey), ,,, ( ),,, 1789,, 19,,,, ;, (, ), 1870, 18,

147 21, 1893,, 1898,, 1789, ; :, ( ),, ;,,, 19,, ( ),,,,, :, ;,

148 22,,,,, : 19 3/ 4,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,

149 23,,,,,,,, ;,, 19 3/ 4,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,

150 24,,,,, ( ),, : 19,, 18 ; ( ) ;,?,,,, ;,,,, (Ann esociologique, )

151 25,, [ ( Le Play ) ]

152 ,, 1830 ;,,,,,, 1817,,, 1824 (, ),, ;,,, 1824 ;

153 27,, 19,,,, ;,, 19 ;,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, ;,,,

154 28,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1789, ( ), ;,,,, ;,,,,

155 29,,,,,, ( Montesquieu ) ( Condorcet ), : ; ( 1828, ),,,,,, ,,,,, ( Clothilde de Vaux ),,,, 1881 ( Festival of Humanity ),,,,,,

156 30 :, :,,,,,,, :, ;, ; :,,,,, :, (Bachelard)?, 19,,, : ;, ;

157 31,, :, ,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, :,,,

158 32, :,,,, : ( ) ( should have survived so long )

159 ,, 18,,,, 18,, ( Falret, 1822 ),, ( Guerry) (1833), ( Lisle) ( 1856) ( Legoyt) (1881), (1835, 1848), ( 1864 ) ( Masaryk ) (1881 ), ( Morselli) (1879 ) ( Fern) ( 1883 ),, 19,,

160 34,,, ( professional), ( co-vary),,,,,,,, 19, : 18, ( Esquirol) ( Maladies mentales) ( 1838 ) :,,,, 19,

161 35,,,,,,,,, ( cosmic),, :,, ;,,, ( Tarde)

162 36,,,, : ;, ; ;, ( ),,, 1924,,,,, ( ), :,,, (crude), :,,

163 37 :, ( Halbwachs) ,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

164 38,,,, :,,,,,, :, (Gourbon),,,, ( Psychologie Pathogique du Suiade) ( 1932 ), ( Delmas),,,,, : A 450 ( ), B 50, : A , B , B , A ?, ;,,

165 39,,,, ; ( Blondel) Le Suicide (1933),, ;,,,,,, ( Dombrowski),,,,,,,,, ( ),, 1940, 20 30, (Gurvitch),, Essais de sociologie ( 1939 ), ( )

166 40,, ;, 1952, ( Bastide),,,,, ;,,, 19,,,, ; : :,,,,

167 41 :,,,,,, ;,,, ( ),,,,,,, :, :,,,, (

168 42 ),,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, ;,, A A B,,, A B,?, B, A?,, A B,, ( ideographic) ( A?) (?), ;

169 :, 20 60,,,,,,,,

170 44, 1968 ( Erkenntnis Und Interesse),,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,? :? ( verstehen )

171 : 45,,,, ( discourse),,,, ;,,,,, ;,,,,, :,,,

172 46,,?,,,,,,, :,,, : ; ; ;,,,, ( ), :,,,

173 : 47,, :,,, ( Peter Winch ),, :,,,,,,,,,, (anthropomorphic), ;,,,,,,,,

174 48 ( Evans-Pritchard ) (Zande),,,,,,,,,, ( Robin Horton ),, ;,, (!),,,,,, ( decentring),,,,,

175 : 49,,, ( ), G. H.,,, ( ), (belief claim ),, ( ),,,,

176 50,,,,,,, ( ), ( ),,,,,,, ( metatheoretical), ;, ( discursive redemption ),,,,,,

177 : 51,,,,, ;,,?,,, ;, ( ), :,,,,,,? :, ;

178 52,,,, ;,, ( undialectical),,,, G H,,,, (constituted),,,,,

179 : 53, ( ),,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, ;,, ( ),,, ;

180 54,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,, ( will-formation ),

181 : 55 :,,,, :,,,,, ( steering process) 19 20,,,, ( technicied),,,,,,,,

182 56,,,,,, ( ), ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( deficit),,,,,,,

183 : 57,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, :,?,,,

184 58 ( ) 32!,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, / /, (, ) 1., 1.,,,,,,

185 : 59,?,?,,?,? (a),,,, ( b),, :?,?, (c),,,,, 2. ( reason ) 2. ( rationality),, : ;,, ( Albert) (a), (, )?

