2003 7 2004 1

Bible 1 Tanakh 1 -- http://www.cc.org.cn/ 2002 01 05 635

TANAK( ) I. (Torah) II. (Nevi'im) A. B. III. (Ketuvim) ( ) ( )

2 * 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2 ( ) ( ) (Septuagint 70 LXX (Jerome) (Vulgate) (Trent) ( 45 46 9)

2. 1801 Rosetta Stone Ebla 3.

(Hebrew) (Israelite) (Jew) (Israeli) Canaan Palestine Philistine Israel Ancient Middle East Mesopotamia Fertile Crescent

Bandstra, B. L. 1999, accompanying information CD-ROM. Elohim The LORD YHWH Yahweh

It is an art, not a science 1 11 12 50 2100 1800 1500 1200 900 600 300 0 11

1. (6000-4000 B.C.E.) Khirbet Duma (4000-3200 B.C.E.). (3200-2000 B.C.E.)

Ebih-il, 2400, Tello,. 2150 Lagash 2400 2050 6 Sakkara 2. (2000-1550 B.C.E.)

2000 1550 Tell Poleg 2000 1500 Sharon 12 50 13 14 Deir el-balah 13 1 (1550-1280 B.C.E.) 1280

10 Feiran 2. (1280-1020 B.C.E.) 40 40 Judges

12 1200. 1. (1020-922 B.C.E.) 1020 12

700 Jachin Boaz 7 21 2. (922-721 B.C.E.)

587 721 3. (721-587 B.C.E.) 721, 701 45 7 622 605

597 587. 587 2 587 Marc Chagall (1887-1985) 1923 1. (587-539 B.C.E.) 2

2. (539-333 B.C.E.) 539 538 520 515 SUSA, 6 445 432 3. (333 B.C.E.-70 C.E.) 333 ISSUS 198 Seleucus

Antiochus IV Epiphanes 80 Hasmonean 142 63 63 Pompey 37 4 70 ( 66-73 132-135 )

History of Israel Ahlstrom, Gosta (1993). The History of Ancient Palestine. Minneapolis: Augsburg/Fortress. Bright, John (1981). A History of Israel. 3d ed. Philadelphia: Westminster. Stands in the American tradition of biblical scholarship associated with W. F. Albright and G. E. Wright; takes an optimistic view of the Hebrew Bible's historical accuracy and scholars' ability to reconstruct history. Coote, Robert B. (1990). Early Israel: A New Horizon. Minneapolis: Augsburg/Fortress. Hayes, John H., and J. Maxwell Miller (1986). A History of Ancient Israel and Judah. Philadelphia: Westminster. Hayes, John H., and J. Maxwell Miller, eds. (1990). Israelite and Judean History. London : SCM Press; Philadelphia: Trinity Press International. Herrmann, Siegfried (1975). A History of Israel in Old Testament Times. Philadelphia: Fortress. Krentz, Edgar (1975). The Historical-Critical Method. Philadelphia: Fortress. Miller, J. Maxwell (1976). The Old Testament and the Historian. Philadelphia: Fortress. Shanks, Herschel, ed. (1988). Ancient Israel: A Short History from Abraham to the Roman Destruction of the Temple. Washington, DC: Biblical Archaeology Society. History and Culture of the Ancient World Bottéro, J. (1992). Mesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods. Chicago: University of Chicago. Cambridge Ancient History (1970-). 8 vols. 3d ed. London: Cambridge University. Dandamaev, M. A., and V. G. Lukonin (1989). The Culture and Social Institutions of Ancient Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University. Hallo, William W., and William K. Simpson (1971). The Ancient Near East: A History. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. Jacobsen, Thorkild (1976). The Treasures of Darkness: A History of Mesopotamian Religion. New Haven: Yale University. Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963). The Sumerians. Chicago: University of Chicago.

Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). The Ancient Near East c. 3000-330 BC. Routledge History of the Ancient World. London and New York: Routledge. Oppenheim, A. Leo (1977). Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago. Roaf, Michael, and N. Postgate, eds. (1990). Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East. New York and Oxford: Facts on File. Richly illustrated with photographs and charts to visualize the material culture and history of the ancient world. Roux, Georges (1980). Ancient Iraq. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University. Saggs, H. W. F. (1989). Civilization before Greece and Rome. New Haven, CT: Yale University. Snell, Daniel C. (1997). Life in the Ancient Near East 3100-332 B.C.E. New Haven, CT: Yale University. von Soden, Wolfram (1993). Introduction to the Ancient World. The Background of the Ancient Orient. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. Focuses on the cultures of Sumer, Babylonia, and Assyria from earliest times to the period of Hellenization. Covers the history of language and systems of writing, the state and society, nutrition and agriculture, artisanry, and trade and commerce. Wiseman, D. J., ed. (1973). Peoples of Old Testament Times. Oxford: Clarendon. A collection of essays on the peoples who interacted with Israel during the Old Testament period. Bandstra, B. L. Reading the Old Testament, An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible, 2 nd ed., Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1999.

8 31 2 3 ( 8 1) 25 4 19 7 8 15 1 see Baba Bathra 14b 34 5 12 12 10 20 20 1 18 26 6 11

. (1638-1712) Elohim 3 YHWH 4. 1684-1766 721 500 400 3 ~yhil{a/ royal plural 4 hw"hy> yn"doa] 10

1. (J) 961-922 ( 13 18 23 2) 15 18 21

2 4b-25 3 1 24 4 1 16 6 1 14 6 9 11 1 9 12 1 13 18 16 18 19 24 26 29 34 37 50 1 17 34 13 14

16 2. (E) 20 HOREB AMORITES BAAL

20 1 18 22 1 10 16b 19 32 22 32 37 50( ) 1 15 21 3:1-15( ) 13 17 18 19 1 9 20 1 17 20 18 23 33 24 1 18 32 33 11 12 22 24 3. (JE) 721 4. (D) 5. (P)

