..1..3..4..5 12 16 19 24 29 31 41 43 55 63 73 75 78 82 90 92 96 I
131.4 241 Steers.21 311..24 II
211 8 331..32 332..34 333..35 334..36 335..37 336..38 337 5 39 338 Cronbach 40 411..47 412..49 413..50 414..51 415..52 416..53 417..54 421..56 422 t. 58 423 t.59 424 t 60 425 t 61 426 t 62 431..65 432..67 433..69 434..70 435..71 436..72 III
441..73 442..74 451..75 451..76 452. 77 IV
(1995) 1999 921 200 59 5% 1999a 2001 1999 37.5% 65 35.8% 45 15 24 (34.5%) 62.5 2000 1
1995 106,703.5 38 1995 1999c (Voluntarism) 1999a 2
3
131 131 4
(2000) (1999) 1998 Salamon (1987) 5
1992 (nonprofit organization) (The third sector) (Voluntary organization) Philanthropic organization (Nongovernmental organization ) Independent sector Salamon (1997) 1999 1. (Formal) 2. (Private) 3. (Nonprofitdistributing) 4. (Selfgovernor) 5. (Voluntary) 6
Wolf(1990) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1996 Wolf Johnson, 1987; 1999 1990 1987 1978 2000a (1999) 7
2000a (1995)1930 1930 1960 1970 1999 232 183 67 1999b 1999 12,548 1,620,368 1995 2000a 2,043,095 11.8 8
5 211 211 1988 1,920,328 34,895,065 5.5 1989 1,723,423 36,642,848 4.7 1990 2,113,930 49,616,540 4.3 1991 2,041,928 71,075,697 2.9 1992 2,894,405 95,976,033 3.0 1993 4,184,861 100,030,201 4.2 (2000b) 1995 21 1998 30 (2000) (1995) 9
1999 (1999)1865 1872 1985 30 (1999a) 70 1. 2. 3. (Barry & Jones, 1994) 1999a (hospice care) 10
1999a 48 (1996) 11
1988 1999 2001 Ellis & Noyes (1990) (1996) 12
Kurtz & Burrows (1971) 1997 Sues & Wilson (1987) 1991 19,784 659,466 1991 (1997) (1994) (1992) 13
(performance evaluation) Drucker 1999 Campbel (1990) 1998 (Uttterbak, & Heyman, 1984) (Drucker, 1989) (2000) 1 2 (Campbell, & Lee, 1988) (Gaston, 1989) 3 4 14
15
(identification) Johnson, Johnson, Heimberg (1999) Lasswell (1965) FreudFreud Freud (primary identification) (secondary identification) (Kagan, 1958; Bronfenbenner, 1960; Mussen&Parder, 1965) (organizational identification) (Cheny, 1983) (social identity theory) (selfconcept) (personal identity) (social identity) (Tajfel, 1971)Deschamps & Devos (1998) 1 (social categories) (Turner, 1982)( Mael& Ashforth, 1989) 1 (social categories) (Ashforth and Mael,1989 16
(social identification) (Mael Ashforth, 1992) (Dutton, Dukerich, & Harquail, 1994) WanHuggins, Riordan, & Griffeth (1998) (Cheny, 1983) 17
Patchen (1970) Patchen (similarity) (membership) (loyalty) Patchen Cheney (1982) (Organizational Identification Questionnaire, OIQ) 30 25 (Bullis& Tompkins, 1989; Bullis& Bach, 1991; Barker& Tompkins, 1994; Potvin,1991; Sass& Canary,1991; Miller& Allen, 1996; Johnson et al., 1999) Cheney (Miller, Allen, Casey, Johnson, 2000) 18
