,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 :, :, 2004, 157 220 ; :, :,, 1991, 131 168
2007 3,,,,,,,, (J rgen Habermas) (Benedict Anderson), (pub2 lic sphere),,, (print2capitalism),,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,,,,,,19 90 20 10,,,,, ( :,, :, 1999, 218, : :, 2005, 32 33 (Rudolf G. Wagner) ( ),,, 2000 1877, Rudolf G. Wagner, The Shenbao in Crisis : The International Environment and the Conflict between Guo Songtao and the Shenbo, in L ate I m perial China, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 107 138., : (1890 1907), 1993, 218 2
/ ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20,,, :, ;,,, 1911, ( Theodore Roosevelt, J r., ),, :,, ;,,, ;,,,,, :?,,, :,,,,,,,, 1912, 18, :,,,,, ;,, :,,, 3, 1, (1872 4 30 ), 1,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1983, 1132 1133 :,, 2002, 171 172,,,, :1815 1874, 2002, 179 203 : 19,, 1895,, :,, 2005, 103 ( ) :, 17,1902 10 2, 1,, 2 4,1905 5 28, 57 :, 1 1,1911 3,, 2005, 561, 14 3,1917 3 15, 183 :, 1 1,1912 12 1, 4 5
2007 3,,,,,, ;,,, 1919, : ( ), ; ( ),,,,,, ; 1927,, :,1921 1134, 628,,,, 1923 ( Chi na Year Book), ( ) : 18, 78 (1), 41 (2), 167, 47 (1), 14, 37, 39 (1), 3, 21, 116, 81 (41), 23, 115, 6, 32, 42 (1), 8, 27, 41 (1), 14, 40 (5), 951 (54) 1921 12 31,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, :,,,, :, 357,1919 4 21, 3 :, 7,1920 1 1, 9 :, 1 4,1919 4 1, 623 :, 1955, 358 359 H. G. W. Woodhead (ed. ), The China Year Book, 1923 ( The Tientsin Press, Ltd., 1923), Chap. IX, pp. 152 199. :, 185, 1913 47, 1911 1912, 487 200, 300, 1993 2, ( ) 2, 2004, 443 470 4
/,,, 1913 :,,,,,,,, ( ) 1899 1919 113, 49, 64, 118, 1911 27,1912 1919 97, 312,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1898, 30,,1898 1918 26,,,,,1890, 76, 40,, 1921 107,, 5 :, 1 4,1913 9 1,, 1984, 59 60 : ; :, 5, 1987, 579 602 547 578,,,, :, 2004, 35 178 203 :, 2003 2,, 1906,,, 3, 303 314 :, 1991 ; :, 2000, 491 : (1901 1920), 1985, 98
2007 3,, 1897 1918 170 ( ),1897 1911 111,1912 1918 59 1919,,,,,,,,,, 1922, 1918 :, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, :,,,,,,,, 1000,,,, 2,,,,, :1901 1911, 2001 :, 5, 493 538,, 20 :, 18, 2003, 326 :,,, 1922 12 3, :,,, 1980, 296 297, 14 3,1917 3 15, 183 :, 1, 1985, 26 6
/,,,?,,,,, ( ),, 1912 :,,,,, ;,,,,, 1914,,,,,, 1915, 25,, 1920, 12,,,,,,,,, :,, :,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, 1915 1 7,,,,,,,,, 7 :,, 1984, 559,, Ping2ti Ho, The L adder of S uccess in Im perial China : Aspects of Social Mobility ( New York : Columbia University Press, 1962) ; Wolfram Eberhard, Social Mobility in Traditional China (Leiden : Brill, 1962) :, 1984, 23, 121,122, 230 231 561, 295 310 :, 2 5,1917 1 1,, 4
2007 3 1919,,,,,,,,,,, 1917, :,,,,,,,,,,!,,,,,,, 1917 :,,, 1921,, :,,,,,,, 1920,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1911 7,, 11 16, 10,, 10,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, 462 473, 290 567 578 654 655, 361 621 :, 1990, 474 :,, 1959, 102 :,1911 7 16, 1998, 109 110 8
/,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1915 3 9, :,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, Critic,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,! 1920,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1918,,,,,,,, 1918 12 25, :,,,,,,, 1917 1 12, 9 1,1914 3 13, 312 1,1915 3 9 11 10 20, 413 414 511 2,1919 11 13, 91 2,1919 12 14, 105 2,1920 3 4 28, 134 144 :, 178 181 196
2007 3,,,,,,, 1917 14. 6 1918 11. 1 ; 1919, 11,,, ( ) : ( ) ;, :,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, ;,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,, :, 2001, 670 204 :, 5 3,1918 9 15, 206 212 ;, 6 2,1919 2 15, 148 161 :, ;,, 1 4,1919 4 1, 623 632,1918 12 26, 671 ;,1919 3 14, 732 1919 8 5 :,, 10 22 :,,, 10 28,,, 828 889 891 :, 1991, 129 270 1919 5, :,,,,1919 5 1, 765, 2004 6 10
/,, 1917 1 14, 4,,,1916,,, :, ;,, :,,,,,,, :,,,, 1915,,,, 1915,, 1917, :,,,,,, 1917,,,,, 1913,,,,,,, 1000, 6,, :,,,,, :,,,,, 3,,, 4 1, ; 6 1, 11 :, 31 1,1934 1 1, 5 6 ; :, 1988, 75 :, 2004, 37 :,, 1980, 333 334 355 :, 2006, 37 33 :, 2 1,1916 9 1,, 7 :, 37 :, 1997, 1 23, 4 3,1918 3 15, ;, 6 1,1919 1 15,
