1

1999 7 8 63 2599 16 21 Warner 1963 NORC, 1947 Duncan 1961 Blau and Duncan 1967 Laumann and Pappi, 1976 Treiman 1977 1

21 1999 7 8 63 2599 16 PPS 69 5 100 80 60 40 20 1 1 2 1 2599 1 92.9 13.71 36 73.4 14.54 2 91.4 13.85 37 73.3 15.24 3 90.1 13.39 38 73.3 15.57 4 88.6 14.08 39 72.4 14.75 5 88.3 13.94 40 71.7 14.10 6 87.6 13.90 41 71.5 14.92 7 86.6 13.39 42 70.1 17.70 8 85.8 13.50 43 68.2 15.91 9 85.7 16.60 44 67.5 15.83 10 85.3 15.12 45 66.8 15.70 11 84.9 14.62 46 65.7 16.64 12 84.9 16.15 47 65.4 15.05 13 83.9 16.26 48 64.1 14.46 14 83.7 14.38 49 60.6 16.73 15 83.6 15.77 50 59.5 15.43 16 82.5 16.22 51 59.1 15.55 17 81.6 15.67 52 58.5 14.94 18 81.5 15.72 53 56.6 16.27 19 81.3 16.43 54 53.2 15.76 20 81.1 15.79 55 53.0 22.32 21 80.1 19.51 56 52.6 16.80 22 79.7 14.33 57 50.8 15.84 23 79.5 15.83 58 48.7 15.52 24 79.1 14.85 59 47.4 18.17 25 / 78.6 16.24 60 45.5 18.54 1 51.4% 48.5% 16 29 24.2% 30 39 27.2% 40 49 25.3% 50 59 13.3% 60 10 5% 22.5% 21 17.1% 15 19.4% 33.8% 19.1% 1.4% 45.8% 2 69 A B A B 35 A B / A B / A 1283 78.62 16.25 B 1316 78.58 16.22 A B 2

26 78.2 19.53 61 44.7 20.74 27 78.0 15.87 62 44.3 18.04 28 77.3 15.41 63 43.5 16.67 29 77.2 15.73 64 43.5 17.61 30 77.1 14.38 65 ( ) 43.2 18.31 31 76.7 14.02 66 42.7 18.11 32 76.2 18.00 67 37.7 18.83 33 76.0 14.29 68 36.9 17.48 34 75.9 16.11 69 34.9 17.86 35 74.7 17.09 1 21 80 19.51 20 13 16.6 88.6 85.8 83.6 3 76 3 90 3 90 69 60 80 28 / 60 20 1 3 70.1 59.5 58.5 3

2 4 1983 50 Lin Nan and Xie Wen, 1988 1987 85 2000b 1993 100 1995 10 1995 2 4 60 functional imperative organizational imperative / 0.80 Treimen 1977 4 1999 63 2599 1983 0.89 1999 1987 0.88 1999 1993 0.91 2 1999 63 1983 1987 92.9 87.9 81.3 91.4 82.8 87.0 90.1 83.8 88.6 87.6 88.3 80.6 87.6 78.4 86.6 84.2 70.8 85.7 68.1 1 77.7 1 71.9 1 85.3 83.8 84.5 75.5 84.9 67.1 83.9 82.7 83.5 79.2 83.7 86.2 80.9 68.8 82.5 81.7 87.4 67.4 81.6 81.1 83.2 66.2 81.3 79.4 76.9 / 81.1 2 68.3 63.0 80.1 55.1 79.7 83.0 65.2 79.5 55.9 79.1 68.7 / 78.6 67.6 58.6 78.2 57.7 60.0 78.0 56.9 77.1 66.4 3 70.7 61.4 76.2 43.8 65.7 66.5 4 76.0 72.4 75.9 73.6 74.7 62.8 60.4 73.4 66.4 60.4 73.3 63.0 65.5 1993 4

70.1 59.8 68.2 48.5 66.8 63.9 67.6 65.7 62.2 48.3 64.1 55.3 66.7 50.2 60.6 43.5 68.8 59.5 66.5 50.4 59.1 46.3 63.0 42.3 58.5 63.2 5 67.5 5 50.4 53.0 50.2 27.1 50.8 42.1 59.9 6 33.4 48.7 42.1 53.9 41.5 47.4 64.8 52.4 45.5 25.9 54.6 28.5 44.7 57.9 28.2 44.3 59.3 43.2 43.5 39.0 58.0 33.2 43.5 61.4 42.7 59.5 35.9 37.7 23.0 36.9 18.9 49.8 19.1 34.9 7 39.4 60.5 43.9 2599 1632 753 3012 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1999 85.7 85.3 83.9 1983 68.1 1987 77.7 1993 71.9 / 1999 1983 1987 1993 1999 2 / 1987 / 1993 1999 / 3 3 5

2 3 1999 / 1999 1987 1993 1999 1 3 3 16 35 36 36 3 36 7.4 6.45 3 3 16 35 / / 36 72.36 75.83 70.89 77.93 3.47 6

