:,,,, ( ), ( ),,,, :,, ;,,,,,,,,,, ( Yang and Zhou,1999),,,,,,,,,,,,, Aghion Howitt (1992),,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, Galor and Zeira (1993) Fishman and Simhon

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1 3 :,,,,, ( ) ( ), d,, :,,,,, :,, ( Yang, 1999, Wu and Perloff, 2004, Benjamin et al, 2004, Wan,Lu and Chen, 2006), (,2003),,,, Benabou (1996) : ( ),,, (Croix and Doepke, 2004) 3,, :200433, :ling. shufe. edu. shufe. edu. cn 211, 2007, (2003), (,Berg and Sachs,1988 ; Persson and Tabellini,1994 ;Alesina and Rodrik,1994 ;Clarke,1995),,,(Forbes,2000),,(Chen,2003 ;Banerjee and Duflo,2003) 17

2 :,,,, ( ), ( ),,,, :,, ;,,,,,,,,,, ( Yang and Zhou,1999),,,,,,,,,,,,, Aghion Howitt (1992),,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, Galor and Zeira (1993) Fishman and Simhon(2002) Benhabib and Rustichini (1996) Benabou(2002) Li and Zou (1998) Zweimuller (2000, 2005),, : Shaked and Sutton (1982, 1983) 18

3 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, GDP,,,,, GDP,,,,,,,, GDP,,,,,,,, ;,, 1, 4 1, 013 ( 015) [ (1-012) 015 ]Π015 =

4 :,, 011 :,,, 2, 3 ;,, 01922, 2163,, :,?, ( ),,,, ((6) ),,,,,, 1 : 013,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, : : :, ( ) 1,(0 < < 1),,,,,,,,, 20

5 1 -,,, ( w), i A i,,a i i, i = p, r i y i = w + A i ( A r > A p ), ( y r > y p ),, A p = dv, d (0 < d < 1),, V, V = A p + (1 - ) A r A r = 1 - d 1 - V 5A r Π5 > 0, d V,, V 1, x,, P x wb, w, b 1, P x = wb = 1 q j, j = 0, - 1 k ( k > 1) : q 0 = kq - 1, wa, a (0,1), k ( q 0 ), P 0, ( q - 1 ),, q - 1, P - 1 wa,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, ( x i ) : y i = 1 x i + P j 1, j = 0, - 1 : u i ( x i, q j ) = ln x i + ln q j i = p, r, j = 0, - 1 (1) : u i = ln ( y i - P j ) + ln q j,,, d,,, 21

6 : ( ), (steady state) P - 1 = wa q 0 q - 1, q 0 P 0 : ln ( y i - P 0 ) + ln q 0 = ln ( y i - wa) + ln q - 1 (2) i q 0, q - 1 q 0 q - 1, q 0 q 0 = kq - 1, : P 0 = 1-1 k y i + wa k,, : (Pooling) (Separating),,,, : pool = 1-1 k (3) ( y p - wa) (4) : sep = (1 - ) 1 -,, 1 k pool ( y r - wa) (5) sep, : y r - y p ( y r - wa) (6),,, (6), (6) d (1 + ) 1, : ( ),,,, ( ) 2 30 d (1 + ) ( ),,,, 21, 1,,, (6),,,,,,,,,, ( Pooling (forthcoming) equilibrium ), Shen (6), 2 :1 - d (1 + ) w (1 - a)π V,, : d (1 + ) 0 22

7 ( ), k Aghion Howitt (1992),, <, n,, n, <, < = n wn, <B, B : B = (1 + t = 1 ) t Pr (0 t) = t,pr (0 t) t, < e t = 1 (1 - < e ) t - 1 (1 + ) ] t B = < e + (7) = n e, n e V,: V = - wn - V (8) V,, V,V,, V,,, V d,, ( ) : < V <,,,, < V,(8) : = wn + V (9),, 1 :, n ;, a ;, b[ x p + x r (1 - ) ], x p x r : 1 = n + a + b[ x p + x r (1 - ) ] (10) x r = y r - P 0 x p = y p - wa,, (9) (free entry),, wn = <B = nb (perfect foresight), < = < e ( n = n e ), : 1, 23