186 60,,,, (, ),,,,,?, - ( poison oracle),?, :,,, ( b),, :,,,,,, (c),,,, ( d)

187 : 61,?? :? ( e),,,,, :,, :,, : ;,,,,,,!,, (species )

188 62,,,,,, ( qualification),,,,,, ( pre-conventional) ( hot ),,,,

189 : 63 4., 4. ( t echnicization ),,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,? 5., 5.!!,,,,,

190 64,,,?,, ;,,,,

191 : ( C. P. Snow),,,,, ;,,, ;, ;,,,, (intellectual school),,, ( Perry Anderson )

192 66,,, :,,, ( Hirst ), E. P., ( ), ( Raymond Williams ),, (Anthony Barnett) ( Francis Mulhern ),,, : ( Pandy),,,,,,,,,

193 : 67,,, ( ), ;,,,, 60,,,,,,,,, ( Levis),,,, ( practical) :,,,

194 68,,, 1961,,,,,,,,,,, 19 20,, : 60,, ,,,,,,,,,,,

195 : 69,,,,,,,,,, :,,, :,,,,,,,, ( Border Country), 50

196 70,,,, ( Eliot),,,,,, ( ),,,,,, ;,,,,,,,

197 : 71, ( Kulture),,,, ( polarity),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( nermenentic phenomenology),,,,,

198 72 ( turn ),,,,,,,,,, ( kind),,, ( popularism) :,,,,,,,,,

199 : 73, /,,,,,, ( seeing ),, ;, :,,

200 : ( Tom Marshall) ( citizenship ) ( 1950 ),,,,, :,,,,,,, ( national community ),,,

201 : 75,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

202 76,,,,,,, ( Hayek ) ;,, 20,,,,,,,,,,,

203 : 77,,,,,,,,,,,, :????,,,,, ;,,,,

204 78,, E. M. ( E. M. Forst) :,,,,,,, :,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?

205 : 79,,,,,,,, ;,,,, :, ( effort-bargain ) ;,,,,,,, :,,

206 80 ;, ( prompted),,, :,,,,, 20,,,,, ;,,,,,,,

207 : 81 :?,, ( Ulrich Beck ),,,, 65,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( bot tom-up),,,

208 82, ;,,,, ( national state),,,,,,,,,,,, :,

209 : 83,,,,, ( Schumpeter),,,,,,,, : ( deliberative democracy),,,,,,,

210 84,,,,,,,,,,, ;, :, :,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, (David Held),

211 : 85 ( comgress), ( assembly),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, HIV,,,,,,

212 86,, ;,,,,, : ;, ;, ;,,,,,,,,?,,,,

213 : 87 ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

214 :,,,, ( ), ( ),, ( ), ( ) ( welfare compromise),, ( ),,

215 : 89,, ( ), ( ),, ( ),,, :,?,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, ( )

216 90,, ;,,,,,,,,, ( Framcis Fukuyama) (, )?,,, ;,, ;,,?,, ( ),, :

217 : 91,,,,,,,,,, ( deep ecology), ( naturalistic fallacy),,,,,,

218 92,,,?,,,,,,?,, :,,,,,,,,,,

219 : 93,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,

220 94,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, ( programme),, :,, :,?,

221 : 95,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, ),,,,,,,,,,

222 96 ( generative politics ),,,,, :, (, ) ;,,,,, ;, ( program), ;,, ( ), ;,,, (zerosum),,,, :,,,

223 : 97,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ( ), ( patronage),,, (,, ),,,, :

224 98,,,,, ;,, ;,,, ;,, ( world government),,,,,,,,

225 : 99,, (cut-back),,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, (empowering),

226 100,,,,,,, ( health car),,, :,, ( ecotoxicity),,, ;?,,

227 : 101 ;,,, ( 2 ),,,, ;,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;