7.04 3 16-35 36 (1) (2) (1) - (2) 91.28 93.90-2.62 83.39 87.30-3.91 90.48 91.98-1.50 83.45 85.86-2.41 76.13 77.99-1.86 68.01 71.58-3.57 82.77 84.59-1.82 75.83 77.93-2.10 77.94 81.00-3.06 88.55 91.14-2.59 83.82 85.69-1.87 80.20 83.92-3.72 78.30 80.39-2.09 74.39 80.84-6.45 75.79 83.19-7.40 77.50 80.18-2.68 51.48 54.05-2.57 78.23 76.46 +1.77 78.07 75.78 +2.29 84.68 82.84 +1.84 72.36 70.89 +1.47 74.89 72.18 +2.71 / 79.56 78.01 +1.55 / 44.48 42.30 +2.18 51.96 50.04 +1.92 38.16 36.03 +2.13 49.02 46.30 +2.72 44.02 41.76 +2.26 1044 1544 2588.05 2 4 4 69 39 / 4 4 4 7

4 (1) (2) (1) - (2) 78.09 75.15 +2.94 88.71 85.71 +3.00 68.98 66.95 +2.03 80.61 78.15 +2.46 86.72 83.84 +2.88 57.25 55.34 +1.91 54.51 50.00 +4.51 79.90 77.53 +2.37 77.60 73.15 +4.45 86.32 82.47 +3.85 59.85 55.89 +3.96 54.15 49.91 +4.24 80.48 74.12 +6.36 82.08 76.84 +5.24 51.88 49.00 +2.88 77.41 73.33 +4.08 71.50 67.56 +3.94 45.54 43.06 +2.48 80.92 76.97 +3.95 89.49 85.85 +3.64 78.25 71.75 +6.5 90.92 88.41 +2.51 83.69 79.90 +3.79 64.81 62.51 +2.30 66.42 64.22 +2.20 43.51 40.87 +2.64 74.80 70.27 +4.53 39.04 34.89 +4.15 45.29 42.49 +2.80 93.56 91.40 +2.16 74.09 72.06 +2.03 76.00 72.23 +3.77 / 43.97 41.72 +2.25 68.66 62.71 +5.95 86.35 84.71 +1.64 78.76 76.27 +2.49 48.30 45.42 +2.88 49.72 46.68 +3.04 46.22 43.96 +2.26 / 77.82 80.29-2.47 71.74 73.70-1.96 76.13 77.82-1.69 72.50 74.91-2.41 1690 885 2575.05 3 8

5 23 40 / 5 / / (1) (2) (1) - (2) 73.05 70.61 +2.44 75.08 72.28 +2.80 / 80.34 77.56 +2.78 83.94 79.49 +4.45 67.17 64.88 +2.29 45.80 43.51 +2.29 92.44 90.80 +1.64 75.47 72.13 +3.33 86.93 84.96 +1.97 62.24 59.70 +2.54 76.12 79.06-2.94 47.14 49.64-2.50 50.06 54.68-4.62 57.28 59.12-1.84 65.49 68.59-3.10 55.48 61.24-5.76 83.35 86.42-3.07 82.72 84.54-1.82 75.46 77.99-2.53 78.12 80.34-2.22 69.64 72.89-3.25 945 1643 2588.05 5 / / / 9

1983 Lin and Xie, 1988 1999 63 6 6 / / 3 / / / / / / 20 6 / / ( / ) / 11.8% 11.2% 13.6% 11.4% 14.4% / / / 6.3% 6.8% / 5.8% 5.8% 4.6% 4.6% 5.8% 5.8% 7.7% 7.2% 6.4% 10.1% 6.6% 10.3% 6.3% / / 6.5% 6.3% 6.1% / / 5.5% 5.1% 5.5% 5.4% 5.3% / / 5.3% 4.4% 3.7% 4.6% 4.0% 5.1% 4.8% 4.0% 5.1% 4.9% 4.5% 5.3% 4.7% 6.3% / 5.6% 5.3% 5.0% 4.1% / 4.4% 3.7% 655 944 375 493 830 1629 1 2 : 10

3 / 4 / 6 1 90.1 6 / 77.3 /84.9 / / / 2000 6 10.3 7 7 7 16 30 31 45 46 3 3 16 30 / 1 2 3 1 40 2 19 18 24 3 27 11

7 16 30 31 45 46 11.1% 12.2% 14.4% 11.8% / / 8.4% 6.3% / / 5.4% 5.1% 4.7% 5.9% 5.5% 5.3% 4.4% 4.1% 3.7% 5.2% 5.0% 3.8% 7.0% 6.0% / 5.7% 5.2% 4.7% 4.1% 6.1% / 5.9% / 5.6% 5.3% 5.1% 4.5 4.1% 3.9 N 701 1004 772 2477 6 31 45 46 / 80 90 12

/ / Sensitivity Learning Organization Living Organization 1998 6 30 21 A 50 socio-economic index SEI O. D. Duncan 13

1961 1999 1999 EII education-income index EII = 5.622 + 15.816 + 0.763 76.5% R 2 =0.765 0.81 0.21 0.85 0.37 SEI 83 1961 0.85 0.84 1949 1998 1 power 3 PEI PEI 15.148 + 10.621 + 0.711 + 4.13 82.6% R 2 = 0.826 EII 6.1% 0.54 0.19 0.37 1 20 15 0 5 0 5 4.9 4.4 3.81 3.2 2.3 2.19 2.06 1.94 1.8 1.63 0.9 0.75 0.44 0.44 0.37 14

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