176 Wittenberg Martin Luther Wittenberg Castle Church) Invitation to Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences 1 the Reformation Eisleben E

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2 176 Wittenberg Martin Luther Wittenberg Castle Church) Invitation to Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences 1 the Reformation Eisleben Erfurt Master of Arts University of Wittenberg Doctor of Theology Johann von Staupitz (Biblical Theology 2 the Protestant ethics The Ninety-Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences Timothy F. Lull, ed., Martin Luther s Theological Writings (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1989). Robert H. Fife, The Revolt of Martin Luther (Columbia University Press, 1957), esp. chaps. 1 & 5 University of Wittenberg The Library of Christian Classics, Vol. XV, Luther: Lecture on Romans, trans. & ed. Wilhelm Pauck (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1961), xiii-xix. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism (London: Routledge, 1992). Harold J. Grimm, The

3 Galileo Galilei 5 6 7, 8 Christian liberty 9 An Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation Concerning the Reform of the Christian Estate the Peasant War Reformation Era (New York, Macmillan, 1965), pp Sola Fide Sola Scripta Wycliffe, Huss Erasmus Zwingli Heiko A. Oberman, Luther: Man between God and the Devil (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1989), esp. chapter11, The Man & His Deeds. James Atkinson, The Trial of Luther (New York: Stein & Day Publishers, 1971). pp Erik, H. Erikson, Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History (New York: Norton, 1962). A Christian is a perfectly free lord of all, subject to none; a Christian is a perfectly dutiful servant of all, subject to all. (Luther, On the Freedom of a Christian) Timothy F. Lull, ed., Martin Luther s Basic Theological Writings (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1989), p.596. Gerhard Brendler, Martin Luther: Theology and Revolution (Oxford University Press, 1991), p.188.

4 178 vs. Worms Imperial Diet Protestantism the Church General Council Scholasticism Augustine of Hippo St. Paul 10 schools, universities Thomas Aquinas - 10 James Atkinson, The Trial of Luther (New York: Stein & Day Publishers, 1971), p.18 Kenneth Scott Latourette, A History of Christianity (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1953), pp

5 Duns Scotus ( ) William of Ockham ( ) 12 Erfurt Ockham Erasmus Erasmus Ockham 13 Disputation against the Scholastic Theology Justification by Faith the Sin Disputation against the Scholastic Theology sola gratia (only grace) 11 Atkinson, op. cit., pp pagan Brendler, op. cit., pp Atkinson, p Brendler, chapter 3 Erasmus Mathew Price, The Story of Christianity (New York: Dorling Kindersley Publishing, 1999), pp Fife, op. cit., chapters 4 & the Tower experience Dispution against the Scholastic Theology The Ninety-five Theses The just shall live by faith Brendler, op. cit., pp.62-3.

6 vs. The priesthood of all believers; Everyone be his own priest 17 Thomas Aquinas 18 ex opere operato 19 elements Leopold von Ranke 16 Brendler, op. cit., p Timothy F. Lull, ed., Martin Luther s Basic Theological Writings (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1989), pp Thomas Aquinas Kenneth Scott Latourette, A History of Christianity (New York: Harper & Row, 1953), p.513.

7 Alexander of Hales Thomas Aquinas 20 Christian liberty 21 Wittenberg Frederick the Wise canon law Cardinal Cajetan Augsburg Augsburg hearing 20 Leopold von Ranke, History of the Reformation in Germany, v.1 (New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing, 1972), pp Milton Viorst, ed., The Great Documents of Western Civilization (New York: Barns & Nobles, 1994), document 28, p90.

8 Leipzig debate Frederick the Wise John Eck University of Wittenberg Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt Leipzig debate Bull Exsurge Domine General Council 23 University of Wittenberg University of Wittenberg Leo X Bull Decet Romanum Pontificat 24 Imperial Diet at Worms Aleander 22 Augsburg hearing Atkinson, op. cit., pp An Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation The Babylonian Captivity of the Church The Freedom of a Christian 24 the Roman curse Atkinson, op. cit., pp

9 Frederick the Wise Wartburg 26 Wittenberg Atkinson, op. cit., pp Hans J. Hillerbrand, The Reformation: A Narrative History Related by Contemporary Observers and Participants (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1964), pp Brendler Brendler, op. cit., p Ranke, op. cit., p.336.

10 184 Thomas Muntzer Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt 28 Muntzer 29 Muntzer Leipzig Frankfurt Zwickau 30 ecstatic vision Munzter Saxony Muntzer Karlstadt University of Wittenberg Ranke, op. cit., p Swabia The Twelve Articles Muntzer Thuringia Gerhard Brendler, p.286. Viorst, op. cit. pp Harold J. Grimm, The Reformation Era , 2nd edition (New York: Macmillan Publishers, 1973), p Zwickau Thuringen Muhlhausen Ibid. 32 Brendler, op. cit., p On Secular Authority Leopold von Ranke Ranke, op. cit., p.353. Brendler op. cit., p.95.

11 Swabia Admonition to Peace, Concerning the Twelve Articles of the Swabian Peasants Admonition to Peace 36 Against the Robbing and Murderous Hords of Peasants 34 Admonition to Peace: Reply to the Twelve Articles of the Swabian Peasants, Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary Publications Luther Reading Project ( 35 Ibid. 36 Gerhard Brendler Brendler Ibid., chap. 12. Ranke (op. cit., p.353) Oberman (op. cit., p.289) Ranke

12 Muntzer Karlstadt Against the Heavenly Prophets 37 Brendler, op. cit., p bibliolater prince-worshipper A. G. Dickens, The German Nation and Martin Luther (London: Edward Arnold Publishers, 1974), p.125. Doctor Luder Doctor Liar 39 Brendler, op. cit., p Quoted by Preserved Smith, The Age of the Reformation (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1955) George Sabine and Thomas Thorson, A History of Political Theory (Hinsdale, Illinois: Dryden Press, 1973), p.338.