228 102 :?,??,,,

229 , 1992,, 1/ 3,,? :?,,,, 1992?, ,

230 104, :?,,?,,,, ( : ),,,,,,,,,,, :,, ( identity),,, ;,,,

231 105,,,,,,,, ;,!,, ( Toryism )?,,,,, (Amitai Etezioni),, ( Chinese boxes ),,, ;, 19,, ( David Selbourne)

232 106?,,,,,,,,,,? ;,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 12,,

233 107,,,,,,, 65,, ,?, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( Stephanie Coontz)

234 108 ( The Way We Never Were),,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,

235 109?,, 25, ( Eric Hobsbawm),,!, 1/ 4, 1/ 2,, ;, :, : ; ; ; ;,, ;,,,,,,

236 110,,,,,,,,,,??,,,,, R. H. ( R. H. Tawney),,,,,,,,

237 111,,,??,,,,,,,,,, ( consumerism ),,,,,, ( )

238 112,,, :,,,,?, ( ),,, ;?,?,,, ( inclusiveness)?,,,,,

239 113,?,, : ; ; ; ;,, 88 ( chater 88), ( Freedom of Information Act) ( House of Lords),,,,,,,,,, ( discursive space),,,,,,

240 114,,,,,, ( European Union),,,, ( 13 ) (integrity),,, ; GN P,,, ( productivism ),

241 115,,,,,,,, :, ( life cycle),,, (National Health Service),, :,,,,,,,,,,,, ( Galbraith ) ;

242 116,,, 1945,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;

243 117,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,?,, ( ),,,,,

244 118,, 80%,,,,, : ; ;, ;, ;, : :,, 65,, 65,, 40%,,,,?,,,

245 119,,,,, ;,,,,,,, : : ( McJobs ), ;, ;, :,,, ;, ;,,

246 120, [ ( Beatrix Campbell) ], :, ( ),,,,,, :,,, ; 90 %, ( Andre Gorz ),,,,

247 , T.1946:, E. ( ), :, : 1951:, G. ( ),, : 1956 :, :, B. D. M. ( ), :, : 1967a:, : 1967b:, a:, : 1973b:, E. B., : 1973c:, K. F., : 1973d:, A. G. W. V., : 1974 : :,

248 2 19, :, 6, :, A. E. ( ),, : 1984 :, : 1990 : :, : 1994 :, : 1998a: :, : 1998b: :, E., :,, M : :, -,, D. J., R. N. 1950:, :,, H.,,, J.,, H., K. R.1976:, G. D. :,,,, B., G.1980:, R ( ), :, A. ( ) 1994:, :, P.1992:. :, L. ( ) 1989: : ICA, :, A.,, E. ( ) 1978:

249 3, :, D.1994:, D. R. A. ( ),, UCL :, S. 1968:, :, B. 1995:, : UCL, S.1988:, I. L. ( ), : :,, J.1975:, : 1981 :, : 1983a:, : 1983b:, : 1988a:, : 1988b:, : 1988c:, M., : 1989: :, M., : 1990a:, : 1990b:, : 1990c:, : 1991a: La Guerre du Colfe n aura pas lieu. 1 4, b: La Guerre du Colfe a-t-elle vraiment lieu? 2 6, c: La Guerre du Colfe n a pas eu lieu. 3 29, 6

250 4 1991d:, 1 11, a: :, : 1993b:, : 1993c: :, : M., 1994 :, : 1995 :, : 1996a: II, : 1996b:, : 1996c:, : 1997 : III, , : 1998a: :, : 1998b:,, 15, 1 10, E : :, : 1989 :, : 1991 :, : 1992a:, : 1992b:, : 1993a:, : 1993b:, C. B.,? :, : :, : 1995 : :, :

251 :, : 1998a: :, : 1998b:,? 19, 11 22, K.1995: :. S. K.,, :, U.1992a: :, : 1992b: :, 9, a: :,, : 1995b:, : 1996a:, : 1996b:, S., B. B. ( ),, :, : 1998 :, :, U.,, E :, :, U.,, A.,, S.1994: :, : -, E.1995:, S., B. B. ( ), :, :, D. 1960:, : 1974 : :,

