Abstract One of the most studied topics in Taiwanese educational stratification has been how to explain the relatively higher educatio

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1 ** *** The Effects of Social Structural Positions on Ethnic Differences of Higher Educational Achievements in Taiwan by Yun FAN & Chin-Fen CHANG Keywords: ethnicity, educational stratification, higher education, social structural positions, public sector Received: March 14, 2008; in revised form: March 5, * Tony Tam Nan Lin ** fanyun@ntu.edu.tw *** chinfen@sinica.edu.tw

2 Abstract One of the most studied topics in Taiwanese educational stratification has been how to explain the relatively higher educational achievements of mainlanders in post-war Taiwan. Some researchers argue that, since public sector employees are entitled for educational subsidies for their children and mainlanders seem to concentrate in public sector, the second-generation mainlanders are able to achieve higher educational status becanse of the political favor. Other studies show that family background is still important in

3 261 explaining ethnic differences in educational achievements. Analyzing the data of Basic Social Survey of Taiwan Ethnic Relations conducted in 1999, we find tuition subsidies to have significant but limited power in the equation. Father s education and class status are the two most important determinants of respondent s educational achievements. We conclude that past arguments about the importance of tuition subsidies need to be questioned and future research should focus on the improvements of educational opportunities for the working and famers classes.

4 Tsai and Chiu Tsai and Chiu :

5 van den Berghe 1967

6 Bodnar 1976; Child 1943; Goldscheider and Zuckerman 1984; Warner and Strole 1945 Greeley 1976 Joel Perlmann 1988: 219 Hirschman and Falcon 1985; Perlmann 1988 Perlmann 1988: 203 Providence 1880 Perlmann

7 265 Tsai Chiu Chen Lin incidental ethnic composition political exclusion political

8 refuges 2004 Kohn 1984 Bourdieu 1977 Perlmann 1988

9 267 Perlmann 1988: % 18% % 3 Gary Becker 1993 Joel Perlmann

10 : :

11 fringe benefits % 24.7% 27.3% 13.0% 14.4% 19.6%

12 ethnic neighborhoods and community William J. Wilson 1987 M. Patricia Fernandez-Kelly 1995 Zhou 1997 Barry R. Chiswick % 20% %

13 % 20.8% 10.7% % Tsai Chiu 1993 Wang 2001 Lin

14 ,500

17 Perlmann % 65.7% 40% 15% 22% 8

18 , , , ,495 3, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,067

19 277 17% 7.1% * ** 2, , , , , , * ** 2 p<.0001

20 % 27.2% 11.5% 13.3% % 38.0% 33.7% 50.5% 12.6% 16.3% 45.5% 32.3% % 9.9% 5.8% 爲

21 % 36% 11% % 23.7%

22 % % 93 52% 86 48%

23 %

24 % 11

25 =0 =0 =0 =0 15 =0 =0 = *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** * *** * *** *** *** ** * *** * *** *** *** ** * * *** * *** *** *** ** ** ** *** *** *** * Log-likelihood -1, , , , , Pseudo R ,487 3,097 3,029 2,950 2,907 2,809 2,765 + p<.1; * p<.05; ** p<.01; *** p<.001.

26 Tsai Chiu 1993 Lin 1997 Chen Lin

27 285 13% 17%

29 287

30 =0 =0 =0 =0 15 =0 =0.801** ** *** *** ** * ** ** Log-likelihood * * Pseudo R , p<.1; * p<.05; ** p<.01; *** p<.001.

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32 Bourdieu, Pierre,1977, Reproduction in Education, Society, Culture. Beverly Hill, CA: Sage. Chen, Vivien Wen-chun and Evelyn Yu-ling Lin, 2005, Political Exclusion or Socioeconomic Reproduction? Ethnic Educational Stratification in Taiwan. Child, Irwin Long, 1943, Italian or American? The Second Generation in Conflict. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Chiswick, Barry R., 1983, The Earnings and Human Capital of American Jews. Journal of Human Resources 18: Fernandez-Kelly, M. Patricia, 1995, Social and Cultural Capital in the Urban Ghetto: Implications for the Economic Sociology and Immigration. Pp in The Economic Sociology of Immigration, edited by Alejandro Portes. New York: The Russell Sage. Goldscheider, Calvin and Alan S. Zuckerman, 1984, The Transformation of the Jews. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Greeley, Andrew M., 1976, The Ethnic Miracle. The Public Interest 45: Hirschman, Charles and Luis M. Falcon, 1985, The Educational Attainment of Religio- Ethnic Groups in the United States. Research in Sociology of Education and Socialization 5: Kohn, Melvin L., 1984, The Effects of Social Class on Parental Values and Practices. Pp in Work and Family: Changing Roles of Men and Women, edited by Patricia Voydanoff. Palo Alto. CA: Mayfield. Lin, Nan, 1997, Persistence and Erosion of Institutional and Cultural Capital: Stratification and Mobility in Taiwan. Pp in Taiwanese Society in 1990s: Taiwan Social Change Survey Symposium Series II, edited by Ly-Yun Chang, Yu-Hsia Lu and Fu-Chang Wang. Taipei: The Preparatory Office of the Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica. Perlmann, Joel, 1988, Ethic Differences: Schooling and Social Structure among the Irish, Italians, Jews, and Blacks in an American City, New York: Cambridge University Press. Tsai, Shuling and Hei-yuan, Chiu, 1993, Education Attainment in Taiwan: Comparisons of Ethics Groups. Proceedings of the National Science Council: Humanities and Social Sciences 3(22): van den Berghe, Pierre L., 1967, Race and Racism: A Comparative Perspective. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Wang, Hong-Zen, 2001, Ethnicized Social Mobility in Taiwan: Mobility Patterns among Owners of Small- and Medium-Scale Businesses. Modern China 27(3): Warner, W. Lloyd and Leo Strole, 1945, The Social Systems of American Ethnic Groups. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Wilson, William Julius, 1987, The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Zhou, Min, 1997, Segmented Assimilation: Issues, Controversies, and Recent Research on the New Second Generation. International Migration Review 31(4):

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