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1 Adam Smith, foundation approach // asymmetry of information 2 informed uninformed adverse selection 1 Adam Smith, Lectures on Jurisprudence, (Great Britain: Oxford University Press,1978), report of ,p Joseph E. Stiglitz Margaret J. Miller, Credit Reporting Systems around the Globe: The State of the Art in Public Credit Registries and Private Credit Reporting Firms, in Margaret J. Miller, edited, Credit Reporting Systems and the International Economy,Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England: The MIT Press,2003, pp

2 overindebted

3 5 6 EquifaxTrans UnionExperian public credit registry 7 -- externalities Ben Shalom Bernanke 7 Tullio Jappelli and Marco Pagano, Public Credit Information: A European Perspective, in Margaret J. Miller, edited, Credit Reporting Systems and the International Economy,Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England: The MIT Press,2003, pp KonsumkreditgesetzInformationsstelle für Konsumkredit) 28

4 8 external costsexternal benefits 9 Fair Credit Reporting Act see, FCRA, 602(a)(1) common lawright to privacycivil law Persönlichkeitsrecht

5 Datenschutzpersonal data protection 602 Credit reporting code of conduct Privacy Persönlichkeit die allgemeine Persönlichkeitsrecht Privatsphärenschutz privacy 10 Bundesdatenschutzgesetz European Union s Directive 95/46/EC/ on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (Recht auf informationelle SelbstbestimmungRight to Information Selfdetermination) OECD1980 Guidelines governing the Protection of Privacy and Transporter Flows of Personal Data

6 the individual s right to access his or own data1 23Rafael del Villar, Alejandro Díaz de León, and Johanna Gil Hubert, Regulation of Personal Data Protection and of Credit Reporting Firms: A Comparison of Selected Countries of Latin America, the United States, and the European Union, in Margaret J. Miller, edited, Credit Reporting Systems and the International Economy,Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England: The MIT Press,2003, p

7 18 19 public credit registries private credit registries/ private credit reporting firms/ credit bureaus Evidenzzentrale für Millionenkredite Kreditwesengesetz - KWG 55a55b See, Tullio Jappelli and Marco Pagano, op.cit.,p

8 the mandatory exchange of information 21 the compulsory and universal nature of participation negative positive reciprocity 25 the purpose of credit granting EquifaxExperianTrans Union Dun Bradstreet Inc Equifax ExperianTrans Union 21 See, Tullio Jappelli and Marco Pagano, op.cit.,p See, Tullio Jappelli and Marco Pagano, op.cit.,p See, Tullio Jappelli and Marco Pagano, op.cit.,p See, Tullio Jappelli and Marco Pagano, op.cit.,p See, Margaret J. Miller, Credit Reporting Systems around the Globe: The State of the Art in Public Credit Registries and Private Credit Reporting Firms, in Margaret J. Miller, edited, Credit Reporting Systems and the International Economy, (Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England: The MIT Press,2003), p.37p See, Tullio Jappelli and Marco Pagano, op.cit.,p See, Margaret J. Miller, op.cit.,p Margaret J. Miller, op.cit.,p Rowena Olegario, Credit Reporting Agencies: A Historical Perspective, in Margaret J. Miller, edited, Credit Reporting Systems and the International Economy, (Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England: The MIT Press,2003), p

9 30 Consumer Credit Protection Act The Fair Credit Reporting Act Margaret J. Miller, op.cit.,p See,Margaret J. Miller, op.cit.,p

10 CICCredit Information Center 19873CIC CRIN Credit Information Network Die Schutzgemein-schaft für allgemeine KreditsicherungSCHUFA SCHUFA (1) (2) (3) , , ,4278,897 児済実

11 37 / / 1. Kreditwesengesetz Evidenzzentrale für Millionenkredite Konsumkreditgesetz Informationsstelle für Konsumkredit CIC Die Schutzgemeinschaft für allgemeine KreditsicherungSCHUFA Trans Union Experian Equifax DunBradstreet Fair Credit Reporting Act 37 国会関会読

12 //

13 39 // 40 Trans Union DunBradstreet

15 prima facie

16 W20 (97)41 920W20 W21- W20W W203 20W20 41

C xiayeliang.PDF

C xiayeliang.PDF No. C2002002 2002 1 30 : 2001 12 25 1 2 : Credit public credit private credit 3 business individual 1.1 1.1 4 1.1 1.1 1.1 5 6 1.2 3C character capacity collateral 7 : 1801 200 7 IT 1910 1916 Russell Sage