bottom-up top-down Samuel D. Warren Louis D. Brandeis Harvard Law Review The Right to Privacy 1 World Wide Web privacy advocates 1 See Don R. Pember,

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1 self-regulation EU Directive

2 bottom-up top-down Samuel D. Warren Louis D. Brandeis Harvard Law Review The Right to Privacy 1 World Wide Web privacy advocates 1 See Don R. Pember, Mass Media Law, 2000Ed, 2000, The Mcgraw-Hill Companies, Inc., pp

3 Internet message World Wide Web WWW WWW (1) (2) / website/consumer (3) (4) -cookies 2-2 Cookies Web /6/19 2

4 identity theft predation on children electronic pan pel 3 1. Minnesota North Dakota Vermonet Wyoming 3 See Steven A. Hetcher, The Emergence of Website Privacy Norms, 7Mich, Telecomm. Tech. L. Rev. I.A. Lexis-Nexiser Academic Universe 3

5 (1) case-by-case (2) (3) 6 4 See 1 pp233,234 pp234 5 Privacy Act of 1974 Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1971 Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 Electronic Communication Privacy Act of 1986 Vediotape Privacy Protection Act of 1988 Driver s Privacy Protection Act of 1994 See Gregory Shaffer, Globalization and Social Protection: The Impact of EU and International Rules in Ratcheting Up of U.S. Privacy Standards, Yale J. Int l L, winter, 2000, pp See 4 pp.37 4

6 self-regulation 1. limited government invisible hand heavy hand bottom-up top-down 7 smoke screen game theory 2. game theory free ride on the contributions of the other sites payoff matrix 7 See Paul M. Schwartz, Internet Privacy and the State, 32 Conn. L. Rev., spring 2000, pp815,

7 8 Children s Online Privace Protection Act of Federal Trade Commission, FTC Departament of Commerce Safe Harbor Principles 8 See 2 I.B.2 9 See 6 pp

8 FTC FTC online privacy FTC FTC FTC FTC FTC FTC FTC 10 FTC FTC FTC FTC FTC a IBM 10 See 2 II.A. 7

9 11 FTC FTC FTC FTC EU Directive. economy globalization European Union Directive on the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and the Free Movement of Such Data 1. externality 11 See 2 II.A. 8

10 2. a single internal market European Commission an adequate level of protection not deemed adequate adequate (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 12 See Gregory Shaffer, Globalization and Social Protection: The Impact of EU and International Rules in Ratcheting Up of U.S. Privacy Standards, Yale J. Int l L, winter, 2000, pp

11 white list 13 ex ante (ex post) ex ante data controller inform data subject sensitive information opt in opt in 13 See pp

12 3. ex post (1) (2) (3) (4) 4. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) See 11 pp

13 New Transatlantic Agenda European Commission transatlantic data transfers the threat of counter-retaliation See 11 pp See 11 pp82 12

14 self-regulation Department of Commerce FTC FTC FTC Safe Harbor Principles (1) Notice notify inquiries choices means (2) Choice opt out choice sensitive information affirmative or explicit opt in choice (3) Onward Transfer an agent written agreement (4) Access 13

15 (5) Security misuse alternation and destruction (6) Data Integrity (7) Enforcement recourse mechanisms rigorous 17 FTC the Federal Trade Commission Act deceptive and actionable FTC FTC See 11 pp /6/19 18 See 11 pp /6/19 14

16 FTC big government limited government FTC 15

94 BIG DATA RESEARCH 大数据 1 Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with

94 BIG DATA RESEARCH 大数据 1 Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with FORUM 论坛 93 欧盟数据保护通用条例详解中国信息通信研究院互联网法律中心, 北京 100191 摘要关键词 doi: 10.11959/j.issn.2096-0271.2016045 Deconstructing the EU General Data Protection Regulation WANG Rong Internet