587 539 El Shaddai God Almighty 1 1 24 5:1-28,30-32 6-9 10 11 10 27 17 23 37 50

6 7 12 14 25 31 35 40 1 27 1 10 13 14 16 17-18 19 25 26 36 1. 5 2 3 4. 5 Noth Martin 1948 English translation 1972 by Bernhard W. Anderson A History of Pentateuchal Traditions Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall

6 5 7 8 6 9 7 10 11 1. 6 Cross Frank M., 1973, Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic Cambridge: Harvard University Press 7 Schmid H. H. 1976 Der sogenannte Jahwist Beobachtungen und Fragen zur Pentateuchforschung Zurich 8 Van Seters John 1975 Abraham in History and Tradition New Haven and London: Yale University Press 9 Rendtorff Rolf 1990 The Problem of the Process of Transmission in the Pentateuch Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement 89 Sheffield: Journal for the Study of the Old Testament German original, 1977 10 Whybray R. N. 1987 The Making of the Pentateuch. A Methodological Study Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement 53 Sheffield: Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 11 Alter Robert 1981 The Art of Biblical Narrative New York: Basic Books

1. 9 12 2. 17 11 3. 31 13 17 1 9 1 17 2 17 3 31 12 18 4 2.

12. (1581-1656) 4004 1 11 1656 290 969 20 33 38 6 1 215 430 12 40 480 6 1 964 1444 1 11 1290 1224 1280 2000 1800 12 Clines David J. A. 1978 The Theme of the Pentateuch 2d. ed., 1997 Supplement Series 10 Sheffield: Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Press

1500 1200 13 14 13 Thompson Thomas L. 1974 The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives ZAW Supplement Series 133 Berlin: Walter de Gruyter 1992 Early History of the Israelite People from the Written and Archaeological Sources Studies in the history of the ancient Near East 4 Leiden; New York: E. J. Brill Van Seters John 1975 Abraham in History and Tradition New Haven and London: Yale University Press 14 Millard A. R. and D. J. Wiseman, editors 1980 Essays on the Patriarchal Narratives Leicester, England: Inter-Varsity; reprinted 1983, Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns Bright John 1981 A History of Israel 3d ed. Philadelphia: Westminster Press

Torah as a Whole Alexander, T. D. (1995). From Paradise to the Promised Land: An Introduction to the Main Themes of the Pentateuch. Paternoster. Blenkinsopp, J. (1992). The Pentateuch. An Introduction to the First Five Books of the Bible. Anchor Bible Reference Library. New York: Doubleday. Accepts the basic source theory but incorporates newer literary observations into his analysis. Clines, D. J. A. (1978). The Theme of the Pentateuch. 2d edition 1997. JSOT Supplement Series, 10. Sheffield: Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. Identifies literary and theological themes that bind together the diversity of the Pentateuch. Crüsemann, F. (1996). The Torah. Theology and Social History of Old Testament Law. Minneapolis: Augsburg. Fox, E. (1995). The Five Books of Moses. Volume I of the Schocken Bible. New York: Schocken. Hallo, W. W. (1991). The Book of the People. Brown Judaic Studies 225. Atlanta: Scholars. Places the books of the Torah in the larger context of the ancient Middle East. Hamilton, V. P. (1982). Handbook on the Pentateuch. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker. A content summary and analysis of each of the main sections of the Pentateuch with extensive bibliographies. Mann, T. W. (1988). The Book of the Torah. The Narrative Integrity of the Pentateuch. Atlanta: John Knox. A literary and thematic treatment of the Pentateuch that does not deal with sources. Plaut, W. Gunther (1981). The Torah: A Modern Commentary. Union of American Hebrew Congregations. Sailhamer, J. H. (1992). The Pentateuch as Narrative. A Biblical-Theological Commentary. Library of Biblical Intepretation. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. Focuses on the narrative and literary continuity of the Pentateuch as a whole. Introduction to Source Theories Friedman, R. E. (1987). Who Wrote the Bible? Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Perhaps the most interesting and accessible approach to learning about the source theory of the Pentateuch. Summary explanations of source theories can be found in most modern introductions to the Old Testament, including the following. Fohrer, G. (1968). Introduction to the Old Testament. Nashville, TN: Abingdon. Hayes, J. (1979). An Introduction to Old Testament Study. Nashville, TN: Abingdon. Schmidt, Werner H. (1984). Old Testament Introduction. New York: Crossroad. Critical Perspectives on the Pentateuch

Campbell, A. F., and M. A. O'Brien (1993). Sources of the Pentateuch. Texts, Introductions, Annotations. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress. Collects the texts of the Priestly, Yahwist, and Elohist sources in separate chapters, with notes and explanation; a convenient way to view the source texts as continuous narratives. De Vries, S. J. (1987). "A Review of Recent Research in the Tradition History of the Pentateuch." In Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers, ed. K. H. Richards. Atlanta: Scholars. An extensive review of recent pentateuchal research. Nicholson, E. W. (1998). The Pentateuch in the Twentieth Century: The Legacy of Julius Wellhausen. Oxford: Clarendon. Noth, M. (1972). A History of Pentateuchal Traditions. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. German original, 1948. Rendtorff, R. (1990). The Problem of the Process of Transmission in the Pentateuch. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement 89. Sheffield: Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. German original, 1977. Thompson, T. L. (1987). The Origin Tradition of Ancient Israel. Vol. 1, the Literary Formation of Genesis and Exodus 1-23. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement 55. Sheffield: Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. Whybray, R. N. (1987). The Making of the Pentateuch. A Methodological Study. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement 53. Sheffield: Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. Critique of Source Analysis Archer, G. L. (1974). A Survey of Old Testament Introduction. Chicago: Moody. A Christian conservative introduction to the Old Testament that critiques the source analysis approach. Cassuto, U. (1961). The Documentary Hypothesis and the Composition of the Pentateuch. Jerusalem: Magnes. Hebrew original, 1941. Argues against a source theory of the Pentateuch. Harrison, R. K. (1969). Introduction to the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. A Christian conservative introduction to the Old Testament that critiques the source analysis approach. Kikawada, I. M., and A. Quinn (1985). Before Abraham Was. The Unity of Genesis 1-11. Nashville: Abingdon. Argues that Genesis 1-11 has an essential literary unity which refutes the theory of underlying literary sources. Rendsburg, G. A. (1986). The Redaction of Genesis. Winona Lake, Ind. Is more impressed with the overall unity of the book of Genesis. Segal, M. H. (1967). The Pentateuch. Its Composition and its Authorship. Jerusalem: Magnes. Argues against a source theory from a conservative Jewish position. Tigay, J. (1985). "The Evolution of the Pentateuchal Narratives in the Light of the Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic." In Tigay (1985).