2007 3,,,,, :, ;,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, 1920, (, ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1920,,,, ; 5 5 1, 1922 25,,, 99 %, :!,,,,,, 1897,,, : :, 1 1,1919 1 1, 1 4 ;, 2 1,1919 10, 199 205 :, 43,,,1917 7 1,, 1984, 349 350, 771,1920 12 17, 7 :, 696,1920 9 18, 3 : ; :, 1136,1922 12 17, 2 3 12
/,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ( ), ( ),,,,,,,,,,!,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 20 30 ;, 1918,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1911 1948,,,,,,,,,,? 1919 2 13 :,, 1989, 107 108 : (1910 10 20 ), :, 2003, 118 :,,, 1923 8 9, 1 ( ) :, 5 4,1918 10 15,, 433 :, 3, 2005, 565 607
2007 3 15 6 2, :, :,,,,, ;,,,,, :, ;,, ; ;,,,,,,, 1919 2,,,,,,, 3 4, :,,,, 3 18, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, 6 2,1919 2 15, ( ) :, 13,1919 3 16, 3 : (1919 5 7 ),, 1979, 42, 336,1919 3 19, 4,,,,,, 17,1919 4 13,, 1 4 ; 19,1919 4 27,, 1 4 14
/ ;,,,,,,, 8,,,, :,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, 1920 :,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,, 15, 1919 3 18 4 1, 338,1919 3 21, 1 3 :, 2 1,1919 10, 201, 2 (1912 1937), 2000, 2744 2745 :, 1921 9 29,, 1993, 422
2007 3,,,, :,,, 1918?,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, ;,,, (Lucian W. Pye) (phantom republic),,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 1912,,,,,, 1915,, :, :,,,,,,,,, :, 4, 1981, 455 ;, 3, 12 Lucian W. Pye, The S pirit of Chinese Politics : A Psychocultural Study of the A uthority Crisis in Political Development (Cambridge Mass. : M. I. T. Press, 1968). :,, P1, :, 1989, 5 :, 1 1,1912 12 1, 5 16
/, :,,,,,,,,,,,, 1915 :,,,,,,, :,,?, ;,,,?,,,,,,,, 1918 :,,,,, 1920 :,,,,, 1915,,,, 1916,,,,,,,,, :,,, :??,??,, :,,,, : 1917,, ;,,,,, 17 :, 1983, 702 704 :,, 132 : (1915 8 14 ),, 104, 91 92, 288 315 557 :, 1 6,1916 2 15, 1 4 :,,, 1995, 361 368 : ( ), 36,, 1986, 250
2007 3,,,, ;,,,,, ;, 1915 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1916 1,,,,,, :,,,, :,,,,,,, :, ;, ( ) ;, ( ),, :, 7,1922 6 18, 3,,,,, 149,1935 5 4, 5,,,? (1918 7 15 ),, 268,,, 2003 ; :, :, 1998 ( ) :, 12 3,1915 3 1, 4 :?, 1 4,1919 4 1, 557 :,, 5 4 29,1923 4 29, 1 3 18
/,,,,, ;,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, :,,,, 1913 : :,,,,,,,,, 19 : (1919 9 ) ; : (1919 12 1 ) ; (1920 12 15 ), 3, 1959, 515 518 525 529 529 530 :, 1 1,1919 8, : (1920 1 29 ), 3, 1985, 207 212 : (1919 7 19 ),, 64 :,, 1975, 4 5 :, : 12, 1998, 9705 :,, 1967, 221
2007 3,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, 1920, :,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1916,, :, ;,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, :, 1988, 45 51 :, 2, 1984, 163 :, 7 2,1920 1 1,, 153 154 :,1916 9 4,, 211 :?,, 1984, 205 20
/,!,,,?,,,,?, 1915,,, :,,,,,,,,, 1902,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 1905,, :,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, 4 4,, :,, ;,,,,,,,,, 21 :, 2 4,1920 5 1,, 859 860 :, 13 1,1916 1 10, 1, 140 154 :, : 3, 1986, 564 565 ( ) :, 17,1902 10 2, 5 :, 3, 1997, 36 37 :, 2 2,1916 10 1,, 1 3, 4 3,1918 3 15, 256 284 :, 4 4,1918 4 15,, 350 356
2007 3 (, ),,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, 1918,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, 1912 6 2, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, ;,,, : (1919 2 20 ),, 24 25 :,!, 31,1919 7 20, 1 :, 1, 391 ( ) :, 15 12,1918 12, 3 :, 16 7,1919 7 15, 6 7 :,1919 3 13,, 30 31 22
/, 1913 5,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1913 8 26 :,?,,,,,, 1915, : (,,, ),,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, 1920,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, 23 :,1912 6 2 ;,1912 6 26,, 463 468 469 :,1913 5 25,, 1979, 433 434 : (1913 8 26 10 17 1915 4 8 9 ),,, 522 531 561 562 :,, 3, 103 112 :,, 1985, 64 73 74 : ( 1915 ), 3, 624
2007 3,,,,,,,, : (, ),,,, :,,,, :,,,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1919 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, : ( 1916 ), 3, 648 :, 2 1,1919 10, 199 205, 10,1922,,,,, 1922 12 24, 3 4 :,, 1995, 85 :, 1 1,1919 1 1, 1 4 :, 7,1922 6 18, 3 24
/,,,,, ; ;,,,,,,,,, 1918 :,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1905,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,?,,200433 ( : ) 25 : (1920 8 1 ),, 106 : ( ) 2,, 1990,1922 2 7 ( ) :, 15 12,1918 12, 1 2 :,1920 4 4, 4 :,1919 12 1,, 5
