文化部門中的非部會公共機構：從歐洲國家博物館組織再造看行政法人化

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1 pathuang@mail.tnnua.edu.tw 5

2 6 2003: 49, : : : a, 2006b : :

3 agency 2006: a, 2006b : : : a, 2003b : : van Thiel, quango quasi-autonomous non-govern- 7

2003a, 2003b 2004 2005: 90 2003 2003 2004 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003

4 mental organization Engelsman, 2006: Hans Sloane Robert Cotton Robert Harvery Miller, 1973: Miller, 1973: , Royal Society Royal Academy British Academy Society of Antiquarian of London 4 5 British Museum Act, 1963 Miller, 1973: 358 the first corporate museum in the world Wilson, 1989: 13 Department of Culture, Media and Sport DCMS 14 Treasury Meeting 4 5 8

Society of Antiquarian of London 4 5 British Museum Act, 1963 Miller, 1973: 358 the first corporate

5 DCMS grant-in-aid Management Statement Financial Memorandum 1988/ National Audit Office Museums and Galleries Commission 1988 MGC, 1988: MGC, 1988: 5 arm, s length principle 1946 Arts Council 1984 Heritage Memorial Fund Civil Service, 2006: i Commissioners of Bankruptcy 1694 Bank of England 1753 Macleavy & Gay, 2005: 8 quango quasi-autonomous nongovernmental organization Leo Pliatsky 1980 NDPB Non- Departmental Public body Pliatzky, 1992: 555 Independent Monitoring Boards /07/01 3 Leo Pliztaky 1980 Non-Departmental Bodies 1992: quango 1992: Flynn NDPB quango quango 2002: 24 Pliatzky quango 1988 Pliztaky 9

quasi-autonomous nongovernmental organization Leo Pliatsky 1980 NDPB Non- Departmental Public body Pliatzky, 1992: 555 Independent Monitoring Boards 3 2 http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/documents/pdf/public_bodies/publicbodies2006.

6 Macleavy & Gay, 2005: Dunsire, Robin Ibbs Improving Management in Government: The Next Steps 1988 Vehicle Inspectorate % Duggett, Pick, 1988; Chartrand, 1989 DCMS Civil Service, 2006: v Royal Parks 70% Civil Service, 2003 & /07/01 5 National Gallery 1824 National Portrait Gallery Tate National Gallery Act 1992body corporate Museums and Galleries Act 1992 Wallace Collection 1897 Treasury Meeting /07/ /07/01 10

7 Flinders & Smith, 1998; van Thiel, 2001 DCMS % British Council, 2004: DCMS /03/ DCMS 95% DCMS, 2007: 6 11

8 van der Sman, 2001: Wright, 1990 van Dulken, 1997 Engelsman, 1996: 49-50; 2006: Court of Audit MECS, 1994: Kröeller-Müeller Delta Plan for the Preservation of the Cultural Heritage Talley, 1999 MECS, 1994: 4; Engelsman, 1996: Rijksmuseum Amsterdam Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde Van Gogh Museum Kröeller-Müeller private legal personality external autonomy MECS, 1994: Engelsman, 1996: 51 MECS, 1994:

1994: 4; Engelsman, 1996: 50 17 Rijksmuseum Amsterdam Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde Van Gogh Museum

9 National Museums and Museum Services Autonomous Status Act foundation board of trustees MECS, 1994: 18 Rijksmuseum, 2006 MECS, 1994: 18 Engelsman, 2006: Vollebergh & Laan, 1995: 17 9 NME, 2003: 53; NME, 2004: 51; Engelsman, 2006: Engelsman, 2006: 41; MECS, 1994: 20 MECS, 1994: 21; Vollebergh & Laan, 1995: 8 1 National Building Agency ASB Engelsman, 2006: 41; Vollebergh & Laan, 1995: 7 newsletter MECS, 1994: 23 13

53; NME, 2004: 51; Engelsman, 2006: 38 30 Engelsman, 2006: 41; MECS, 1994: 20 MECS, 1994: 21; Vollebergh & Laan,

10 Vollebergh & Laan, 2005: 14 3,000 Engelsman, 1996: 52 Flynn, 2002: 25; Pliatzky, 1992:557 hybrid 30 Museo del Prado Paolucci, Vazquez, , Las Meninas Holo, 1999: Bradley, 1996 Museo Nacional Reina Sofia Holo, Eduardo Serra advisory body 14