(organization commitment) 1999Steers (1977) (Sheldon, 1971) Hall (1970) 1993 Mowday, Porter& Steers (1974) (involvement) 1. 2. 3. Buchanan (1974) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Wiener (1982) 1. 2. 3. Reichers (1985) 1. (sidebets) 19
2. (attributions) 3. (individualorganizational goal congruence) Mowday Organizational commitment Questionnaire, OCQ 1986 1987 1989 1991 OCQ (1991) (Mowday et al., 1979; 1982) O Reilly & Chatman (1986) 1993 1. (Compliance) 2. (Identification) 3. Internalization 20
Steer(1977) 1993 241 241 Steers Mowday (1982) 1994 Steer 21
Steers 1992 (2000) (1999) (Allen & Meyer, 1990; Becker & Billings, 1993; Mowday et al., 1979) (Allen & Meyer, 1990 ; Becker & Billings, 1993) Wiener (1982) Mael & Ashforth (1995) (Mowday et al., 1979) 22
23
Steers(1977) Cheney(1982) 311 24
311 (1996) (2000) (1999) 25
12 (selfconcept) 26
Buchanan (1971) 12 1~7 8~11 12 Likert 5 7 (1999) 12 1~3 4~5 6 8~10 11 7 12 12 Cheney(1982) (Organizational Identification Questionnaire, OIQ) (Cronbach ) Bullis & Tompkins(1989).95Bullis & Bach(1991).90Sass & Canary(1991).94Corman(1990).88Russo1998.92( Miller et al., 2000) 27
Cheney 25 Miller et al.(2000) Miller et al.(2000) 25 12 Miller et al.(2000) 25 12 9 Likert Mowday et al.(1979) (Organizational Commitment Questionnaire, OCQ) (1981) (1982) (1982) (1984) (19880 (1991) (Cronbach ) Mowday et al.(1979).80 15 (1999) Likert Becker, Billings, Eveleth, Daniel, Gilbert(1996) 6 Likert 28
29
30
331 331~336 31
32 331 281 625 318 355 658 243 403 43 20 93 535 32 51 219 816 47 39 401 489 259 14 27 15 16 30 17 19 3 2 9 23 2 4 3 27 4 6 19 22 23 30 130 50 75 250 70 0 2 30 0 120/ 380 100
33 331 60 441 251 793 1434 170 224 222 600 40 79 445 57 445 1187 959 444 4 21 17 28 27 4 17 18 21 4 8 8 8 22 25 25 23 10 200 60 250 335 142 115 5 150 20 140 839 221 144
220 1986 3 50 1968 1. 2. 12 80120 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 34
35
3 1. 2. a a 36
37 335 3
336 4 5. 38
10 372 189 183 337 a 10 Cronbach 39
40 Cronbach Cronbach
SPSS9.0 Cronbach T (Independentsamples T test) T (One way ANOVA) LSD (Pearson) 41
Regression 42
411 93.1% (1992) (1996) (1997) 41 ~60 72.9% 43
Suandi (1991) 1997 49.2% 27.8% 79.6% 55.9% 19.7% 54.6% 1999 (1993) 44
67.4% 54.6% 2~3 31.5% 1 5 2~3 1 2~3 2~3 3~4 2 2~3 1~2 412 3.84 3 4.07 3.37 45
413 3.60 3.84 3.05 414 3.85 3 3.963.77 3.86 415 3.96 416 3.73 46
47 411 (%) 20 2130 3140 4150 5160 6170 70 1 38 9 22 6 2 10 18 10 34 5 28 6 5 4 42 2 4 9 18 11 1 1 4 22 19 1 10 31 4 1 3 15 6 17 4 1 5 30 1 3 12 14 4 1 14 14 6 1 3 31 1 17 9 6 2 1 2 32 2 4 14 13 1 8 18 7 3 25 1 2 1 1 19 3 7 3 1 34 3 4 3 18 6 5 20 10 7 27 7 26 2 13(6.9) 176(93.1) 5(2.7) 11(5.9) 19(10.9) 71(37.8) 66(35.1) 12(6.4) 4(2.1) 41(21.9) 92(49.2) 52(27.8) 2(1.1) 23(12.4) 148(79.6) 10(5.4) 4(2.2) 1(0.5) 11(5.9) 105(55.9) 24(12.8) 37(19.7) 6(3.2) 5(2.7)