In the title essay of this collection, based on extrabiblical texts, Tigay presents an alternate model for the growth of the Pentateuch as opposed to the theory of sources. Yahwist Narrative Bloom, H. (1990). The Book of J. Translated from the Hebrew by David Rosenberg, interpreted by Harold Bloom. New York: Grove Weidenfeld. A modern deconstructionist's reading of the Yahwist document, which argues that J was a female. Brueggemann, W. (1968). "David and His Theologian." Catholic Biblical Quarterly 30: 156-181. A summary of Yahwist theology. Coote, R. B., and Ord, D. R. (1989). The Bible's First History. From Eden to the Court of David with the Yahwist. Philadelphia: Fortress. Ellis, P. (1968). The Yahwist: The Bible's First Theologian. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame. Hiebert, T. (1996). The Yahwist's Landscape: Nature and Religion in Early Israel. Oxford: Oxford University. An account of the ecological, economic, and religious ideology of the Yahwist. Ollenburger, B. (1987). Zion, The City of the Great King: A Theological Symbol of the Jerusalem Cult. Sheffield: Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. A comprehensive treatment of Zion theology, which is another way of construing the Yahwist tradition. Rendtorff, Rolf (1977). "The 'Yahwist' as Theologian? The Dilemma of Pentateuchal Criticism." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 3: 2-10. In critique of the theory of literary sources. Van Seters, J. (1992). Prologue to History: The Yahwist as Historian in Genesis. Louisville: Westminster/John Knox. Argues that the Yahwist was a historian in the period of the Babylonian exile. Wolff, H. W. (1964; 1975). "The Kerygma of the Yahwist." In Brueggemann and Wolff (1975): 41-66. Elohist Source Coote, Robert B. (1991). In Defense of Revolution. The Elohist History. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress. Craghan, J. F. (1977). "The Elohist in Recent Literature." Biblical Theology Bulletin 7: 23-35. Jenks, A. W. (1977). The Elohist and North Israelite Traditions. Society of Biblical Literature Monograph Series, 22. Missoula, Mont.: Scholars. Wolff, H. W. (1969; 1975). "The Elohistic Fragments in the Pentateuch." In Brueggemann and Wolff (1975). Priestly Document

Cross, F. M. (1973). "The Priestly Work." In Cross (1975). McEvenue, S. E. (1971). The Narrative Style of the Priestly Writer. Analecta Biblica 50. Rome: Biblical Institute. Patrick, D. (1985). Old Testament Law. An Introduction. Atlanta: John Knox. Tetrateuch-Pentateuch-Hexateuch Auld, Graeme A. (1980). Joshua, Moses and the Land: Tetrateuch-Pentateuch-Hexateuch in a Generation since 1938. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. Von Rad, Gerhard (1938; 1966). "The Form-Critical Problem of the Hexateuch." In Von Rad (1966).

Ea Apsu 1 11 1 7 1 7 ( ) (8-11)

1 11 1 11 (10 ) (10 ) A. (1-2) A. (8:1-9:17) 1. (1:2) 1. (8:2) 2. (1:22) 2. (8:17) 3. (1:28) 3. (9:1-2,7) 4. (1:29-30) 4. (9:3) 5. (2:15) 5. (9:20) B. (3) B. (9:18-28) 1. (1-7) 1. (20-21) 2. (3:7) 2. (9:21-23) C. (4) C. (9:25-27) D. (5) D. (10) E. (6:1-4) E. (11:1-9) 1. (6:1-2) 1. (11:4) 2. [ shem] (6:4) 2. [ shem] (11:4) F. (6:5-7:24) F. (11:10-26) : [ shem] (12:2) 1 11

1 1 2 4a 2 4b 24 6 1 1 2 4 Merism

2 17 15 19 Atrahasis Anu Enlil Enki Enlil Enki Mami We Enlil Enlil Enlil Atrahasis Enlil Atrahasis Atrahasis Atrahasis Enuma Elish 1700 Apsu Tiamat Apsu Apsu Ea Apsu Tiamat Kingu Marduk Tiamat Tiamat Marduk Marduk Tiamat Marduk Marduk Kingu Marduk Esagila Marduk 15 24 50 1 2 15 3

Uruk Utnapishtim Meggido 1 2 Utnapishtim Ea Dumuzi Enkimdu Inanna 1 11 16 1 17 16 Shemesh Yareh 17 1 10 Yam Yamim

