运动系统 locomotora system

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1 The Locomotor System 运动系统 Feb JING LI

2 运动系统 locomotor system 骨学 Osteology 关节学 Arthrology 肌学 Skeletal muscle

3 教学进度 1. 骨学和关节学总论 ; 躯干骨及其连结 4 2. 上肢骨及其连结 4 3. 下肢骨及其连结 4 4. 颅骨及其连结 4 5. 肌学 2

4 Osteology 骨学

5 The general description The shape and classification of bone The structure of bones The chemical and physical properties of bones Function: movement, support, protection, blood cell formation

6 The general description 颅骨 (29 块 ) skull 躯干骨 (51 块 ) Bones of trunk 四肢骨 (126 块 ) Bones of limbs 脑颅骨 (8) 面颅骨 (15) 听小骨 (6) 椎骨 (24) 骶骨 (1) 尾骨 (1) 胸骨 (1) 肋骨 (24) 胸 ( 肩 ) 带骨 (4) 上肢骨 (60) 盆 ( 髋 ) 带骨 (2) 下肢骨 (60)

7 * tip 各部骨数目各骨数目分开记脑面颅骨二十三四肢一百二十六还有六块体积小记住位置就容易躯干总共五十一全身骨头基本齐藏在中耳鼓室里

8 The general description 长骨 long bone The shape and classification of bone 关节面 Articular surface 不规则骨 irregular bone 骨干 diaphysis 骺线 epiphysial line 骺 epiphysis 短骨 short bone 扁骨 flat bone

9 The general description The shape and classification of bone 长骨 long bone 短骨 short bone 扁骨 flat bone 不规则骨 irregular bone 含气骨 pneumatic bone 籽骨 sesamoid bone

10 The general description Individual bone structure Bony substance 骨质 : 骨密质 compact bone 骨松质 spongy bone Periosteum 骨膜 : 分内外两层 bone marrow 骨髓 : red marrow 红骨髓 yellow marrow 黄骨髓板障 diploe: 颅盖骨内外板之间的松质

11 The general description Chemical composition and physical properties chemical components: 有机质 : 骨胶原纤维和粘多糖蛋白等无机质 : 碱性磷酸钙 ( 钙盐 ) physical characteristics: 不同年龄阶段骨的化学成分与物理特性的关系年龄有机质 : 无机质物理特性幼儿 1:1 弹性大, 柔软, 易发生变形和青枝骨折成年人 3:7 硬度大, 有一定的弹性, 较坚韧, 抗压力强老年人 2:8 脆性大, 易发生骨折

12 axial skeleton 中轴骨骼躯干骨 The bones of trunk 椎骨 (24) vertebrae 骶骨 (1) sacrum 尾骨 (1) coccyx 胸骨 (1) sternum 肋 (12 对 ) costal bone 颅 skull

13 The bones of trunk Vertebrae 椎骨组成幼年颈椎 7 胸椎 12 腰椎 5 骶椎 5 尾椎 3~4 成年 26 骶骨 1 尾骨 1 椎体 Vertebral body 椎弓根 Pedicle 椎弓板 Lamina 棘突 Spinous process 椎弓 Vertebral arch 椎孔 Vertebral foramen 横突 Transverse process 关节突 Articular process 椎管 vertebral canal:( 围成内容 ) 椎间孔 intervertebral foramina( 围成内容 )

14 The bones of trunk:vertebrae cervical vertebrae 颈椎特点 : 椎体小, 椎孔较大, 横突有孔 -- 横突孔 transverse foramen, C2-6 棘突末端分叉齿突寰椎 atlas 枢椎 axis C3-7

15 The bones of trunk:vertebrae thoracic vertebrae 胸椎特点 : 椎体从上往下逐渐增大, 横断面呈心形 ; 有横突肋凹与肋结节, 上下肋凹与肋头相关节 ; 棘突呈叠瓦状排列上肋凹上关节突下肋凹横突肋凹下关节突

16 The bones of trunk:vertebrae lumbar vertebrae 腰椎特点 : 椎体粗壮, 横断面呈肾形 ; 棘突宽而短, 呈板状后伸, 棘突间间隙宽穿刺

17 The bones of trunk:vertebrae sacrum 骶骨和 coccyx 尾骨岬 promontory 骶管骶正中嵴耳状面骶前孔横线骶骨骶后孔尾骨骶角 Sacral cornu 骶管裂孔 ( 骶管麻醉标志 ) Sacral hiatus

18 The bones of trunk Sternum 胸骨分胸骨柄胸骨体和剑突锁切迹颈静脉切迹胸骨角胸骨角 sternal angle :( 组成意义 )

19 The bones of trunk Ribs 肋组成 : 肋骨 (costal bone) 和肋软骨 (costal cartilage),12 对真肋 true ribs:1-7 对, 前端与胸骨相连假肋 false ribes:8-10 对, 前端借肋软骨与上位肋软骨相连, 形成肋弓 (costal arch) 浮肋 floating ribs:11 12 对, 肋前缘游离于腹壁肌层中

20 The bones of trunk costal bone 肋骨 Flat bone, 分为体和前后两端肋体 Shaft of rib 肋颈 costal neck 肋头 costal head ( 与胸椎肋凹相关节 ) 肋结节 costal tubercle ( 与横突肋凹相关节 ) 肋软骨 costal cartilage 位于各肋骨前端, 由透明软骨构成, 终身不骨化

21 Arthrology 关节学

joint); 透明软骨结合 (synchondrosis) 纤维软骨结合 (symphysis) 骨性结合

22 Arthrology The general description 直接连结纤维连结 (fibrous joint); 韧带 (syndesmosis) 缝 (suture) 软骨连结 (cartilaginous joint); 透明软骨结合 (synchondrosis) 纤维软骨结合 (symphysis) 骨性结合 (synostosis); 间接连结又称为关节 (articulation) 或滑膜关节 (synovial joint) 纤维软骨韧带