8 : w = < +, ( ),, <,, :,,,,,,,, ( ) (5) (9) (11),: (11) V 3 = w (12) < 3 = 1-1 k [ (1 - ) (1 - ) + (1 - d ) ] - (13) : (6),,,,,( d) : (13) d < 3,, Shen (2004,forthcoming), (1 - d) ( d) ( ),,, ( d), A r = 1 - d V d 1 -,,,, < 3,, d,, < 3,, ( ), ( da r Πd > 0),, (1 - d ), (5),, ( < 3 ),,,,,, 0,,,,,,, 5 y r = w d 1 - V, sep = 1 -,, 24 1 k ( (1 - d ) V + w - wa),

9 1 ( ) Part 1 : 67 included countriesπregions CountryΠReg. Year Gini Quntile 1 Quntile 2 Quntile 3 Quntile 4 Algeria : Australia Bahamas Banglades Belgium Bolivia , Brazil Canada Chile China Colombia Costa Rica , Cote d Ivoire Denmark , Dom. Rep Egypt Finland Ghana Greece , Guatemala Guinea Bissau , Guyana Honduras Hong Kong Hungary , India Indonesia % Ireland Italy % d Jamaica Jordan 1 -, Kenya Korea, R , Lesotho , Madagascar , Malaysia Mauritius Mexico Morocco Benabou ( 1996 ) Netherlands New Zealand , Nicaragua Niger , 25

10 : 1 CountryΠReg. Year Gini Quntile 1 Quntile 2 Quntile 3 Quntile 4, Nigeria Norway Pakistan (the world de2 Panama velopment index,world Philippines Bank) Poland , Portugal Puerto Rico Senegal Singapore South Africa Spain Sri Lanka , Sweden d Tanzania Thailand , Tunisia Deininger et Turkey al. (1996) Uganda ( the quntile UK data), USA Venezuela Zambia , Forbs Zimbabwe (2000) Part 2 :13 excluded countriesπregions,q1 CountryΠReg. Year Gini Quntile 1 Quntile 2 Quntile 3 Quntile 4 20 % Armenia Bulgaria ,q2 Czechoslovakia % Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Rep , Laos Latvia Lithuania GDP, Romania Slovak Rep Slovenia Ukraine Vietnam Data : from Deininger et al. (1996). 26

11 , 90,, 1990,, 1990, 80 ( ), 90, 13,, 1 80 ( ), 67 ( ), ( ) OLS 3 Q1 2 Std. N Minimum Maximum Mean Deviation,, 20 % GDP GROWTH( %) , GINI Q1 ( %) GDP ( %) , d Q1,, GDP : GDP GDP, GROWTH GDP GINI90, Deininger et al. (1996) Q1, 20 % Deininger et al. (1996) 1990, 3, d = q1 d = q1 d = q2 d = q1π(1 - q4) (Constant) (31257) (31238) (31045) (21342), GDP E E E E204, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Gini ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d (11812) ( ) ( ) ( ), R , :Dependent Variable : GROWTH. t, :,,, 3,, :,,, Q1 : 27

12 :,,,,,,,!, Q2 Q1 d 40 %, Q1 3 d = q1π(1 - q4), 20 % 20 %,, d GDP d = q1π(1 - q4), Q1 Q2,,, :, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 490.,2003 :, 12, 2007 :, Aghion, Philippe and Howitt, Peter,1992, A Model of Growth through Creative Destruction, Econometrica, 60(2), pp Alesina, Alberto and Rodrik, Dani,1994, Distributive Politics and Economic Growth, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109 (2), pp. 465 Banerjee, Abhijit V. and Duflo, Esther,2003, Inequality and Growth : What can the Data say?, Journal of Economic Growth, 8 (3), pp Benabou, Roland,1996, Inequality and Growth, in Ben S. Bernanke and Julio J. Rotemberg, eds., NBER Macroeconomics Annual. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press, pp Benabou, Roland,2002, Tax and Education Policy in a Heterogeneous agent Economy : What levels of Redistribution Maximize Growth and Efficiency?, Econometrica, 70 (2), pp Benhabib, J. and A. Rustichini, 1996, Social Conflict and Growth, Journal of Economic Growth, 1, pp