48 411 (%) 1 1~2 2~3 3~4 4~5 5 18 6 2 1 10 26 12 1 5 4 28 1 3 2 10 8 3 13 17 2 16 4 4 1 1 33 12 2 10 5 4 18 7 17 5 10 5 2 7 22 1 11 1 25 10 1 2 5 3 17 5 1 3 3 20 8 20 1 4 4 4 1 1 22 10 1 4 4 4 1 14 5 1 1 12 10 3 2 2 1 24 2 8 1 20 14 6 3 23 1 1 7 12 15 101(54.6) 12(6.5) 22(11.9) 20(10.8) 27(14.6) 3(1.6) 2(1.1) 126(67.4) 58(31.0) 1(0.5) 4(2.2) 22(12.0) 22(12.0) 12(6.6) 100(54.6) 19(10.4) 1(0.5) 2(1.1) 1(1.1) 42(22.8) 32(17.4) 58(31.5) 23(12.5) 7(3.8) 22(12.0) 39 46 35 34 34 184(100)
412 1. 4.01.60 2. 4.42.59 3. 4.07.64 4. 3.83.76 5. 3.84.69 6. 3.76.74 7. 3.82.70 8. 3.53.79 9. 3.37 1.00 10. 4.02.72 11. 3.98.65 12. 3.80.75 3.84.44 49
413 1. 3.65.86 2. 3.67.76 3. 3.85.76 3.71.64 4. 3.59.83 5. 3.94.77 3.76.73 6. 3.32.82 8. 3.73.72 9. 3.44.89 10. 3.30.91 3.47.67 11. 3.84.65 7. 3.37 1.03 12. 305.97 3.60.47 50
414 1. 4.16.79 8. 3.76.77 3.96.66 2. 3.84.82 4. 3.63.77 10. 3.98.70 11. 3.80.74 3.77.57 3. 3.59.92 5. 3.66.87 6. 4.14.62 7. 4.15.58 9. 3.88.79 3.86.54 3.85.52 51
415 1. 4.36.67 2. 4.41.70 3. 4.21.75 4. 3.63.99 5. 3.78.81 6. 4.14.88 7. 2.51.97 8. 3.90.74 9. 3.99.61 10. 4.46.61 11. 4.15.70 12. 3.72.85 13. 4.25.67 14. 3.74.88 15. 4.51.58 3.96.44 52
416 1. 3.77.70 2. 3.56.75 3. 3.54.86 4. 3.64.73 5. 3.62.69 6. 3.73.71 (Factor Analysis) (Principal Component Analysis) (Varimax) (Orthogonal Rotation) 1 59.2%KMO 0.841 12 417 53
417.837.252.170.773.338.155.759.09134.236.738.152.136.02298.769.153.04927.645.556.423.643.01847.259.622.06609.207.599.008898.384.563.320.105.369.668.408.169.447 4.562 1.381 1.166 38.0% 11.5% 9.7% 38.0% 49.5% 59.2% 54
421 51 51.7% 31~50 57.4% 1/2 2/3 49.1% 63.2% 2~4 50.8% 4 2 64.1% 2~4 3~4 3~4 60.4% 7 3~4 72.7% 5~6 55
56 421 30 3150 51 10 110 7 51 62 28 54 35 2 13 96 9 2 3 60 21 28 6 2 57 9 18 16 16 8.3 91.7 5.8 42.5 51.7 23.5 45.4 29.4 1.7 10.8 80.0 7.5 1.7 2.5 50.0 17.5 23.3 5.0 1.7 49.1 7.8 15.5 13.8 13.8 3 66 9 39 20 13 38 17 10 52 1 2 1 8 45 3 9 3 44 3 4 4 14 4.3 95.7 13.2 57.4 29.4 19.1 55.9 25.0 15.2 78.8 1.5 3.0 1.5 11.8 66.2 4.4 13.2 4.4 63.8 4.3 5.8 5.8 20.3 1.086 9.723 2.800 5.673 21.104 10.165 p<0.05 p<0.01 p<0.001
57 421 2 2 2~4 4 2 3~4 5~6 7 1 84 34 4 12 15 11 63 13 1 33 61 26 11 67 16 17 0.8 70.6 28.6 3.4 10.1 12.6 9.2 52.9 10.9 0.8 27.5 50.8 21.7 9.9 60.4 14.4 15.3 1 42 24 1 10 7 1 37 6 1 2 41 20 3 40 11 4 1.5 61.8 35.3 1.5 15.6 10.9 1.6 57.8 9.4 1.6 3.1 64.1 31.3 4.7 72.7 20.0 7.3 3.041 13.448 25.145 8.909 p<0.05 p<0.01 p<0.001