18 fiat Atum Memphis Ptah 18 19:11-12

Genesis in General Translations Armstrong, K. (1996). In the Beginning: An Interpretation of the Book of Genesis. New York: Knopf. Alter, R. (1996). Genesis. Translation and Commentary. New York: W.W. Norton. Korsak, M.P. (1993). At the Start. Genesis Made New. A Translation of the Hebrew Text. New York: Doubleday. Mitchell, S. (1996). Genesis. A New Translation of the Classic Biblical Stories. New York: HarperCollins. Vawter, B. (1977). On Genesis: A New Reading. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. Commentary Brueggemann, W. (1982). Genesis. Interpretation, a Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preaching. Atlanta: John Knox. Carr, D. M. (1996). Reading the Fractures of Genesis. Historical and Literary Approaches. Louisville, Kent.: Westminster John Knox. Feyerick, A. (1997). Genesis: World of Myths and Patriarchs. New York: New York University. Fokkelman, J. P. (1975). Narrative Art in Genesis: Specimens of Stylistic and Structural Analysis. Assen: Van Gorcum. Gunkel, H. (1910). The Legends of Genesis. Hess, R.S. and Tsumura, D. T., eds. (1994). "I Studied Inscriptions from before the Flood." Ancient Near Eastern, Literary, and Linguistic Approaches to Genesis 1-11. Sources for Biblical and Theological Study, Volume 4. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. Moyers, B. (1996). Genesis: A Living Conversation. New York: Bantam Doubleday. A verbatim record of the discussion from the Public Broadcasting Service ten part series on the book of Genesis. The series is available on VHS cassette. Sarna, N. (1989). Genesis/Be-reshit : The Traditional Hebrew Text with New JPS Translation. JPS Torah Commentary. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society. Rosenberg, D. (1996). Genesis: As It is Written. Contemporary Writers on Our First Stories. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco. An eclectic collection of thoughts and reminiscences by leading novelists and writers. Westermann, C. (1992). Genesis: An Introduction. Minneapolis: Fortress. Genesis 1-11 in Particular Miller, P. D., Jr. (1978). Genesis 1-11. Studies in Structure and Theme. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 8. Sheffield: Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. A thematic study containing three treatments: the Divine World and the Human World, the Correspondence of Sin and Judgment, and the adamah motif. Westermann, C. (1984). Genesis 1-11: A Commentary. Minneapolis: Augsburg.

Wolde, E. van (1994). Words Become Worlds: Semantic Studies of Genesis 1-11. Leiden: E.J. Brill. Special Topics Creation Anderson, B. W., ed. (1984). Creation in the Old Testament. Issues in Religion and Theology 6. Philadelphia: Fortress; London: SPCK. A collection of essays by top biblical scholars examining creation from various critical approaches. Bailey, L. R. (1993). Genesis, Creation, and Creationism. New York and Mahwah, N.J.: Paulist. Examines the relationship of the biblical creation stories and science, with special attention to the creationism debate. Blocher, H. (1984). In the Beginning. The Opening Chapters of Genesis. Downers Grove: Inter-Varsity. A detailed examination of the first three chapters of Genesis from an evangelical Christian perspective. Clifford, R. J. (1994). Creation Accounts in the Ancient Near East and in the Bible. Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series 26. Washington, D. C.: Catholic Biblical Association of America. Clifford, R. J. and Collins, J. J., eds. (1992). Creation in the Biblical Traditions. Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series 24. Washington, D. C.: Catholic Biblical Association of America. Cohen, J. (1989). "Be Fertile and Increase, Fill the Earth and Master It": The Ancient and Medieval Career of a Biblical Text. Ithaca and London: Cornell University. Coote, R. B. (1991). In the Beginning: Creation and the Priestly History. Philadelphia: Fortress. Interprets the creation narrative against its Priestly background. Day, J. (1985). God's Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea. Cambridge: Cambridge University. Levenson, J. D. (1988). Creation and the Persistence of Evil: the Jewish Drama of Divine Omnipotence. San Francisco: Harper & Row. Samuelson, N. M. (1994). Judaism and the Doctrine of Creation. Cambridge: Cambridge University. Westermann, C. (1964). The Genesis Accounts of Creation. Philadelphia: Fortress. Image of God Barr, J. (1993). The Garden of Eden and the Hope of Immortality. Philadelphia: Fortress. Bird, P. A. (1981). "'Male and Female He Created Them': Gen 1:27b in the Context of the Priestly Account of Creation," Harvard Theological Review 74: 129-159. Børresen, Kari Elisabeth, ed. (1995). The Image of God. Gender Models in Judaeo-Christian Tradition. Minneapolis: Fortress. Clines, D. J. A. (1968). "The Image of God in Man." Tyndale Bulletin 19:53-103. Curtis, E. M. (1990). "Images in Mesopotamia and the Bible: A Comparative Study." In Hallo 1990: 31-56.

Creation and Modern Science Moreland, J. P. ed. (1994). The Creation Hypothesis: Scientific Evidence for an Intelligent Designer. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity. Ratzsch, D. (1996). The Battle of Beginnings. Why Neither Side is Winning the Creation-Evolution Debate. Downers-Grove, IL: InterVarsity. Noah and the Flood Bailey, L. R. (1989). Noah: The Person and the Story in History and Tradition. Columbia: University of South Carolina. Evaluates archaeological and geological evidences that have been introduced to support a historical world-wide deluge, examines the much publicized recent searches for Noah's ark atop a spectacular mountain in eastern Turkey, and analyzes the text of the biblical account. Bassett, F. W. (1971). "Noah's Nakedness and the Curse of Canaan: A Case of Incest?" Vetus Testamentum 21:232-37. Cohn, N. (1996). Noah's Flood: The Genesis Story in Western Thought. New Haven and London: Yale University. Explores the origins, interpretations, and cultural influences of the biblical Genesis story; topics include how Genesis was interpreted in the wake of the 17th century scientific revolution. Sons of God and Daughters of Men Clines, D. J. A. (1979). "The Significance of the 'Sons of God' Episode (Genesis 6:1-4) in the Context of the 'Primeval History.'" Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 12: 33-46. Hendel, R. (1987). "Of Demigods and the Deluge: Toward an Interpretation of Genesis 6:1-4." Journal of Biblical Literature 106: 13-26. Page, H. R. (1996). The Myth of Cosmic Rebellion. A Study of its Reflexes in Ugaritic and Biblical Literature. Supplements to Vetus Testamentum LXV. Leiden, New York, Köln: E. J. Brill. Petersen, D. L. (1979). "Genesis 6:1-4, Yahweh, and the Organization of the Cosmos." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. 13: 47-64. Tower of Babel Walton, J. H. (1995). "The Mesopotamian Background of the Tower of Babel Account and Its Implications." Bulletin of Biblical Research 5: 155-175. Other Special Studies Greenspahn, F. E. (1994). When Brothers Dwell Together: The Preeminence of Younger Siblings in the Hebrew Bible. New York/Oxford: Oxford University. Argues that primogeniture, so-called natural rights of the first-born, was not universally practiced in Israel or the rest of the ancient Middle East.