2001 1936 1975 3,500 1993 1994 Las Meninas Holo, 1999: 32-33 1991 1996 5

11 semi-autonomous de la Rosa, Suffield, 2003 Riding, Suffield, Suffield, 2004 Direction des Musées de France Réunion des Musées Nationaux Musée des Antiquités Nationales Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye /06/29 15

des Musées Nationaux Musée des Antiquités Nationales Château de

12 Ajmone Marsan, 1993; Hugh, 2004: Clifford,1989; Weight, Etablissements Publics à caract ère Administratif EPA Etablissements Publics public law entity EPA Marine & van Thiel, 2005 EPA Benhamou, 1998: 101 Gombault, 2002 EPA 45% Hugh, 2004: EPA Musée Guimet Benhamou, Riding, 2003 Jean- Jacques Aillagon Aillagon Michelon, 2003: High Museum of Art 1,000 16

2005 EPA Benhamou, 1998: 101 Gombault, 2002 EPA 45% Hugh, 2004: 32 1995 EPA Musée Guimet Benhamou, 1998

13 17 3 Sabulis, 2004 EPA EPA 2 2.

14 Flinders & Smith, 1998; Flynn, 2002: 25; van Thiel, 2001 Parliament and Constitution Centre Macleavy & Gay, Engelsman, 2006: National Museum of Science and Industry Décret no /03/05 18

National Museum of Science and Industry 15 4 5 5 Décret no 2003-1300 9 9

15 EPA DCMS Foreign and Commonwealth Office 5 2 Civil Service, 2006: xii 30% Oliver, 1999; Hugh, 2004: % IJNL, 2002 DCMS Maddison, 2004 Alexander, 1999 Wu, Igarashi, 2004 BM, 2001; Tate, 2005 NHM,

2002 90% IJNL, 2002 DCMS Maddison, 2004 Alexander, 1999

16 20 Wilson, 2002:

17 : (6): a 143: b 144: a 90: b 91: : (2): : (3): OECD 42(2): (36): Executive NDPBs : :

144: 3-17 2006a 90: 171-227 2006b 91: 247-327 2003 146: 28-47 2001 2003 2003 2003 17(2):

18 (1): Ajmone Marsan, G., Spreading the gloire around. The Art Newspaper, 26: 8-9. Alexander, V., A delicate balance: Museums and the market-place. Museums International, No.202, l.51(2): Benhamou, F., The contradictions of désétatisation: Museums in France. In: P. Boorsma, A. van Hemel, N. van der Wielen (Eds.), Privatization and Culture, pp Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. British Council, council.org/si_november04.doc 2008/03/22. British Museum Act, London. British Museum, British Museum Funding Agreement April 2001-March London: British Museum. Bradley, K., The great socialist experiment: Spain, s cultural policy toward the arts. Art in America, 84 (2): Chartrand, H., The arm, s length principle: An international perspective -past, present and future. Who, s to pay for the arts? In: M. C. Cummings & J. M. D. Schuster (Eds.), The International Search for Models of Arts Support. NY: American Council for the Arts. Civil Service, Civil Service Statistics 2003 Annual Report. London /archive/2003/civil_service.asp 2008/07/ Civil Service Statistics 2004 Annual Report. London. statistics/archive/2004/civil_service.asp 2008/07/ Public Bodies. London. ents/pdf/public_bodies/publicbodies2 006.pd 2008/07/01. Clifford, T., Le Grand Louvre. Museums Journal, 89 (5): Department for Culture, Media and Sport, DCMS Public Bodies Directory London: DCMS. Décret no du 26 Décembre 2003 Portant Création de l, Etablissement Public du Musée d, Orsay /mediatheque/integration_mo/pdf/ DecretOrsay.pdf 2008/03/05 Duggett, M., The Evolution of the United Kingdom Civil Service /about/do/evolution/index.asp 2008/07/01 Dunsire, A., Administrative theory in the 1980s: A viewpoint. Public Administration, 73 (Spring 1995): Engelsman, S., Dutch national museums go private. Museums International, No. 192, 48(4): Privatization of museums in the Netherlands: Twelve years later. Museum International, No. 232, 58(4): Flinders, M. & Smith, M., Quangos, Accountability and Reform: The Politics of Quasi-Government. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Flynn, N., Public Sector Management (Fourth Edition). Essex: Pearson Education Limited 22

Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. British Council, 2004. http://www.british council.org/si_november04.doc 2008/03/22. British Museum Act, 1963. London. British Museum, 2001.