252 6 : 1976 :, : 1979 :, M. L., J ( ), : 12,, : 1980 : : , :, R.,, R.,,, A., S. 1985: :, :, S.1984: : -, 33, a:, : 199lb: :, 11, , S.,, D. ( ) 1987:, :, S.,, F. ( ) 1990:,, :,,, J. ( ), 1993: :,, :, A. ( ) 1992 :, :, W.1968:, H. ( ), :, J.,, D. ( ) 1988 :,,, :, R. ( ) 1985:, :

253 7, H.1995:, :, P. ( ) 1976 :, :, T. ( ) 1991:, :, Y. W.,, M.1996:,, :, A : :,, R : :, :, C. G. A.,, D. ( ) 1996 : : ( ), :, R.1975:, 2, , T. 1987:,, :, J.1990: :, A. R. ( ) : : ( ) :, J.1990: :, :, C. ( ) 1992:, :, J.,, M. ( ) 1993:, :

254 8, M.1990:, ( ) : : ( ) :, G. A. 1978:, :, R.1986:, :, M.,, A :, :, F.,, T. ( ) 1977:,, A. I.1986:, D. C ( ), :, :, T. ( ) 1986 : /, :, M. P.,, S. ( ) 1996 : :, :, M. L.,, J. ( ) 1979: : 12,, :, 1987: :, :, I., L. ( ), 1988: :, :, D. R.,, A. ( ) 1994:, : UCL, N.1994: : :, H. L.,, P :?

255 9, D. C. ( ) : :, :, E : :, G. ( ), : 1953:, D. F., : 1972 :, A. ( ), : 1973:, R. N. ( ), : 1975 :, W. S. F. ( ), : 1976 :, : 1979 : :, W. S. F. ( ), : 1982:, S. ( ), : 1984 :, : 1985:, K. ( ), : 1986 :, A., : 1992 :, : 1994:, M. ( ), :, K. 1996:, :, G.1992: : 19, C. ( ),

256 10, :, J. 1985:, :, M. ( ) 1990 : :, :, M.,, S.,, R. ( ) 1995 :, :, L.,, A. 1990: 60 :, :, B.1984:, 2, :, B.,, L.1979:, :, M : :, A. R. ( ) : : ( ) :, H. ( ) 1985:, :, M : :, : 1971 : :, : 1972 :, : 1973 : :, : 1977a: :, D. F. ( ),, : 1977b:, :

257 c:, M. :, D. F. ( ),, : 1978 : I:, : 1980: / :, , C. ( ), : 1985 : II:, : 1986 : III:, : 1987 :, : 1988a: :, , L. D. ( ), : 1988b:,, J. D. ( ),,, :, J. ( ) 1998:, :, N. 1985: :?, 96, : :, : 1990 :?, A. R. ( ) : : ( ) : 8 ( 1988 ), a:, 9, 51 71

258 b: :, C. ( ) :, :, F. 1991: :, P. ( ) : :, :, S.1985:, 12, :, D. 1985:, : 1992a:, : 1992b: :, 2 :, F.1992:, : 1995: :, :, D.1990: :, :, H :, :, M.1991a: :, : 1991b: :, :, M.,, T. ( ) 1993:, : H.1988:?, 17,

259 13, H :, :, E.1992:, :, A.1971:, : 1978 :, : 1979 :, : 1982 : :, 1, :, : 1985 : -, : 1987 :, : 1990 :, : 1991 :, : 1992 : :, : 1993:, P. ( ), : 1994 :, : 1998 : :, :, A.,, C.1998: :, :, H. 1988: :, :, C : :

260 14, M. T. ( ),, :, A.1982: :, : 1985 : :, :, L.,, C. ( ) 1988:, :, J.1976:, : 1979 :, : 1981:,, 22, :, 1 :, : 1986: :, P. ( ), : 1987a:, : 1987b: : 12, : 1987c:, 2:, : 1987d: :, : 1988 :, : 1989a: :, : 1989b: :, : 1989c :,, :

261 :, : 1992a: :, : 1992b: :, 12, : :, : 1994 : :, M. ( ), : 1996a : :, : 1996b:, W. ( ), : 1997 : :, :, D. L. 1994: :, :, P. ( ) 1991: : ( 4 ), :, D. 1980: :, : 1992 :,, 40, D.,, J. B.1989: :, :, W.1988:, :, B. ( ) 1977:,

