第四號健康專題報告書 子宮頸癌的預防及普查

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19 1 ( ) 2 (2000) 3 (1998) 3 (1998) ( ) (1998) 13 3 (1998) 13 (1997) (SEER) - ( ) (1998) (2000) 6 (1999) 3 (1998) 7 (1999) 8 (2000) 9 (1999) 10 (1998) 4 (SEER) - ( ) 11 (1999) (1999) 6 (2000) 2 (1999) 13 (2001) 14 - ( ) 4 15 (2000) (1997) 13 (1999) (1999) (1999) (1999) ( ) 1. Chia KS, Seow A, Lee HP, Shanmugaratnam K. Cancer Incidence in Singapore , Singapore Cancer Registry Report No. 5, Singapore Cancer Registry Hospital Authority. Hong Kong Cancer Registry website (accessed on ) 3. EUCAN: Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence in the European Union (1998 estimates). International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (accessed on ) 4. Ries LAG, Eisner MP, Kosary CL, Hankey BF, Miller BA, Clegg L, Edwards BK (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, , National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, (accessed on ) 5. Cancer Registry of Norway. Institute of population-based cancer research. Cancer in Norway Oslo, Norway (accessed on ) 6. Cancer: New Registrations and Deaths New Zealand Health Information Service, Ministry of Health (accessed on ) 7. Office for National Statistics. Cancer statistics registrations, England, Series MB1 no. 31. London: Office for National Statistics, (Age-standardized incidence rate was computed by direct standardization of age-specific rates published in the report.) 8. The Swedish Cancer Registry. Centre for Epidemiology. Cancer Incidence in Sweden The National Board of Health and Welfare. Stockholm (accessed on ) 9. Cancer Incidence by Age Group, Cancer of the Cervix Uteri, Females, 1999, Canada. Canada Surveillance Online. Health Canada. (accessed on ) (Age-standardized incidence rate was computed by direct standardization of age-specific incidence rates extracted in the above website.) 10

20 10. Incidence of cancer in the Netherlands Tenth report of the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Netherlands Cancer Registry. The Dutch Association of Comprehensive Cancer Centres (ACCC). en-registry.html access on (Age-standardized incidence rate was computed by direct standardization of age-specific rates published in the report.) 11. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) & Australian Association of Cancer Registries (AACR) Cancer in Australia AIHW cat. no. CAN 18. Canberra: AIHW (Cancer Series no. 23). (accessed on ) 12. Finnish Cancer Registry. Cancer Statistics (preliminary) at last accessed on Worldwide Cancer Mortality Database. Mortality data by country, extracted from the WHO databank. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (accessed on ) 14. Office for National Statistics. Mortality statistics cause: Review of the Registrar General on deaths by cause, sex and age, in England and Wales, Series DH2 no.28. London: Office for National Statistics, Cause of Death The National Board of Health and Welfare. Centre for Epidemiology. Official Statistics of Sweden (Age-standardized mortality rate was computed from population and death data published in the report) (accessed on ) 11

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25 1. Steward BW and Kleihues P (Eds): World Cancer Report Lyon (France): IARC Press. 2. Mandelblatt JS, Lawrence WF, Gaffikin L, et al. Costs and benefits of different strategies to screen for cervical cancer in less-developed countries. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94: Hong Kong Cancer Registry. Cancer Stat 2000 and Hong Kong Cancer Registry, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong. 4. Department of Health. Department of Health Annual Reports 2001/ Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR Government. 5. Department of Health, Department of Health Annual Report 1992/ /2002. Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR Government. 6. Anttila A, Pukkala E, Soderman B, et al. Effect of organized screening on cervical cancer incidence and mortality in Finland, : recent increase in cervical cancer incidence. Int J Cancer 1999;83: Anderson GH, Boyes DA, Benedet JL, et al. Organization and result of the cervical cytology screening Programme in British Columbia, BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 1988;296(6627): Bosch FX, Lorincz A, Munoz N, et al. The causal relation between human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. J Clin Pathol 2002;55: Brinton LA. Epidemiology of cervical cancer overview. In: Munoz N, Bosch FX, Shah KV and Meheus A (Eds). The epidemiology of cervical cancer and human papillomavirus. International Agency for Research on Cancer Lyon. 10. Schiffman MH, Bauer HM, Hoover RN, et al. Epidemiological evidence showing that human papillomavirus infection causes most cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85(12): Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM, Bosch FX, et al. Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J Pathol 1999;189:

26 12. Franco EL, Rohan TE, Villa LL. Epidemiological evidence and human papillomavirus infection as a necessary cause of cervical cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91(6): Bosch FX, de Sanjose S. Chapter 1: Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer-burden and assessment of causality. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2003(31): Clifford GM, Smith JS, Plummer M, Munoz N and Franceschi S. Human papillomavirus types in invasive cervical cancer worldwide: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 2003;88: Bosch FX, Manos MM, Munoz N, Sherman M, et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: a worldwide perspective. International biological study on cervical cancer (IBSCC) Study Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87: Munoz N, Bosch FX, de Sanjose S, Herrero R, et al. Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer. New Engl J Med 2003;348: Green J, Berrington de Gonzalez A, Sweetland S, Beral V, et al. Risk factors for adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix in women aged years: the UK National Case Control Study of Cervical Cancer. Br J Cancer 2003;89: Thomas DB, Ray RM, Qin Q & the WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Risk factors for progression of squamous cell cervical carcinoma in-situ to invasive cervical cancer: results of a multinational study. Cancer Causes and Control 2002;13: Schmauz R, Okong P, de Villiers EM, et al. Multiple infections in cases of cervical cancer from a high-incidence area in tropical Africa. Int J Cancer 1989;43: Castle PE, Giuliano AR. Chapter 4: Genital tract infections, cervical inflammation, and antioxidant nutrients-assessing their roles as human papillomavirus cofactors. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2003;(31): Smith JS, Herrero R, Bosetti C, et al. Evidence for Chlamydia trachomatis as a human papillomavirus cofactor in the etiology of invasive cervical cancer in Brazil and the Philippines. J Infect Dis 2002;185:

27 22. Smith JS, Herrero R, Bosetti C, et al. Herpes simplex virus-2 as a human papillomavirus cofactor in the etiology of invasive cervical cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94: Weissenborn SJ, Funke AM, Hellmich M, Mallmann P, Fuchs PG, Pfister HJ, et al. Oncogenic human papillomavirus DNA loads in human immunodeficiency virus-positive women with high-grade cervical lesions are strongly elevated. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41(6): Plummer M, Herrero R, Franceschi S, et al. Smoking and cervical cancer: pooled analysis of the IARC multi-centric case-control study. Cancer Causes and Control 2003;14: IARC. Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans Lyon, International Agency for Research on Cancer (in press). 26. Castle PE, Wacholder S, Lorincz AT, et al. A prospective study of high-grade cervical neoplasia risk among HPV-infected women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94: Giulian AR, Sedjo RL, Roe DJ, et al. Clearance of oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: effect of smoking (United States). Cancer Causes and Control 2002;13: Palan PR, Romney SL, Vermund SH, Mikhail MG, Basu J. Effects of smoking and oral contraception on plasma beta-carotene levels in healthy women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;161(4): Nierenberg DW, Stukel TA, Baron JA, Dain BJ, Greenberg ER. Determinants of plasma levels of beta-carotene and retinol. Am J Epidemiol 1989;130(3): Heimburger DC. Localized deficiencies of folic acid in aerodigestive tissues. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992;669: Smith JL, Hodges RE. Serum levels of vitamin C in relation to dietary and supplemental intake of vitamin C in smokers and non-smokers. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987;498: Holly EA, Petrais NL, Friend NF, Sarles DL, Lee RE, Flander LB. Mutagenic mucus in the cervix of smokers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1986;76(6):

28 33. Szarewski A, Jarvis MJ, Sasieni P, et al. Effect of smoking cessation on cervical lesion size. Lancet 1996;347: WCRF/AICR. Food, nutrition and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research Moreno V, Bosch FX, Munoz N, et al. Effect of oral contraceptives on risk of cervical cancer in women with human papillomavirus infection: the IARC multi-centric case control study. Lancet 2002;359: Smith JS, Green J, Berrington de Gonzalez A, et al. Cervical cancer and use of hormonal contraceptives: a systematic review. Lancet 2003;361: Castellsague X, Munoz N. Chapter 3: Cofactors in human papillomavirus carcinogenesis-role of parity, oral contraceptives, and tobacco smoking. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2003 (31): International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Vol. 64. Human papillomaviruses. Lyon (France): IARC; Munoz N, Franceschi S, Bosetti C. et al. Role of parity and human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: the IARC multicentric case-control study. The Lancet 2002;359: Census and Statistics Department. Thematic household survey report no Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong SAR Government. 19

