29 2 179 ~ 197 2013 6 EARTHQUAKE RESEARCH IN CHINA Vol. 29 No. 2 Jun. 2013 2013 29 2 179 ~ 197 5 100045 128 3 132 134 1001-4683 2013 02-0179-19 P315 A 0 17 3 1724 ~ 1805 1889 1882 ~ 1955 2012-10-16 2013-01-02 40644019 1941 Email fr97214@ sina. com
180 29 Ichizo Hattori1851 ~ 1929 John Milne1850 ~ 1913 1875 ~ 1880 1883 1892 1894 Herbert-Gustar et al1980 1897 2000 Milne 1883 1893 ~ 1929 1917 1889 ~ 1971 1924 1901 ~ 1980 1931 1924 1945 1912 ~ 1992 1936 1951 1963 2008 2006 2009 2011 2010 2010 1997 1 1. 1 78 ~ 139 25 57 ~ 88 91 89 132 1 90 20 2 36
2 181 3 92 4 31 103 97 5 105 117 6 110 30 7 121 9353 8 9 105 115 117 118 2500 10 2008 2 3 2 4 3 200 Claudius Ptolemaeus 90 ~ 170 2000 1. 2 2007 3. 1622 ~ 3. 1466 13 53 1956
182 29 1. 3 89 3 105 12 16 2 89 ~ 121 2006 109 111 115 121 3 123 5 6. 8 2006 121 10 10 2013 6-122 124 300km Ⅲ 35 -- 1998
2 183 2007 125 4869 13 105 1180 3 ~ 5 7 ~ 10 121 10 2 6 1 125 3 4 11 11 12 15 16 1 126 2 3 10 128 2 22 6 121 125 14 128 128
184 29 2009 132 8 128 4 7 133 134 2006a 502 ~ 561 1 2 2. 1 25 ~ 132 46 10 21 6 1983 2001 2013 1983 1 4 6 119 3 121 10-123 5 128 2 11 1 ~ 2 5 200km107 113 5 ~ 6 5 ~ 5 4 6 20 2 ~ 5 4 6 300km 1 Ⅲ + ~ Ⅳ 1 131 139
2 185 1 /.. 1 / 46. 10. 21 42 ** 6 2 / 76. 5. 2 5 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 92. 6. 9 4 92. 8. 8 13 5 > 240 km 93. 4. 7 95. 11. 8 4 97. 4. 8 105. 6. 19 107 18 5 ~ 6 > 280 km 108 12 5 ~ 5 > 230 km 110. 1. 12 9 5 ~ 5 > 200 km 110. 4. 14 4 5 > 130 km 110. 10. 2 111. 2. 1 10 5 ~ 5 > 200 km 113. 2. 6 18 5 ~ 6 > 280 km 114 15 5 > 250 km 115. 12. 11 10 5 ~ 5 > 200 km 116. 3. 1 ~ 3. 29 10 5 ~ 5 > 200 km 117. 1. 17 9 5 ~ 5 > 200 km 117 13 5 > 250 km 118 14 5 > 250 km 119. 3. 10 42 6 ~ 300km /121. 10. 10 120. 1. 17 8 5 ~ 5 120 23 5 ~ 6 120 ~ 121 35 6 ~ 300km - 122. 5. 23 ~ 6. 20 4-122. 8. 19 13 5-122. 10. 23 27 5 ~ 6-123. 5 32 6 ~ 7 124. 1. 6 4 124 23 5 ~ 6 ~ 320 km 125. 12. 15 16 5 ~ 280 km / 128. 2. 22 ** 6 /133. 6. 18 5 134. 12. 13 6 ~ 7 /136. 2. 18 5 / 138. 2. 6 ** 6 ** 18 2013 2013 1963 2005
186 29 1 2. 2 89 ~ 125 1 1 56 2005 59 13 19 2 136 144 1 134 2 128 143 2 133 136 3 128 138 143 4 133 134 136 138 128 6 2 2 2005 1976 1999 134
2 187 2008 1989 42 3 1 2 3 1998 2011 2012 3. 2m 1. 9m 2. 1 2. 5cm 3. 5g 2007 100 121 128 2. 3 136 124 2 1956 1991 2003 111 25 121 ~ 125 119 ~ 128 4 6 300 km1 Ⅲ + ~ Ⅳ
188 29 8 12 1998 2008 2 13 36 3 7 5 1 8 8 8 8 45 24 2008 22 1 280km 350km 600km 1703 J. de la Haute Feuille 4 a 8 1873 Von Lasaulx 8 4 b 8 Sleeswyk 1983 130 132 133
2 189 2 3 13 8 4 Sleeswyk 1983 a 1703 b 1873 8
190 29 John Milne 1894 1876 1880 Herbert-Gustar 1980 Alarm Seismoscope Milne 3 1998 2009 3 3. 1 19 19 20 21 2003 2006a 2006b 2006c Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅱ 1 300 ~ 500km 6 Ⅲ 134
2 191 Ⅲ 3 5 5 a b c d e f g 6 a 6 b 2010 3 5 f
192 29 6 a b 2010 Milne 1883 2008 1981 1993 4 3. 2 1783 Salsano Dewey 1969 600 1972 2006a 6 ~ 8mm 1gal 58 ~ 147 7 4 1976 2003 2008 1981 1993
2 193 7 8 8 QZY 9 9 1975 Milne 1883 1 2 3 4 1975
194 29 10 422kg 200g 2100 1 ~ 2mm 14 10 a b 4 4. 1 132 133 6 18 70 6
2 195 4. 2 126 1 234 12 4. 3 136 2 19 2003 2006a 2006b 2006c 2010 2007 5 4 6 3 132 134 2006 279 1998 190 1989 2003 19 4 358 ~ 376 2006a 134 28 6 654 ~ 668 2006b 1 ~ 15 2006c 25 52 ~ 74 2010 1 88 ~ 98