262 16 :, P.,, G.1996:, :, P. U. 1985: :, 35, 3 26, M :, A. R. ( ) : : ( ) :, R.J.1986:, R. J., B. S. ( ),, :, R. J., B. S. ( ) 1986 :, :, R.1991: :, :, A.,, H. ( ) 1991: :, :, M :, :, M. J., : 1974a:, M. J., : 1974b:, : 1995 : :,, :, A. R. 1980: :, 11,

263 , D. C. 1978: :, : ( ) 1986b: :, D. C. ( ) : :, : 1986a: :, :, D. C.,, T. 1994:, :, T. 1984:, :, J. A.,, P. J.,, W. W.1995: :, :, D : -, 10, :, ;, S.1998:, ,,, S., F.1991:, :, M : :, , : 1982 :?, D. S. L. ( ), :,, :

264 a:, : 1984b: :, :, S. 1994:, :, D.1988:, :, J.1992: :, A. ( ),, :, D. 1988: :, 5, : :, : 1998 :, 15, 73 86, L : :, :, T :, 2, :, K.1978: :, :, D. S. L. ( ) 1982: :,, :, J.1988:,, :, C :, : 1985 :, :

265 19, S. 1990:, : 1993 : :, 10, 1 23, S., J :, : 1993 :, :, S., S :, :, S.,, B.,, B. ( ) 1996: :, :, F. J.1991:, 8, , K.1991:?, 8, 33 62, L.1987: :, :, S.1975:, :, D.1988: :, : 1994 : :, :, J.1984: :, : 1988 : :, : 1989a:, L. ( ), : ICA, :

266 b:, L. ( ), : ICA, : 1989c:, A. ( ), : 1991 : :, : 1993a:, B. K. P., : UCL 1993b:, : 1998 :, C. B. S. ( ), :, J. J. L. 1985:, :, T. 1978:, : 1985 :,, 35, 27 53, D.1995:, 3, :, M :, :, L :, : 1994 : :, :, M : :, :, A. R. 1990a :, ( ) : ( ) : ( ) 1990b: : ( ) :, M.1986:, 1:

267 21 760, :, H. 1960: :, : 1966 : :, 2, : 1968 : :, : 1969 :, : 1970: 5 :, J. T. S. M., : 1972 :, : 1979 : :, : 1991 : :, 2, : 1998:,, 1, D. ( ), :, K. 1956:, 2, : 1959 :, 3, : 1965 :, : 1970: 1844, : 1977 :, D. ( ), : 1981 :, : 1982 :, 1, : 1986:, J. ( ), :

268 22, K.,, F :, D. ( ), :, P.1949: :, :, G. H.1981:, A. J. ( ), :, J.1979:, 18, 44 73, J. G.1991:, 2, :, S.1998: :, :, D. 1992:, D. ( ),, 40,, D. 1977: :, 4, :?, 35, 55 82, W. J : :, : 1985 :, , : 1989:, :, G.1991:, P. ( ), :, :, P : : 19,

269 23 :, C.1989: :?, :, K.1991: :, 11, ,, W : :, : T :, : 1967 :, : 1976:, P. ( ),, : 1977 :,,, T.,, N :, :, G.1983: :, : 1993 : : :, M. ( ),, M.1993:, T. :,,, J.1993: :, C. ( ),, :, C. ( ) 1993 :, :, D. M.1990:, :

270 24, M.1986: : ( ), 15, , F : :,, :, G. ( ) 1951:, :, C. 1993:, C. B. ( ) :?, :, C., B. ( ) 1993 :?, :, R :, : 1983 :, 80, a :,, b:,, c:,, :, : 1990 :, A. R. ( ) : : ( ) : l991a: :, 1, : 1991b: :, 2, :

271 25 l991c :, 30, : :, Hypatia a: : 20,, : 1998b: :, 3, :, B.,, D. M. ( ) 1957: :, :, M. P.1990: :, , :, M. 1993:, 2, :, F. 1974:, : /, S. P. 1977:, B. ( ),, :, D. 1987: :, : 1990 : :, :, L. A : :, :, A. ( ) 1997 : :, :, R.1996: :, :