t 422 3.87 3.83 422 t M SD M SD t p.013 1.02.025.97.238.812.079 1.13.147.67 1.633.104.009 1.06.002.89 1.75.862 3.83.46 3.87.41.567.573 p<0.05 p<0.01 p<0.001 t 423 11 (3.90) (3.63) (3.66) (3.32) 2/3 58
423 t p<0.05 p<0.01 p<0.001 t 424 11 3 (3.95) (3.93) 59
424 t M SD M SD t p 1 4.15.82 4.19.75.320.749 6 3.73.79 3.83.73.873.384 3.94.68 4.01.64.695.488 2 3.84.85 3.84.78.024.981 8 4.05.72 3.86.65 1.744.083 9 3.83.76 3.75.72.694.489 3.91.60 3.82.56.933.352 3 3.62 1.00 3.55.78.505.614 4 4.20.65 4.04.56 1.753.082 5 4.19.55 4.07.61 1.357.177 7 3.83.83 3.97.71 1.231.220 3.96.57 3.91.50.568.571 3.95.57 3.93.51.355.723 p<0.05 p<0.01 p<0.001 t 425 15 (3.94) (3.60) (4.33) (4.10) (3.98) (3.95) 60
425 t M SD M SD t p 4.33.70 4.42.61.828.409 4.47.71 4.41.69.573.567 4.25.68 4.14.84.967.335 3.60 1.05 3.70.88.670.504 3.75.83 3.82.78.567.574 4.14.91 4.13.82.093.926 2.49 1.05 2.54.81.324.746 3.93.68 3.86.84.565.513 4.00.62 3.97.58.322.748 4.51.61 4.37.62 1.513.132 4.14.69 4.17.73.291.771 3.60.87 3.94.77 2.779.006 4.33.68 4.10.65 2.214.028 3.72.99 3.77.69.426.671 4.49.61 4.55.53.673 3.95.44 3.98.44.481 p<0.05 p<0.01 p<0.001.502..631 61
t 426 6 426 t p<0.05 p<0.01 p<0.001 62
63 LSD 431 51 51 76.9% 54.3% 31~50 58.7% 47.4% 26.3% 47.8% 41.3% 40% (21.7%) (0) (8.6%) 71.8% 48.6% 37% 32.6% 48.6% 38.6% (38.4%) 62.9%
71.8% 39.1% 50% 2~4 4 46.2%41.0% 2 47.8% 2~4 32.6% 2~4 80.0% 3~4 57.6% 5~6 3~4 62.2% 2 3~4 60.6% 7 64
65 431 % % % 30 3150 51 2.6 97.4 23.1 76.9 26.3 47.4 26.3 87.2 12.8 71.8 15.4 12.8 48.6 16.2 5.4 2.7 27.0 8.7 91.3 13.0 58.7 28.3 8.7 47.8 41.3 2.2 21.7 67.4 8.7 2.2 6.5 32.6 13.0 37.0 8.7 2.2 38.6 4.5 36.4 9.1 11.4 14.3 85.7 2.9 42.9 54.3 40.0 40.0 17.1 2.9 8.6 88.6 2.9 48.6 25.7 17.1 5.1 2.9 62.9 2.9 31.4 2.9 3.331 22.947 13.900 16.131 23.641 47.420
431 % % % 68.4 31.6 2.6 12.8 10.3.2.2 71.7 26.1 4.3 21.7 10.9 8.7 71.4 28.6 2.9 5.9 14.7 8.8 71.8 39.1 50.0 2.6 15.2 14.7 2.9 2 2~4 4 12.8 46.2 41.0 47.8 32.6 19.6 17.1 80.0 2.9 2 3~4 5~6 7 57.6 24.2 18.2 20.0 62.2 6.7 11.1 6.1 60.6 15.2 18.2 1.844 21.729 36.232 13.427 p<0.05 p<0.01 p<0.001 66
432 3.91 3.78 432 M SD M SD M SD F P.21.70.26.70.16 1.5 2.969.056.04.84.04 1.02.11 1.16.255.776 0.02 3.78.90.36 p<0.05 p<0.01 p<0.001 0.12 3.91.96.43.16 3.78 1.18.58.677 1.329.510.269 433 67
68
433 p<0.05 p<0.01 p<0.001 434 69
(4.05) (3.92) (3.84) 434 p<0.05 p<0.01 p<0.001 435 70
71 435
435 p<0.05 p<0.01 p<0.001 418 3 436 M SD M SD M SD F P 3.86.76 3.54.72 3.61.59 2.222.113 3.72.70 3.36.74 3.42.68 2.765.067 3.44.94 3.51.85 3.55.92.135.874 3.78.64 3.33.74 3.45.69 4.151.018 3.81.52 3.49.72 3.47.60 2.727.070 3.89.62 3.51.68 3.53.76 3.357.038 p<0.05 p<0.01 p<0.001 72
441 441.627.516.017.752.005 p<0.05 p<0.01.630.542.256.310.333.579 442 73