Beni Hasan Goshen cycle Isaac Rebekh Rachel Danel

12 10 20 20 2 13 26 20 12 Hagar Ishmael Isaac Isaac Reuben Keret Keret Laban Leah Rachel Laban Rebekah Rebekah Rebekah

Rebekah (11:27-25:11) 12 Lot 13 15 Hagar Ishmael 16 17 100 90 18 19 Isaac Hagar Ishmael 21 Isaac 22 23 Isaac Aram Rebekah 24 25 11 28 31 C. L. Woolley 19 20 1 24 2 2 3 19 C. L. Woolley, Ur Excavations II (plates): The Royal Cemetery, Oxford, 1934. 20 Cyrus H. Gordon, Abraham and the Merchants of Ura, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 17, 1958, pp.28-31

15 2 Nuzi 21 22 Ehelteshub 23 Zigi Akkuya Zigi Ehelteshub 2/3 Zigi Ehelteshub Zigi Ehelteshub Zigi 24 Ehelteshub Zigi MINA MINA Hagar Ishmael 15 3 Hagar Nuzi Zigi Shennima Gilimninu Gilimninu Gilimninu Shennima Gilimninu Gilimninu Shennima Gilimninu MINA MINA Nuzi (21:10 11) 21 12 13 Nuzi Abimelech Abimelech 21 14 Amarna Hurrian Hurrian 22 Nuzi Cyrus H. Gordon, Biblical Customs and the Nuzu Tablets, Biblical Archaeologist 3, 1940, pp.1-12 23 24 James B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts, Princeton, 1955, pp. 219-220 Nuzi

2350-2000 Barry Bandstra, Reading the Old Testament, p.100. 18:9 27:22 Isaac 13 22 7 22 9 10

(25:19-35:29) Isaac Rebekah 25 Gerar Isaac Abimelech Rebekah 26 Rebekah Isaac 28 Laban Rachel Leah Laban 29 31 Rachel 32 33 Shechem 34 Bethel 35 A (25) B Isaac Abimelech: (26) C (27) D Bethel: " " (28) E Laban (29-31) D' Penuel: " " (32) C' (33) B' : (34) A' Isaac (35) (37:1-50:26) Potiphar 37 Judah Tamar 38 Potiphar 39 41 42 45 48 50

(J) (E) (P) (R) 37:2b, 3b, 5-11, 19-20, 23, 25b-27, 28b, 31-35 38:1-30 39:1-23 37:3a, 4, 12-18, 21-22, 24, 25a, 28a, 29, 36 37:1 37:2a 40:1-23 41:2-45a, 46b-57 41:45b-46a 42:1-4, 8-20, 26-34, 38; 43:1-13, 15-34; 44:1-34; 45:1-2, 4-28 42:5-7, 21-25, 35-37; 43:14; 45:3 46:5b, 28-34; 47:1-27a, 46:1-5a; 48:1-2, 46:6-27; 47:27b, 28; 48:7; 49:28 29-31; 49:1-27; 8-22; 50:23-26 48:3-6; 49:29-33; 50:1-11, 14-23 50:12-13 37-50 Potiphar Iliad

Iliad VI 156 165 To Bellerophontes the gods granted beauty and desirable manhood; but Proitos in anger devised evil things against him, and drove him out of his own domain, since he was far greater, from the Argive country Zeus had broken to the sway of his sceptre. Beautiful Anteia and wife of Proitos was stricken with passion to lie with and to love him, and yet could not beguile valiant Bellerophontes, whose will was virtuous. So she went to Proitos the king and uttered her falsehood: Would you be killed, O Proitos? Then murder Bellerophontes who tried to lie with me in love, though I was unwilling. 25 50 2 26 110 26 Sinuhe 27 Abrek 41 43 25 James B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts, Princeton, 1955, p. 495 26 110 J. M. A. Janssen, On the Ideal Lifetime of the Egyptian, Oudheidkundige Mededeelingen uit het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te Leiden 31, 1950, pp. 33-44. 27 Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, 3 vols., Berkeley, 1973-80.

41 45

Ancestral Story Hess, R., G. J. Wenham, and P.E. Satterthwaite, eds. (1994). He Swore an Oath: Biblical Themes from Genesis 12-50. Carlisle: Paternoster Press, 2nd ed., Tyndale House conference papers. McKane, W. (1979). Studies in the Patriarchal Narratives. Edinburgh: Handsel. Millard, A. R., and D. J. Wiseman, eds. (1980). Essays on the Patriarchal Narratives. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. Contains chapters on the patriarchs in scripture and history, methods of studying the patriarchal narratives as ancient texts, archaeological data and the dating of the patriarchs, comparative customs and the patriarchal age, the religion of the patriarchs, and the literary structure of Genesis. Moberley, R. W. (1992). Genesis 12-50. Old Testament Guides. Sheffield: Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. Discusses the major issues of interpretation, including composition, historicity of the ancestral figures, ancestral religion, and hermeneutical questions. A special section is devoted to Genesis 22. Steinberg, N. (1993). Kinship and Marriage in Genesis. A Household Economics Perspective. Philadelphia: Fortress. Examines Genesis 12-50 with a focus on inheritance, marriage, and land ownership. Argues that maternity and marriage partner are crucial factors in determining the choice of Isaac and Jacob as heirs. Thompson, T. L. (1974). The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives. ZAW Supplement 133. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter. Argues that the ancestral stories contain no authentic history, but are fictional stories created very late in Israel's history. Thompson, T. L. (1992). Early History of the Israelite People : from the written and archaeological sources. Studies in the History of the Ancient Near East, 4. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Van Seters, J. (1975). Abraham in History and Tradition. New Haven, Conn. and London: Yale University.