13 Dr. Karlstadt 41 Muntzer Karlstadt Muntzer Doctor Luder, Doctor Liar Dickens, op. cit., p Brendler, op. cit., p Viorst, op. cit., pp

14 188 Admonition to Peace

15 Gelasius Boniface VIII Bull Unam Sanctum Dom Charles Poulet, A History of Catholic Church (London: B. Herder Book Co., 1956), p /

16 190 Lectures on the Romans On Secular Authority To What Extent it Should be Obeyed? Imperial Diet at Worms Wittenberg Wilhelm Pauck ed., Lectures on the Romans, pp.xx-xxi. 49 Ibid., p Ibid. 51 Zwei-Reche Zwei-Regimente-Lehre W.D.J. Cargill Thompson, The Political Thought of Martin Luther (Totowa, New Jersey: Barnes & Noble Books, 1984), chapter III. 52 Harro Höpfl, Luther and Calvin On Secular Authority, Cambridge Texts in the History of Political

17 Doctrine of the Two Swords imperium sacerdotium 54 John, Duke of Saxony Frederick the Wise passive obedience Thought Series (Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp Ibid., p St. Gelasius I Anastasius Brian Tierney, The Crisis of Church and State (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1964), pp George Duke of Saxony Höpfl. op. cit., pp.ix-x. 56 Ibid., pp Ibid., p.39.

18 Prologue to the Babylonian Captivity of the Church 58 Admonition to peace (the peasants part).

19 Leo X Imperial Diet at Worms - -

20 Imperial Diet at Worms Frederick the Wise the Pope of Wittenberg 59 W.D.J. Cargill Thompson Thompson Thompson, The Political Thought of Martin Luther, chapter VIII, Church and State, p.119.

21 Atkinson, James The Trial of Luther. New York: Stein & Day Publishers. Dickens, A. G The German Nation and Martin Luther. London: Edward Arnold Publishers. Erikson, Erik, H Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History. New York: Norton. Fife, Robert H The Revolt of Martin Luther. Columbia University Press. Grimm, Harold J The Reformation Era nd edition. New York: Macmillan Publishers. Hillerbrand, Hans J The Reformation: A Narrative History Related by Contemporary Observers and Participants. New York: Harper & Row Publishers. Höpfl, Harro Luther and Calvin on Secular Authority. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought Series. Cambridge University Press. Latourette, Kenneth Scott A History of Christianity. New York: Harper & Row Publishers. Lull, Timothy F. ed Martin Luther s Basic Theological Writings. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. Pauck, Wilhelm. trans. & ed The Library of Christian Classics, Vol. XV, Luther: Lecture on Romans. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. Poulet, Dom Charles A History of Catholic Church. London: B. Herder Book Co. Price, Mathew The Story of Christianity. New York: Dorling Kindersley Publishing. Sabine, George and Thomas Thorson A History of Political Theory. Hinsdale, Illinois: Dryden Press. Smith, Preserved The Age of the Reformation. New York: Henry Holt & Company. Tierney, Brian The Crisis of Church and State. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Thompson, W. D. J The Political Thought of Martin Luther. Totowa, New Jersey: Barnes & Noble Books. Viorst, Milton. ed The Great Documents of Western Civilization. New York: Barns & Nobles. von Ranke, Leopold History of the Reformation in Germany, v.1 New York:

22 196 Frederick Ungar Publishing. Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary Publications Luther Reading Project ( wels.net). Admonition to Peace: Reply to the Twelve Articles of the Swabian Peasants.

23 Princes are gods, and People are Satan : the Political Theology of Martin Luther in the German Reformation Sy-shyan Chen * Abstract Martin Luther is as controversial as a personality as the founder of the German Reformation. Appearing as a liberal figure devoted to the confrontation with the Roman See, he released the Germans from the yoke of doctrinal dogmatism on the one hand and the complex liturgical ceremonialism on the other. He destroyed the Vatican Scholasticism and ecclesiasticism at the same time on the German territory. But such a stern, powerful champion of Christian liberty and innate conscience should have had no mercy at all towards those poor peasants who tried to transform thereligious movement into a social one. This article is intended as a tentative exploration on the Lutheran political theology with a focus on his apparent inheritance of the Biblical separation of the earthly and the sacred. Yet emphasis is placed upon the contradictions he was forced into when he called on the German nobilities for help in the spiritual matter and then again in the crackdown of the subsequent social unrests. It thus can be pointed out that Luther has been using the temporal arms whenever it is necessary and expedient, contrary to his avowed position of the doctrine of the two swords. And this may be seen less as an inconsistency in Luther s politics than a holistic envisioning of the world under God in his theology. Key words: Martin Luther, political theology, church-state, reformation, peasant war *Professor, Department of Political Theory, National Taiwan University.

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儒家財富思想與經濟發展

儒家財富思想與經濟發展 * * Max Weber Abstract Max Weber and many modern scholars have discussed the relations between East Asian economic development and Confucian ethic fervently. The present article examines their arguments