196 29 2013 35 5 2007 440 2001 5 20 ~ 23 1983 894 1889 1999 A 300 ~ 308 2010 276 2000 2008 27 3 378 ~ 387 1981 177 1945 7 2 21 ~ 28 1997 18 41 ~ 43 1976 2003 2005 1 ~ 18 2010 12 6 1993 1933 2 6 8 100 1991 1956 170 2008 7 22 ~ 24 1963 2 1 ~ 8 4 1 ~ 20 2005 24 4 291 ~ 318 2009 17 3 128 ~ 130 1924 26 ~ 27 2007 23 1 93 ~ 103 2011 30 1 77 ~ 94 1983 1998 14 439 ~ 486 2007 186 2007 13 3 73 ~ 78 2008 341 1975 238 ~ 242 1998 188 2009 1 ~ 137 2000 9 Dewey J Byerly P1969 The early history of seismometry to 1900 Bull Seism Soc Amer 59 1 183 ~ 227. Herbert-Gustar L K Nott P A 1980 John Milne Father of Modern Seismology. Tenterden Kent Paul Norbury Publications Ltd 1 ~ 90. Sleeswyk A W and Sivin V 1983Dragons and toads the Chinese seismoscope of A. D. 132 Chinese Science 6 1 ~ 19. Milne J 1883. Earthquakes and Other Earth MovementsLondon Kegan Paul TrenchTrubner and Co. Ltd. 1972 433 ~ 449
2 197 The birth of Zhang Heng's seismoscope Feng Rui Wu Yuxia China Earthquake Networks CenterBeijing 100045China Abstract The first seismometer in the world was invented in 132 AD by Zhang Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the birth of this instrument had strongly social and historical background. For Zhang Heng's scientific ideathe present authors would like to discuss its forming process and material basis. Zhang Heng lived in a highly developing period of culture and science in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The original pursue of studying and designing such instrument in ancientness was just a quite simple desire to observe nature anomalies for future prediction. The authors in this paper review briefly the social background at that timethe academic course of Zhang Heng and the historical process of the instrument creation. The paper also analyses the seismic activities in early Eastern Han Dynastyancient ideas for earthquakeas well as scientific activities carried in the ancient observatory Ling Tai. It appears that corresponding study work of the instrument started in about 128 AD. Based on his experience Zhang Heng came to two simple and unsophisticated concepts of earthquakei. e. the quake position could be judged according to its orientation and the earthquake should be distinguished seriously from landslip. Such perceptual knowledge was very significant and made the innovation following clearly after technical requirements. The general principle of Zhang Heng's making is to imitate the objective world as much as possible. The principle of his seismoscope includes the imitated response of hanging object to earthquakethe detecting technique of triggering bolter mechanismand the recording system realized by dragons spitting a ball. Successful settlements of above three key problems in science and technique made Zhang Heng's innovation completed. The birth of Zhang Heng's seismoscope indicated the first successful use of material inertia by mankindand had positive social effects in history. Key words The birth of seismoscope Zhang Heng Ancient idea for earthquake Seismic activities in early Eastern Han Dynasty Hanging object Trigger mechanism