This book, along with the preceding one by Thompson, challenges the authenticity of the Genesis portrayal of the ancestors as early figures, instead arguing that they have no historical basis in fact. Abraham and Jacob Cycles Abela, A. (1989). The Themes of the Abraham Narrative. Malta: Studia Editions. Fishbane, M. (1975). "Composition and Structure in the Jacob Cycle (Gen. 25:19-35:22)." Journal of Jewish Studies 26: 15-38. Gammie, J. G. (1979). "Theological Interpretation by Way of Literary and Traditional Analysis." In Buss 1979: 117-134. Gossai, H. (1995). Power and Marginality in the Abraham Narrative. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. Explores the Abraham story as giving voice to marginalized and submerged characters. Hendel, R. (1987). The Epic of the Patriarch: The Jacob Cycle and the Narrative Traditions of Canaan and Israel. Harvard Semitic Monographs 42. Atlanta: Scholars. Roth, W. M. W. (1979). "The Text is the Medium: An Interpretation of the Jacob Stories in Genesis." In Buss 1979: 103-155. Westermann, C. (1976). The Promises to the Fathers. Studies on the Patriarchal Narratives. Philadelphia: Fortress. A close reading of the crime-punishment narratives of Genesis 1-11, the Abraham cycle, and the Jacob cycle. Westermann, C. (1985). Genesis 12-36: A Commentary. Minneapolis: Augsburg. Joseph Cycle Coats, G. W. (1976). From Canaan to Egypt: Structural and Theological Context for the Joseph Story. Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series 4. Washington, DC: Catholic Biblical Association of America. Green, B. (1996). "What Profit for Us?" -- Remembering the Story of Joseph. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. A literary reading of the Joseph story probing the function of characterization and the significance of the journey.

Humphreys, W. L. (1988). Joseph and His Family: A Literary Study. Columbia: University of South Carolina. Kugel, J. L. (1990). In Potiphar's House: The Interpretive Life of Biblical Texts. New York: HarperCollins. Longacre, R. E. (1989). Joseph: A Story of Divine Providence. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. Redford, D. B. (1970). A Study of the Biblical Story of Joseph (Gen. 37-50). Leiden: E. J. Brill. Westermann, C. (1986). Genesis 37-50: A Commentary. Minneapolis: Augsburg. Westermann, C. (1996). Joseph. Eleven Bible Studies on Genesis. Minneapolis: Fortress. Informed reading of the Joseph story; each study chapter has an application section. Whybray, R. N. (1968). "The Joseph Story and Pentateuchal Criticism." Vetus Testamentum 18: 522-528. Unity of Genesis Brisman, L. (1990). The Voice of Jacob. On the Composition of Genesis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: University of Indiana. Using newer literary methods, argues that Genesis arose as a conversation between a pious traditionalist writer and a revisionist writer. Carr, D. M. (1996). Reading the Fractures of Genesis. Historical and Literary Approaches. Louisville, Kent.: Westminster John Knox. A close study of Genesis that seeks to bridge the diachronic source critical approach and the synchronic literary approach. Cohn, R. (1983). "Narrative Structure and Canonical Perspective in Genesis." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 25: 3-16. Dahlberg, B. (1982). "The Unity of Genesis" in Literary Interpretation of Biblical Narrative, Volume 2. Ed. K. Gros Louis. Nashville, TN: Abingdon. A literary reading of Genesis. Rendsburg, G. (1986). The Redaction of Genesis. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. Identifies editorial features of the text that serve to give it unity. Special Studies

Clements, R. E. (1967). Abraham and David. Studies in Biblical Theology 2/5. London: SCM. Weinfeld, M. (1970). The Covenant of Grant in the Old Testament. Journal of the American Oriental Society 90: 184-203.

1 2 3 4 5 13 14 15 16 18 19 24 25 31 32 34 35 40 28 28 15

( Hyksos) (Ramses) I Seti I (Ramses) II Merneptah Seti II 1309 1308 1308 1291 1208 1194 1194 1182 (Ramses) III (Ramses) IV XI 1730 1575 1575 1309 1309 1194 1291 1224 1224 1214 1220 1214 1208 1194 1087 1182 1151 1175 1151 1087 Ramses II 1291 1224 1291 1224 Pithom Raamses 29 Apiru Apiru 30 Apiru 29 Pithom Per-Atum Atum Tell el-maskuta Ramses Tanis Qantur 30 John Wilson, The Epiru of the Egyptian Inscriptions, American Journal of Semitic Languages and

1444 6 1 480 960 1444 1. Merneptah 1224 31 1224 Merneptah Merneptah ( 1224-1211) Merneptah Merneptah 1224 1214 32 Tehenu Ashkelon Gezer Yanoam Hurru Ra Merneptah 2. Jericho 15 13 3. Amarna 1400 Habiru 6 1 1280 Literatures 49, 1933, pp. 275-80. 31 32 Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts, pp. 376-78

1. 6 1 480 12 40 2. Merneptah 1400 3. 12 40 430 1280 430 (Hyksos) 1730 1575 4. Pithom Raamses 1 11 Seti I 1304 1291 1291 1224 1280 6 1 480 12 40 430, 15:16 6:16-20 40 25 12 Heshbon Benjamin Ai Lachish 1160 Lachish 33 1182 51 12 12 1. 1000 4 18 22 2 5 15 Nahshon 33 Israel Finkelstein, The Archaeology of the Israelite Settlement, Jerusalem, 1988.

6 23 1 7 25 1150 2. Merneptah Merneptah Merneptah Hurru Gezer Ashkelon Merneptah Merneptah 1224 1214 3. 1182 1151 1175 13 17 1175 34 1150 4 24 26 4 24 26 34 Gary A. Rendsburg, The Date of the Exodus and the Conquest/Settlement: The Case for the 1100 s, Vetus Testamentum 42, 1992, pp. 510-27

38 1 7 1 12 1:28 6 14 Tevah 2 3 Tevah 35 (Oedipus) Romulus Remus 2300 Akki Akki Akki Horus Seth 1140 Seth Horus Khemmis Horus Horus Isis 35 Cf., Donald B. Redford, The Literary Motif of the Exposed Child, Numen 14, 1967, pp.208-18.