23 Arthrology synovial joint 基本构造 1. 关节面 articular surface 关节头关节窝关节软骨 2. 关节囊 articular capsule 外层纤维膜 fibrous capsule 内层滑膜 synovial membrane 3. 关节腔 articular cavity 关节囊滑膜层和关节面共同围成的密闭腔隙

24 Arthrology synovial joint 辅助结构 1. 韧带 ligament 囊外韧带囊内韧带 2. 关节盘和关节唇 articular disc and labrum 3. 滑膜襞和滑膜囊 synovial fold and bursa

25 Arthrology synovial joint 辅助结构 1. 韧带 ligament 囊外韧带囊内韧带 2. 关节盘和关节唇 articular disc and labrum 3. 滑膜襞和滑膜囊 synovial fold and bursa

26 Arthrology 辅助结构 synovial joint 1. 韧带 ligament 囊外韧带囊内韧带 2. 关节盘和关节唇 articular disc and labrum 3. 滑膜襞和滑膜囊 synovial fold and bursa 滑膜襞 : 关节的滑膜表面积大于纤维层, 重叠卷褶, 并突向关节腔而形成内含脂肪和血管即成滑膜脂垫滑膜囊 synovial bursa: 滑膜从纤维膜缺如处或薄弱处作囊状膨出, 充填于肌腱与骨面之间形成

27 Arthrology Movement of the joint (diarthroses) 曲 flexion / 伸 extension (in the coronal axis) 收 adduction / 展 abduction (in the sagittal axis) 旋转 rotation (in the vertical axis or around its own axis) 环转 circumduction (around 2 or 3 axis) 旋前 pronation / 旋后 supination (only for forearm) 内翻 inversion / 内翻 eversion

28 Arthrology Flexion and extension (in the coronal axis)

29 Arthrology Flexion and extension (in the coronal axis) eversion and Inversion

30 Arthrology Adduction and abduction (in the sagittal axis)

31 Arthrology Rotation (in the vertical axis or around its own axis) Pronation / supination

32 Arthrology Classification of synovial joints According to the axis 1. 单轴关节 The uniaxial joints a) 滑车关节 Hinge joint only flexion and extension. e.g. 指间关节 b) 车轴关节 Pivot joint rotation around a long axis. e.g. 桡尺近侧关节

33 Arthrology Classification of synovial joints According to the axis 2. 双轴关节 The biaxial joints a) 椭圆关节 Ellipsoid joint (condyloid joint) b) 鞍状关节 Saddle joints (sellar joint) flexion / extension, adduction / abduction, circumduction. e.g. 桡腕关节 ; 拇指腕掌关节

34 Arthrology Classification of synovial joints According to the axis 3. 多轴关节 The polyaxial joints a) 平面关节 plane joint (gliding joint) : e.g. 腕骨间关节 b) 球窝关节 ball-and socket joint / spheroid joint : e.g. 肩关节膝关节 etc flexion / extension, adduction / abduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction.

35 Arthrology Classification of synovial joints 车轴关节鞍状关节椭圆关节球窝关节滑车关节

36 vertebral column 脊柱椎骨间连接躯干骨的连结 1 锥体间连接椎间盘 intervertebral disc: 髓核 nucleus pulposus 和纤维环 anulus fibrosus 前纵韧带 anterior longitudinal ligament 后纵韧带 posterior longitudinal ligament 椎间盘 intervertebral( 位置组成 )

37 vertebral column 脊柱椎骨间连接 2 锥弓间连接 1). 黄韧带 Ligamenta flava 2). 棘间韧带 Interspinal ligaments 3). 棘上韧带 Supraspinal ligaments 项韧带 Ligaments nuchae 4). 横突间韧带 Intertransverse ligaments 5). 关节突关节 Zygapophysial joints

38 寰枕关节 Atlantooccipital joint 寰枢关节 Atlantoaxial joint 枕骨寰椎枢椎

39 vertebral column 组成 : 锥骨 24, 骶骨 1, 尾骨 1, 软骨, 韧带和关节连接长度 : 成人 70cm (M), 60cm (F) 前侧后

40 Function of the vertebral column 1 支柱承重 2 参与胸廓骨盆的组成 3 容纳保护脊髓等 4 运动

41 thorax cage 胸廓组成 : 胸椎 12, 肋 12 对, 胸骨 1 及其连接构成的关节 : 肋椎关节 costalvertebral joint 胸肋关节 sternocostal 肋弓 ( 连结 ) Costal arch; 剑肋角

42 thorax cage 胸廓构成的关节 : 肋椎关节 costalvertebral joint: 肋头关节 joint of costal head 肋横突关节 costotransverse joint 胸肋关节 sternocostal joint: 第 2-7 肋软骨与胸骨肋切迹构成

43 thorax cage 胸廓形态 : 圆锥形胸廓上口 : 第一胸椎体第一肋胸骨柄胸廓下口 : 第 12 胸椎体 11,12 肋肋弓剑突

运动系统 locomotora system

运动系统 locomotora system 2013-14 春夏基础医学导论 The Locomotor System 运动系统 Feb. 24. 2014 JING LI derfreiefall@zju.edu.cn Department of Human Anatomy http://course.zju.edu.cn/rtjpx/ 人体的标准解剖学姿势身体直立面向前, 两眼向前方平视两足并立, 足尖向前上肢下垂于躯干两侧, 手掌向前描述任何结构时均应以此为标准