74 Potvin (1991) 442.746.588.718.761.556.457.225.673 593.544.179.241.503.207.501 p<0.05 p<0.01
451 451 E1 E2 E3 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 I1 I2 I3 452 R 2 =.660(F=49.563 ) 66%.396 F 0.001 0.01 75
Y=1.933I1+.894I3+1.766R1+.961E3+23.323.383 x.812 452 I1 1.933.396 I3.894.312 R1 1.766.185 E3.961 F (b) 23.323 N 120 R 2 0.660 R 2 0.647 F 49.563 p<0.05 p<0.01 p<0.001.137 4.384 3.531 2.475 2.368 453 R 2 =.662(F=40.721 ) 453 66.2% 76
.443 F 0.001 0.01.05 Y=1.761R1+2.250E1+2.575E2+1.309R4+.799E3+32.785 454.352 x.814 453 (b) F R1 1.761.207 2.733 E1 2.250.385 5.909 E2 2.575.443 6.249 R4 E3 1.039.170 2.751 N 120 R 2 0.662 R 2 0.646 F p<0.05 p<0.01 p<0.001.799 32.785 40.721.137 2.385 77
78
79
80
81
1/2 1/2 2/3 82
83
1999a 84
2~4 4 2 2~4 3 4 85
86
87
88
22 16 89
90
(1999) 91
1. 1999a 2. 1999b 853661 3. 1999c 86182207 4. 2000a 987893 5. 2000b 6. 1994 7. 1999 8. 1996 10413 9. 1996 122241 10. http//www.dgbas.gov.tw8/20/00 11. 1991 115174 12. 1999 29414 13. 1999 307361 14. 2000 15. 1994 16. 1997 17. 1999 179208 18. 1998 19. 1988 421011 20. 1996 21. 1992 22. 2000 92
23. 1993 2 3155 24. 1999 25. 1999 26. 1999 853035 27. 1999 85 128141 28. 1999 29. 1997 1283943 30. 2000 31. 1997 78 4853 32. 1987 382425 33. 1996 34. 1998 ~ 35. 1996 36. 1992 37. 1995 2 38. 1996 39. 1999 40. Allen, N.J., Meyer, J. P. 1990. The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63: pp118. 41. Ashforth, B.E., Mael F. 1989. Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14: pp2039 93
42. Ashforth, B.E., Mael F. 1995. Loyal from day one : Biodata, Organizational Identification, and Turnover among newcomers. Personnel Psychology, 48: pp309333. 43. Buchanan, Bruce. 1979. Building organizational commitment: the socialization of managers in work organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 19: pp533546. 44. Cheney, G. 1982. Organizational identification as process and product: A field study Unpublished master's thesis, Purdue University. 45. Ellis S. J. & Noyes, K. K. 1990. By the people: A history of American as volunteers (revised ed.), San Francisco: JosseyBass Publishers. 46. Drucker, P. E., 1989. The New Realities, New York : Harper & Row, Pulishers. 47. Dutton, J. E., Dukerich, J. M. & Harquail, C. V. 1994. Organizational images and member identification. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39: 239263. 48. Jonson, William L., Johson, Annabel M., Heimberg, Felix. 1999. A primaryand secondorder component analysis of the organizational identification questionnaire. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 59:159170. 49. Mowday, R.T., Poter, L.W.& Steers, R. M. 1974. Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiortric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, pp293309. 50. Mowday, R.T., Poter, L.W.& Steers, R. M. 1979. The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14:224247. 51. Mowday, R.T., Poter, L.W.& Steers, R. M. 1982. EmployeeOrganization Linkages The Psychology of Commitment, Absenteeism, and Turnover, New York: Academic Press. 52. Patchen, M. 1970. Participation, achievement, and involvement on the job. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 53. Reichers, Arnon E. 1985. A Reiew and Reconceptualization of Organizational Commitment. Academy of Management Review, 10(3): 456476. 54. Salamon, Lester. M. 1987. Partners in Public Service: The Scope and theory of Government Nonprofit Relations, The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook, W.W. Powell (ed), New Haven: Yale University Press. 55. Steers, R. M. 1977. Antecedents and Outcomes of Organizational Commitment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22:4756. 56. Tajfel, Henri, C. Flament, M.G. Billig, & R.F. Bundy. 1971. Social categorization and intergroup behavior, European Journal of Social Psychology, 1:149177. 94
57. Tajfel, Henri, & Turner, J. C. 1985 The social identity theory of intergroup behavior, In Steven Worchel and William G. Austin (eds.), Psychology of Intergroup Relations, 2: 724. Chicago: NelsonHall. 58. Turner, J. C. 1982. Towards a cognitive redefinition of the social group. In Tajfel, H. (ed), Social identity and intergroup relations, England: Cambridge University Press. 59. Uttterbak, & Heyman.1984. An Examination of Methods in the evaluation of Voluteer Program. Evaluation and Program Planning, 7(3):229235 60. Miller, Vernon D., Allen, Mike, Casey, Mary K., Johnson, John R. 2000. Reconsidering the organizational identification questionnaire. Management Communication Quarterly: McQ, 13:626658. 61. WanHuggins, Veronica N. 1998. The development and longitudinal test of a model of organizational identification. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28:724749. 62. Wiener, Y., 1982. Commitment in Organizations: A Normative View. Academy of Management Review, 421429. 63. William, L. J., Annavel, M. J. & Felix H. 1999. A primary and secondorder component analysis of the organizational identification questionnaire. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 59 (1), pp159170. 64. Wolf,T(1990). Manging A Nonprofit Organization. New York: Fireside. 95
96
9............... 97
........... 13. 1 2 1 2 4 6 7 1 2 4 1 2 4 1 2 4 6 7 1 2 4 6 1 2 4 6 98
1 2 4 6 7 8 9 1 2 4 6 99
1 2 1 2 4 6 13. 1 2 4 100