Modern Chine se History Studie s No. 3, 2007 An Analysis of Early Republican Intellectual Circles : Press Media and the Life Style of Intellectuals Zha ng Qi ng (1) The main aim of this article is to analyze the intellectual circles in Early Republican China based on the intellectual environment produced by the press media and the new life style among intellectuals that emerged from it. On the one hand, this paper tries to explain the new changes in the press media in Republican China after its development in the late Qing period. However, the changes examined are not quantitative changes ; they are the media s interactions with thought, politics and society. With this approach, we examine what characteristics the press media produced in the intel2 lectual environment of Early Republican China. On the other hand, in order to observe what kinds of new characteristics appeared in the life style of intellectuals, this paper tries to integrate the interactions between the press and intellectuals, in particular the relationship between the press and intellectuals in colleges and universities. In every era intellectuals al2 ways have symbols to show their status, and early Republican intellectuals were no exception. Through interactions be2 tween the press media and intellectuals, perhaps we can explain better how the early Republican intellectual environment molded intellectuals, and better understand early Republican intellectual circles. The Wuhan Guomindang s Policies of Uniting with the CCP and Breaking with the CCP Ya ng Kuisong (26) From the end of 1926 to the summer of 1937, the policy of the Guomindang in Wuhan made a 180 degree turn from the left to the right. An important reason that led to the Wuhan Guomindang s change of policy was the swift develop2 ment of the workers and peasants movements under the influence of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), because this situation severely damaged the frail financial base on which the Wuhan government s existence depended and undermined the loyalty of military officers. In fact, both the Central Committee of the Guomindang in Wuhan or the Central Commit2 tee of the CCP did their best to control the workers and peasants movements at the time. However, the lack of grass2 root cadres in the CCP, and especially Stalin s naked interference in China s revolutionary policies, driven by the power struggles within the United Communist (Bolshevik) Party, not only rendered the CCP unable to adjust its worker and peasant policies as the changing situation demanded, but also greatly stimulated the Wuhan Guomindang s suspicious atti2 tude. These facts have implications for the Wuhan Guomindang s change from uniting with the CCP to ultimately set2 ting out to break with the CCP. Normal and Abnormal States of Beijing Politics : A Study of the Controversy bet ween Li Yuanhong s Presidential Palace and Duan Qiri s State Council Wa ng Chaogua ng (51) After Yuan Shikai s abortive proclamation as emperor and ignominious death, severe contradictions and conflicts arose on many issues between the new premier Duan Qiri and the new president Li Yuanhong, giving rise to an inter2de2 partmental face2off between the Presidential Palace and the State Council. This was for a time the main conflict on Beijing political stage. As a matter of course, the normal state of Beijing politics was for the cabinet to dominate state affairs, but the controversy between Li Yuanhong s Presidential Palace and Duan Qiri s State Council was an exception. In fact it could be called an abnormality in Beijing politics. However, the result of the controversy was that Duan Qiri overpowered Li Yuanhong and re2exerted control over political power in Beijing. The key factor in Duan s victory was his reliance on military force. After this twisted detour, Beijing politics returned from the abnormality of inter2departmental struggle to its normal state of cabinet domination. But the dominance of military force was established even more unshakably. Cabinet domination was developing into military domination. As the Beiyang Army broke up into factions and military interference in government affairs developed, this tendency showed itself more and more.