272 26, E. ( ) 1946: :, :, G. 1964:, K. H. ( ), : 1971: :, D. ( ), : 1978 :, 1, : 1980, G. ( ), : : 1990 :, 2, : 1991 :, 8, :, D. M., :, T.1978:, :, B. 1993: / :, C. B. ( ) :?, :, A :, :, D.1998: :, 15, 39 46, C.1986: :, T. ( ), /, :, T :, ( ) : : ( ) :, G.,, B :, :

273 27, E : :?, A. ( ),, :, R.1987: :, 35,, C.1990:, ( ) : : ( ) :, J.B. 1981: :, : 1984 :, : 1990 : :, : J.B.,, D. ( ) 1982: :, :, A :, :, K. 1979:, 8, , B. S. ( ) 1989:, : 1992 : :, : 1993:, C. B. ( ),?, :, M :, : 1961 :, : 1969 :, E. A. H. A.

274 28, : 1978a: ( 2 : 1, ; 2, 641 ), : 1978b: :, ), : W. G. ( 1979 :, 8, : :, C., : H. H., F. 1995:, :, D.,, M. A :, B. ( ),, :, A.1979: :, S. K.1988:, : 1995a :, S. K. ( ),, : ( ) 1995b:, :,, : R. 1994:, B.1990: :, ( ) : : ( ) :, H.,, D.,, G :, :, E :, L. C.

275 29 ( ),, :, L :, :, I.1987:, S. D ( ),, :, V. 1994:, :, V. L. 1990:, :

276 ( ) abstraction economic action communicative at a distance purposive-rational see also causation, social; in ten tionality adaptation, and social evolution ; addiction choice compulsion health care retirement social change suicide rates agency, and radical politics, Albert, H. alienation Althusser, Louis Anderson, Benedict Anderson, Perry

277 ( ) 283 Annee sociologique school Anomie Durkheim Habermas social conflict suicide anthropology colonialism comparative cultural evolutionary functionalism globalization methodology postmodernism sociology theoretical traditions argumentation asceticism, religious authenticity post-traditional society authoritarianism ( ) authority rational-legal autonomy individualism Bauman, Z. Beck, Ulrich belief, false

278 284 benefits, targeting Biology Comte Blair, Tony Blondel, C. Bourdieu, Pierre conservatism Marxist thought status of sociology welfare state social science bureaucracy, and authority capitalism democracy expansion the nation-state socialism causation, social functional explanation democratization civil society civilizations, premodern social class philosophic conservatism coercion theory commitment, and trust common sense, and sociology communication communicative action

279 ( ) 285 community class competence, and wisdom frozen trust habits repetition Comte, Auguste Cours de philosophie positive law of the three stages positivism Systeme de politique positive integration and coercion theory conscience collective practical, consciousness consensus Parsons contradictions green movement origins of sociology philosophic the right Conservative Party, British social security constitution, reform context, and tradition convention, and generalization Cosmopolitanism critical theory culture

280 286 civic nature rationalization local, custom Dahrendorf, Ralf politics decentralization decision-making, and democracy rationality deference, and tradition cosmopolitan dialogic economic fundamentalism industialization participatory representation of interests personal relationships science and technology differentiation, and rationalization discourse disengagement, and modernity division of labour duality premodern civilizations Durkheim, Emile conservative origins of sociology The Division of Labour in Society The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life

281 ( ) 287 naturalism The Rules of Socological Method dysfunction cybernetic model education, and Labour Party egalitarianism, and Labour Party egoism, and suicide emancipation life politics emotion modernity repetition empiricism Engels, Friedrich Enlightenment environment health care epistemology critical theory social theory et hnocent rism, and evolu tionary theory ethnography, and social science ethnomethodology evacuation of tradition exclusion, and tradition personal, experience, and language everyday, experiments