19 Gombault, A., Organizational Saga of a Superstar Museum. International Journal of Arts Management, 4(3): Hugh, E., The French Revolution. Museums Journal, Feb 2004: Holo, S. R., Beyond the Prado: Museums and Identity in Democratic Spain. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. Igarashi, K., Developments in museum management in Japan. ICOM News, 2004 (2): 4 IJNL, New rules for tax treatment of donations of works of art. International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law, 5(1). Macleavy, J. & Gay, O., The Quango Debate. London: Parliament and Constitution Centre Research Paper 05/30. House of Commons Library. Maddison, D., Causality and museum subsidies. Journal of Cultural Eco-nomics, 28: Marine, A. & van Thiel, S., Mapping the field of quasi-autonomous organisations in France and Italy. International Public Management Journal, 8(1): Michelon, O., The Louvre is looking for sponsors. The Art Newspaper, 139:14. Miller, E., The Noble Cabinet: A History of the British Museum. London: Andre Deutsch Limited. Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, Autonomy for the National Museums and Museum Services in the Netherlands. Rijswijk. Museums and Galleries Act, London. Museums & Galleries Commission, The National Museums: The National Museums and Galleries of the United Kingdom. London: HMSO. National Museum of Ethnology Leiden, Annual Report Leiden: National Museum of Ethnology Annual Report Leiden: National Museum of Ethnology. Natural History Museum, Natural History Museum Funding Agreement, 2005/6-2007/8. London: Natural History Museum. Oliver, G., Corporate sponsorship: A sea change for French museums. Museum International, No. 202, 51(2): Paolucci, A., Great Museums of Europe. Italy: Skira. Pick, J., The Arts in a State: A Study of Government Policies from Ancient Greece to the Present. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press. Pliatzky, L., QUANGOS and agencies. Pubic Administration, 70 (Winter 1992): Riding, A., 26/01/2002. Very discretely, the Prado expands. New York Times. 06/12/2003. A Louvre revolution. International Herald Tribune. Rijksmuseum, Rijksmuseum Annual Report. Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum. de la Rosa, Y., Upheaval at the Prado. /rosa/rosa asp 2008/06/29 Sabulis, T., 27/06/2004. A tale of overseas courtship and art collaborative Coup. Atlanta Journal and Constitution. Suffield, L., Prado treasures + efficiency. The Art Newspaper, 132: Newer, more flexible Prado in sight. The Art Newspaper, 146:

ICOM News, 2004 (2): 4 IJNL, 2002. New rules for tax treatment of donations of works of art. International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law, 5(1). Macleavy, J. & Gay, O., 2005. The Quango Debate.

20 Talley, M. K. Jr., The Delta plan: A nationwide rescue operation. Museums International, No.201, 51(1): Tate, Tate Funding Agreement /2008. London: Tate. Van Thiel, S., Quangos: Trends, Causes and Consequences. London: Ashgate. Van der Sman, M. S., Introduction. In: F. Kuyvenhoven (Ed.), Developments in Dutch Museum Policy, pp Amsterdam. Van Dulken, H., The Netherland, s approach to privatisation and culture. Paper presented in the 1997 Circle Table Privatization/Désétatisation and Culture: Limitations and Opportunities for Cultural Development in Europe? Amsterdam: The Netherlands. Vazquez, O. E., Inventing the Art Collection: Patrons, Market and the State in the Nineteenth-Century Spain. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania University Press. Vollebergh, H. R. J. & Laan, R., Incentives and Efficiency in the Museum Market: The Case of Regulatory Reform of Dutch State Museums. Unpublished Research Memoranda 9501, Rotterdam: Erasmus School of Economics. Weight, A., An optimistic museum. Museums Journal, 89 (5): Wilson, D., The British Museum: Purpose and Politics. London: British Museum Publications The British Museum: A History. London: British Museum Press. Wright, P., Shedding responsibilities. Museums Journal, 1990 (May): Wu, C-T., Privatising Culture: Corporate Art Invention Since the 1980s. London: Verso

Van Dulken, H., 1997. The Netherland, s approach to privatisation and culture.

21 Museology Quarterly, 22(4): 5-25 Non-Departmental Public Bodies under the Department of Culture: The New Status of National Museums in Europe Patricia Huang* Abstract The administrative changes in Japan, s national museums have been closely observed by Taiwan, s museum sector, which is set to undergo its own reforms. Many national museums in Europe, where tight state control and stable subsidies have been time-honored practices, have also experienced management shake-ups in the past few years. Since UK, s Agency and Non-Departmental Public Body (formerly known as QUANGO) are the models often mentioned in discussions on reform, these two categories of organizations merit in-depth study. The aims of this study are, using the example of England, s national museums, to illustrate the characteristic features of Non-Departmental Public Body and Agency, and to discuss the different purposes they may serve under the Department of Culture, as well as to examine the recent status changes among national museums in the Netherlands, Spain and France, and to analyze their newly-gained flexibility in budgeting and daily operations. The results indicate that most countries adopt organizational structures similar to that of the UK, s NDPB, and expect museums to meet quantitative targets in exchange for continuing financial support. In order for the NDPB model to be implemented more smoothly and efficiently, the qualifications of trustees, subsidy ratios, and performance evaluations need to be designed and reviewed by all involved parties. Keywords: re-organization, non-departmental public body, agency, national museum, Department of Culture *Assistant Professor, Graduate Institute of Museology, Tainan National University of the Arts; pathuang@mail.tnnua.edu.tw 25

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