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44 1. Azocar J, Abad SM, Acosta H, et al. Prevalence of cervical dysplasia and HPV infection according to sexual behaviour. Int J Cancer 1990;45(4); Bosch FX, Munoz N, de Sanjose S, Izarzugaza I, Gili M, Viladiu P, et al. Risk factors for cervical cancer in Colombia and Spain. Int J Cancer 1992;52(5): Ngaon LT, Yoshimura T. Parity and illiteracy as risk factors of cervical cancers in Viet Nam. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2001;2(3): Munoz N, Franceschi S, Bosetti C, Moreno V, Herrero R, Smith JS, et al. Role of parity and human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: the IARC multicentric case-control study. Lancet 2002;359(9312): Weissenborn SJ, Funke AM, Hellmich M, Mallmann P, Fuchs PG, Pfister HJ, et al. Oncogenic human papillomavirus DNA loads in human immunodeficiency virus-positive women with high-grade cervical lesions are strongly elevated. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41(6): Report to Congress: Prevention of Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, January (accessed on 1 November 2004) 7. Hearing Testimony, Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer, Committee on Government Reform, March 11, (accessed on 1 November 2004) 8. Shepherd J, Weston R, Peersman G, Napuli IZ. Interventions for encouraging sexual lifestyles and behaviours intended to prevent cervical cancer (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, 2002 Issue 2. Oxford: Update Software. 9. Grimes DA, Economy KE. Primary prevention of gynecologic cancers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;172(1): Health Canada It s your health Screening for cervical cancer. (accessed on 6 December 2004) 35

45 11. Shepherd J, Weston R, Peersman G, Napuli IZ. Interventions for encouraging sexual lifestyles and behaviours intended to prevent cervical cancer (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, 2002 Issue 4. Oxford: Update Software. 12. WHO Press Release who/25. Pap cytology screening: Most of the benefits reaped? (accessed on 6 December 2004) 13. Kols A, Sherris J. HPV vaccines: promise and challenges Seattle, WA: PATH. 14. Da Silva DM, Eiben GL, Fausch SC. Cervical cancer vaccines: emerging concepts and developments. J Cell Physiol 2001;186(2): Stern PL, Faulkner R, Veranes EC. The role of human papillomavirus vaccines in cervical neoplasia. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2001;15(5): Galloway DA. Is vaccination against human papillomavirus a possibility? Lancet 1998;351(s3): Koutsky LA, Ault KA, Wheeler CM, et al. A controlled trial of a human papillomavirus type 16 vaccine. N Eng J Med 2002;347(21): Kulasingam SL, Myers ER Potential health and economic impact of adding a human pappilomavirus vaccine to screening programme. JAMA, 2003;290: Crum CP. The beginning of the end for cervical cancer? N Eng J Med 2002;347(21): Smith JS, Green J, Berrington de Gonzalez A, et al. Cervical cancer and use of hormonal contraceptives: a systematic review. Lancet 2003;361: Moreno V, Bosch FX, Munoz N, et al. Effect of oral contraceptives on risk of cervical cancer in women with human papillomavirus infection: the IARC multi-centric case control study. Lancet 2002;359: Doll R. Cancers weakly related to smoking. Br Med Bull 1996;52(1): Winkelstein W. Smoking and cervical cancer current status: a review. Am J Epidemiol 1990;131(6): Ylitalo N. Sorensen P, Josefession A et al. Smoking and oral contraceptives as risk factors for cervical carcinoma in situ. Int J Cancer 1999;81(3):

46 25. Castle PE, Wacholder S, Lorincz AT, et al. A prospective study of high-grade cervical neoplasia risk among HPV-infected women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94: WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control now signed by 100 countries. (accessed on 6 December 2004.) 27. Giuliano AR, Gapstur S. Can cervical dysplasia and cancer be prevented with nutrients? Nutr Rev 1998;56(1 Pt 1): Eastwood MA. Interaction of dietary antioxidants in vivo: how fruit and vegetables prevent disease? QJM 1999;92(9): World Cancer research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: A global perspective World Cancer research Fund in association with American Institute for Cancer Research. 37

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75 1. IARC Working Group on Evaluation of Cervical Cancer Screening Programmes. Screening for squamous cervical cancer: duration of low risk after negative results of cervical cytology and its implication for screening policies. BMJ 1986;293: Hong Kong Cancer Registry. Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Hong Kong (accessed on 6 December 2004.) 3. Saslow D, Runowicz CD, Solomon D, et al. American Cancer Society guideline for the early detection of cervical neoplasia and cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 2002;52: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Cervical Cancer Screening. Summary of recommendations. January (accessed on 6 December 2004.) 5. Hong Kong College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Guidelines on the management of an abnormal cervical smear. HKCOG Guidelines Number 3, (revised November 2002). 66

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