282 288 expertise bureaucracy displacement fragmentation guardians of tradition intellectuals officialdom specialization causal functional family conservatism dialogic democracy enhanced solidarity fascism, of the left fate, and tradition feedback, in systems theory feminism life politics Ferguson, Adam field-work, in ant hropology and sociology Foucault, Michel France, social thought Frankfurt School freedom emancipation French Revolu tion, impact on social thought

283 ( ) 289 Freud, Sigmund individual and society tradition and compulsion Fukuyama, Francis explanatory content ideology intentional action naturalism normative origins structural-functionalism system and structure functions, manifest/ latent Gadamer, Hans-Georg gender division of labour General Systems Theory generalization, in social science Germany, social thought global warming pluralism reflexivity universalization Goffman, Erving green movemen t, and philosophic conservatism Green, T. H. eclecticism late capitalism

284 290 life-world new social movements rationalization of culture reification style systems theory Weber habit, local custom Hall, Stuart Harris, A. & T. Hayek, Friedrich environment positive welfare responsibility Hegel, G. W. F. hermeneutics natural science Hobbes, Thomas Hobsbawm, Eric homeostasis, and functionalism Idealism imagination, sociological methodological moral neo-liberal post-traditional society solidarity City institutions manufacturing

285 ( ) 291 inflation integration intentionality interactionism, symbolic internalization of values intimacy Keynes, J. M. Keynesianism knowledge human action Kuhn, Thomas egalitarianism fiscal policy ideas modernization of the state new individualism policy orientation strategies and options unemployment wealth creation welfare state Leach, Edmund left, radicalism, socialism,, legitimation surveillance Levi-Strauss, Claude Liberal Democrats, and taxation, liberalism, and sociology libertarianism, economic

286 292 life-world (Lebenswelt) colonization lifestyle linguistics, structuralist literature and society Locke, John loyalty, personal Luhmann, Niklas Malinowski, B. market forces Citizenship and Social Class Marx, Karl class struggle ethics historical materialism Marxism New Left Review materialism Marxist Mead, G. H. meaning post-structuralism collective, memory mental illness, and suicide Merton, R. K. orthodox consensus Michels, Robert Mills, C. Wright, and social science modernity

287 ( ) 293 modernization, reflexive money, and purposive-rational action motivation myth, and science nation-state naturalistic fallacy alienation socialization neo-conservatism neo-liberalism New Left Review organicism Pareto, Vilfredo, and politics Parsons, Talcot psychotherapy political, patronage private, pensions phenomenology Pluralism policy, and sociological research political theory politics formulaic truth ritual Popper, Karl radical, populism positivism radical politics power

288 294 Protestant work ethic psychology, and suicide psychotherapy, and compulsion public/ private domains / Racism new framework instrumental rationality purposive-rational action relativism reflexivity habit routinization self-regulation reification religion emotion repetition compulsion social, reproduction resources social, responsibility rights health care systems management modernity socialization ritual ritualism ritualization of social relations

289 ( ) 295 rules semantic Schumpeter, J. humanities interpretation morality myth pluralism employment in, service sector sexuality, and sociology Simmel, Georg Smith, Adam Smith, John Social Chapter new social movements analysis of modernity new synthesis orthodox consensus social causation theoretical pluralism epistemology as, social theory Christian communitarianism literature social evolution tradition, discourse and violence wisdom and expertise biology Continental thought

290 296 disintegration explanation of suicide field of investigation history of social science social, solidarity space Spencer, Herbert utilitarianism state socialism, and tradition structuralism structuration subjectivism and functionalism mental disorder social factor contradiction cybernetic model integration technology teleology Thatcherism / Thatcher, Margaret / Tocqueville, Alexis de economic, traditionalism tribalism trust discourse theory formulaic, truth defence of tradition guardians of tradition

291 ( ) 297 Tylor, Edward underclass unemployment skills training universalization structural-functionalism utilitarianism Spencer validity claims social control Verstehen Violence radical politics Wagner, A. want, and functionalism social/ economic, wealth / Weber, Max bureaucratic authority class struggle historical contigency intentionality modernity and emotion Protestant work ethic technological knowledge traditional societies Williams, Raymond Communications Culture and Society drama

292 298 literature and society Marxism and Literature novels Television Winch, Peter workforce redistribution working class