13 Benjamin, Dwayne, Loren Brandt and John Giles, 2004, The Dynamics of Inequality and Growth in Rural China : Does Higher Inequality Impede Growth? working paper, University of Toronto. Berg, A. and Sachs, J,1988, The Debt Crisis : Structural Explanations of Country Performance., Journal of Development Economics, 29, pp Chen, Been2Lon,2003, An Inverted2U Relationship between Inequality and Long2run Growth, Economics Letters, 78, pp Clarke, George R.,1995, More Evidence on Income Distribution and Growth., Journal of Development Economics, 47(2), pp Croix, De La, David and Matthias Doepke, 2004, Inequality and Growth : Why Differential Fertility Matters, American Economic Review, 93 (4), pp Deininger, K and Squire L New Data Set Measuring Income Inequality, World Bank Economic Review, 10, pp Fishman, A. and A. Simhon, 2002, The division of Labor, Inequality and Growth, Journal of Economic Growth, 7, pp Forbes, J. Kristin,2000, A Reassessment of the Relationship between Inequality and Growth, American Economic Review, 90 (4), pp Galor, Oded and Joseph Zeira, 1993, Income Distribution and Macroeconomics, Review of Economic Studies, 60, pp Li, Hongyi, and Heng2fu Zou, 1998, Income Inequality is not Harmful for Growth : Theory and Evidence, Review of Development Economics, 2(3), pp Persson, Torsten and Tabellini, Guido,1994, Is Inequality Harmful for Growth? American Economic Review, 84 (3), pp Shaked, Avner and Sutton, John,1982, Relaxing Price Competition through Product Differentiation, Review of Economic Studies, 49, pp. Shaked, Avner and Sutton, John,1983, Natural Oligopolies, Econometrica, 51, pp Shen, Ling,2004, Education, Income Distribution and Innovation, Discussion paper of Bonn Graduate School of Economics, No. 11. Shen, Ling,Forthcoming, Urban2rural Disparity : the Demand Analysis, Journal of Developing Areas. Wan, Guanghua, Ming Lu and Zhao Chen, 2006, The Inequality2Growth Nexus in the Short and Long Runs : Empirical Evidence from China, Journal of Comparative Economics, 34 (4), Jeffrey. Wu, Ximing and Perloff, M. Jeffrey,2004, China s Income Distribution Over Time : Reasons for Rising Inequality, home page of the Yang, Dennis Tao and Zhou, Hao,1999, Rural2urban Disparity and Sectoral Labor Allocation in China, Journal of Development Studies, 35 (3), pp Yang, Dennis Tao,1999, Urban2biased Policies and Rising Income Inequality in China, American Economic Review, 89 (2), pp Zweimuller, Josef. 2000, Schumpeterian Entrepreneurs Meet Engel s Law : The Impact of Inequality on Innovation2Driven Growth, Journal of Economic Growth, 5(2), pp Zweimuller, Josef and Brunner, K. Johann. 2005, Innovation and Growth with Rich and Poor Consumers, Metroeconomica, 56 (2), pp Income Inequality, Urbanization and Economic Gro wth : A Demand2side Analysis Shen Ling and Tian Guoqiang (School of Economics, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics) Abstract : Urban2rural disparity is an important source of income inequality in China. This paper investigates the demand2side effect of income inequality on economic growth. Income inequality can be measured by the population share of the rural residents and their relative income. Economic growth is represented by quality improvement driven by innovations of monopolistic firms. Since rich consumers are more willing to pay high prices for the better quality than the poor, the firms profit depends on the income disparity of consumers1 At the separating equilibrium, goods of different quality levels are sold to different consumers. A higher relative income of the urban residents is good for innovations, but a larger population share of the rural residents is bad for innovations. Our empirical evidence supports our theoretical prediction. Key Words : Inequality ; Urban2rural Disparity ; Urbanization ; Economic Growth JEL Classification :D31, D43, O12, O15 ( : ) ( : ) 29

Microsoft Word - 43屆2011年國際化奧總報告 revised by FTS.doc

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