Nephtys Anubis Seth Isis Thoth Thoth Isis Anubis 6 20 15 20 1 22 1 2 3 leitmotif 36 Webanoer.. Webanoer Nebka Nebka Webanoer 36

Webanoer Webanoer Webanoer Webanoer Nebka Webanoer Webanoer Nebka Webanoer 4 3 7 10 4 16 7 1 37 38 Ipuwer 2050. Neferrohu 2000. Saqqara Unas 2300 37 38 Cf., Greta Hort, The Plagues of Egypt, Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 69, 1957, pp. 84-103; 70, 1958, pp. 48-59

2000 Hapi Heqet 12 12 33 4 39 78 105 40 23 39 39 Cf., Gary A. Rendsburg, The Egyptian Sun-God Ra in the Pentateuch, Henoch 10, 1988, pp. 3-15 40 Roland de Vaux, Ancient Israel, New York, 1961, pp. 484-93

23 42 43 32 7 20 23 34 6 60 12 37 Kret Kret Kret 3 3 3 6 12 37 41 51 13 18 6 41 Kret 1400 41 Cyrus H. Gordon, Notes on the Legend of Keret, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 11, 1952, pp. 212-13; and G. Del Olmo Lete, La conquista de Jericó y la leyenda ugarítica de KRT, Sefarad 25, 1965, pp. 1-15

Kret El El. Kret Tyre Asherah Sidon Kret. Udum Udum

Pebel Kret Pebel Hurrai the Red Sea 1800 Djadja-em-ankh 12 24 Djadja-em-ankh Snefru Djadja-em-ankh

14 15 15 11 20 2 17. monolatry monotheism

Exodus in General Childs, B. H. (1974). The Book of Exodus. Old Testament Library. Philadelphia: Westminster. A commentary on the text of Exodus, with detailed notes and bibliography. Sarna, N. (1986). Exploring Exodus. The Heritage of Biblical Israel. New York: Schocken Books. A narrative exposition of the book of Exodus. Sarna, N. M. (1991). Exodus/Shemot: The Traditional Hebrew Text with the New JPS Translation. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society Special Studies on Exodus Assmann, J. (1997). Moses the Egyptian: The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism. Cambridge: Harvard University. Links Moses's monotheism to the monotheistic revolution of the Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten (1360-1340 B.C.E.), though Moses's followers denied any such connection. Dozeman, T. B. (1996). God at War: A Study of Power in the Exodus Tradition. Oxford: Oxford University. Explores the militaristic image of God as warrior in the book of Exodus, and discusses attempts by Jews and Christians to "deify nationalism" by calling wars holy. Frerichs, E. S. and L. H. Lesko (1997). Exodus: The Egyptian Evidence. Winona Lake, IN, and Washington, DC: Eisenbrauns/Biblical Archaeology Society. Harrelson, W. (1980). The Ten Commandments and Human Rights. Overtures to Biblical Theology. Philadelphia: Fortress. The core of the book is an exposition of the Decalogue; views the Ten Commandments as a charter of human freedom. Hoffmeier, J. (1997). Israel in Egypt: The Evidence for the Authenticity of the Exodus Tradition. Oxford: Oxford University. Argues that the Egyptian archaeological and historical evidence supports the biblical record concerning Israel in Egypt; includes a defense of the Joseph story, the role of Moses in history, and the probable route of the exodus. Koester, C. (1989). The Dwelling of God: The Tabernacle in the Old Testament, Intertestamental Jewish Literature, and the New Testament. Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series. Washington, DC: Catholic Biblical Association of America. Nohrnberg, James (1995). Like Unto Moses: The Constituting of an Interruption. Indiana

Studies in Biblical Literature. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University. Redford, D. (1992). Egypt, Canaan and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton: Princeton University. Uses textual and archaeological evidence to explain the relationship between Egypt and Israel from early history to the destruction of Jerusalem. Smith, M. S. (1997). The Pilgrimage Pattern in Exodus. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 239. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic. Exodus has two parts, with Exodus 15 as its fulcrum-point. Also discussed are temple symbolism, 'torah' and Exodus's place in the Pentateuch. Nof, D., and N. Paldor. (1992). "Are There Oceanographic Explanations for the Israelites' Crossing of the Red Sea?" Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 73/3: 305-14.

21 42 21 24 25 31 32 34 9 34 10 35 3 35 4 40 1 10 11 16 17 26 27 1 3 4 1 10 10 10 11 27 28 29 30 31 32 34 35 36 1 4 5 11 12 26 27 34 42 19 1 10 10

17 14 20 17 16 17 1 7 8 9 10 11 15 16 17 26 24

(1) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 24 25 26 36 43 1 4 5 11 12 26 27 30 31 32 33 34 44 21 1 23 19 17 26 12 28 43 44 Cf., Moshe Weinfeld, Israelite Religion, The Encyclopedia of Religion, vol. 7, New York, 1987, pp. 481-97

45 14 21 16 14 21 16 209 21 22 209 21 22 250 251 21 28 29 250 251 21 28 29 266 22 9 12 266 22 9 12 46 45 Cf., Shalom Paul, Studies in the Book of the Covenant in the Light of Cuneiform and B iblical Law, Leiden, 1970 46 10 13

196/200 24 19 20 15 23 15 17 282 21 2 6

21 2 282 21 5 35 30 17 6 35 30 17 6 47 229 230 24 16 47 220 Rabbi Judah ha-nasi Mishna

132 67 77 88 imitatio dei 18 18:9 18 23 18 24 18 9 18 23 24

75 20 17 5 18 20 17 22 5 22 5 22 5

qedeshim, qedeshot 23 18 qedeshim qedeshot 81 23 18 20 26 48 17 11 12 2 11 48 Cf C. Virolleaud, CRAIBL 1961, 182

