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Modern Chinese History Studies No. 3, 2005 A Supplement to Evidential Studies of the 1895Joint Petition of Imperial Examination Candidates to the Emperor M ao Haijian (1) The Joint Petition of Imperial Examination Candidates to the Emperorhas always been regarded as a matter of consequence in modern Chinese history, and the main historical materials concerning it are drawn from Kang Youwei s My History. Since the 1970s, pioneering scholars such as Huang Zhangjian, Kong Xiangji, Wang Shuzi, Wang Fan, Jiang Ming and Ouyang Yuefeng have criti2 cized this and published a series of articles on the subject over a period of time. However, they have not completely changed academia s basic views. Based on records in the China Number One Historical Archives and published documents, the author reviews the background, execution and degree of influence of the Joint Petition of Imperial Examination Candidates to the Emperor from the an2 gle of high2level political policy2making. The article tries to show that there are two different Joint Petitions of Imperial Examination Candidates to the Emper2 or : one was initiated by the upper levels of the government and organized by of2 ficials in the capital, consisting of as many as 31 petitions signed by 1555 imperial degree holders. This joint petition was presented to the Emperor. The other was organized by Kang Youwei and co2signed by degree holders from 18 provinces. This joint petition was an aborted political incident. The article also illustrates that there are many mistakes in My History and that it is an unreliable source. However, through this kind of unreliable historical record, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao successfully wrote their own histories and had them accepted by many historians. Difference in Similarity : A Re2consideration of t he Cont roversy over Problems and DoctrinesL uo Zhitian (44) Though the controversy overproblems and doctrinesdid not last for a long time, it touched on some focal issues of the time, and reflected the unusually rich and active dynamics of Chinese intellectual circles before and after the May Fourth Movement, showing in particular the mixed factions and confused bound2 aries which important characteristics thereof. A concern oversocialrevolution or reform was pervasive at the time, and all governmental and non2governmental circles thought that it was inevitable, including even the Anfu Clique. Such a similarity between the views of governmental and non2governmental circles made thenew Press Circledesire a certain amount ofdifferentiation in order to es2 tablish its own character. Some ideas which later periods saw as conflicting were not considered to be necessarily contradictory by people involved at the time. On the contrary, they saw such ideas as sharing common points. For a time, the 1