2 11 (Maimonides 1135 1204 ) 51 35 2 3

49 25 21 1 12 13 9 4 70 3 5 10 'olah 1:3-17 minchah 2:1-16 shelamim 3:1-17 chatta't 4:1-5:13 'asham 5:14-26 49 Menahem Haran Temples and Temple-Service in Ancient Israel, Oxford, 1978

25 30 35 40 25 16 25 8 Timna 50 960 1 1 7 9 12 31 17 5 25 7 22 50 Suzanne Singer, From These Hills, Biblical Archaeology Review 4:2, 1978, pp. 16-25

1. 18:1-27 E 1. 10:29-32 J 2. 16:1-12 P 2. 11:1-6 E 3. 16:13-35 P 3. 11:4-35 E 4. 17:1-7 J E 4. 20:2-13 E 1967 Deir Alla Beor 8 22 24 pesach 12:6, 23:5-8, 28:16-25, 16:1-8 shavuot 34:26, 23:9-21, 28:26-31 teruah 23:23-25, 29:1-6 yom kippur sukkot 16, 23:26-32, 29:7-11 23:16, 23:33-36, 16:13-15 1400 1200 935 612

51 52 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 4 44 49 2. 5 11 3. 12 26 12 1 4. 27 1 10 27 8 31 10 13 5. 30 19 6. 28 28 1 12 28 17 14 20 51 Mendenhall George E. 1955 Law and Covenant in Israel and the Ancient Near East Pittsburgh: Biblical Colloquium Kline Meredith G. 1963 Treaty of the Great King: The Covenant Structure of Deuteronomy Grand Rapids Eerdmans 52 Pritchard James B. editor 1969 Ancient Near Eastern Tests Relating to the Old Testament, 3rd Edition with Supplement Princeton: Princeton University Press

53 20 1a 20 1b 1 1 5 1 6 3 29 20 2 24 4 1 26 19 26 3 13/14 38 25 16/24 7 28 1 14/15 68 31 9 13 31 26 1:1-4:43 4:44-11:32 12:1-26:19 27:1-28:68 29:1-32:52 33:1-34:12 53

Anderson, G. A. (1987). Sacrifices and Offerings in Ancient Israel. Studies in their Social and Political Importance. Harvard Semitic Monographs 41. Atlanta: Scholars. devaux, R. (1961). Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions. New York: McGraw-Hill. A collection and distillation of the historical, legal, and sociological data of the Hebrew Bible into a description of Israelite religious and social institutions Gammie, J. G. (1989). Holiness in Israel. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress. A theological study of the notion of holiness in the Hebrew Bible, explaining the particular emphases of the complementary views of priests, prophets, and sages. Levine, B. (1989). Leviticus. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society. Milgrom, J. (1990). Numbers. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society. Sawyer, J. F. A., ed. (1996). Reading Leviticus: A Conversation with Mary Douglas. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 227. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Papers read at a colloquium held in honour of Mary Douglas in 1995 Wenham, G. J. (1997). Numbers. Old Testament Guides. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic. Braulik, G. (1994). The Theology of Deuteronomy. N. Richland Hills, TX: BIBAL. Craigie, P. C. (1976). The Book of Deuteronomy. New International Commentary on the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. A widely-respected conservative commentary on the book of Deuteronomy. Hurowitz, V. (1985). The Priestly Account of the Building of the Tabernacle, Journal of the American Oriental Society 105, pp. 21-30. Classic Discussion on the building of the Tabernacle. Kline, M. G. (1963). Treaty of the Great King: The Covenant Structure of Deuteronomy. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. Applies the research of the Hittite suzerainty treaties to the structure of Deuteronomy as a treaty document. Levinson, B. M. (1997). Deuteronomy and the Hermeneutics of Legal Innovation. Oxford: Oxford University. Argues that the legislation of Deuteronomy reflects the struggle of its authors to renew late seventh-century Judean society and defend their revolutionary vision during the neo-assyrian crisis by turning to earlier laws. McConville, J. G. (1993). Grace in the End. A Study of Deuteronomic Theology. Grand Rapids,

MI: Zondervan. Examines Deuteronomic theology from a conservative perspective. Miller, P. D. (1990). Deuteronomy. Interpretation, A Commentary for Teaching and Preaching. Louisville: John Knox. Tigay, J. H. (1996). Deuteronomy. JPS Torah Commentary. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society. Von Rad, G. (1966). Deuteronomy. Old Testament Library. Philadelphia: Westminster. Weinfeld, M. (1972). Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomic School. Oxford: Clarendon. Wolff, H. W. (1975). "The Kerygma of the Deuteronomic Work." In Brueggemann (1975). Law and Covenant Boecker, H. J. (1980). Law and the Administration of Justice in the Old Testament and the Ancient East. Minneapolis: Augsburg. Baltzer, K. (1971). The Covenant Formulary in Old Testament, Jewish, and Early Christian Writings. Philadelphia: Fortress. Carmichael, C. M. (1974). The Laws of Deuteronomy. Ithaca and London: Cornell University. Carmichael, C. M. (1985). Law and Narrative in the Bible. The Evidence of the Deuteronomic Laws and the Decalogue. Ithaca and London: Cornell University. Hillers, D. (1969). Covenant: The History of a Biblical Idea. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins. An account of the development of the covenant theme, tracing the influence of ancient treaty forms. Kline, M. G. (1972). The Structure of Biblical Authority. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. Nicholson, E. W. (1986). God and His People: Covenant Theology in the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon. McCarthy, D. J. (1973). Old Testament Covenant: A Survey of Current Opinions. Richmond: John Knox. McCarthy, D. J. (1978). Treaty and Covenant. Analecta Biblical 21a. Rome: Biblical Institute. McConville, J. G. and J. G. Millar (1994). Time and Place in Deuteronomy. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 179. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic.

Wilson, I. (1995). Out of the Midst of the Fire: Divine Presence in Deuteronomy. Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series 151. Atlanta: Scholars.