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1 : :,,,,,, ;,, :,,,, 1970 (Mehra and Grammage,1999) ;, ( Glick,2002),,,, ( Zhang, et. al, 2004) (Meng, 2000), (Lohmar et al, 2001 ; Rozelle et al, 1999),,,,, 3,, :100102, com,, 136
2 2008 9,, ( ),,,,,, ( Glick,2002),,, (Becker and Lewis, 1973),, (Hare, 1999),,, (Desai et al, 1989),,, ( Glick and Sahn, 1998 ;McGuire and Popkin, 1990),,,, ( Evans,1995),,,,,, ( ), (China Health and Nutrition Survey), z2score,,, ( ), (Blau et al.,1996),,,,, 11 Becker (1965),,, James2Burdumy (2005),, : maxu ( H, X, T L ; z 1, z 2, z j ) (1) H, X, T L, z,, (Behrman,1990) i,, ( ), 137
3 :, Blau (1996) James2 Burdumy(2005), : H = h[ T c 3 Q c ( T w,a), G( w T w,v) ] (2), T c, Q c, T w,,a G, ( w T w ) V, w,, ( Glick,2002), V,,,, ( Evans,1995 ),, ( Engle and Breaux,1994),,,5 Q c Π5 T w < 0,, ; 5 HΠ5 G > 0,, 5 GΠ5 ( w T w ) > 0,5 GΠ5V > 0, : w T w + V = p G G + p x X (3) T = T c + T w + T L, (4) P G P X, V (4) (3), : w T + V = w T c + w T L + p G G + p X X (5), (1) (4) (5), T C T L G X, w p G p X V : Input ( T c, T L, G, X) = I ( w, p G, p X,V ; z 1, z 2, z j ; A) (6),,,,,, :, ;,,, ( Glick and Sahn,1998), (Blau et al., 1996),, T c = T - T w - T L (2) : H = h[ ( T - T w - T L ) 3 Q c ( T w,a), G( w T w,v) ], (7),, 138
4 2008 9, (6) (7),, w T w = I, : H = h ( T w, w T w,v ; z 1, z 2, z j ; A) = h ( T w, I,V ; z 1, z 2,, z j ; A) (8), (quasi2reduced forms) : Health i = T wi + I i + V i + 1 X i + 2 X p + 3 X c + v i (9), i,, T wi, I i, V i X, X i, ; X p, ; X c v i,,,, < 0 ;,,, > 0, Blau et al. (1996),, :,, ;,, ( ),,, :, (Blau et al., 1996),, ( Glick and Sahn, 1998) ;,, (9),, ( Glick,2002),,,,, (9) T wi I i V i,,,,,,,, Behrman and Deolalikar (1988), Glick Sahn (1998),,,, Ilahi (2000) 139
5 :,,,, : Health i = 1 T ai + 2 T ni + I i + V i + 1 X i + 2 X p + 3 X c + v i (10), T ai, T ni, I i, V i, X,,,,,, : I i = w n T ni + w a T ai (11), w n, w a, (7) : 5 HΠ5 T w = (5 HΠ5 G) (5 GΠ5 I) w + [5 HΠ5 ( T c Q c ) ] 3 [5( T c Q c )Π5 T w ] = (5 HΠ5 G) (5 GΠ5 I) w + [5 HΠ5 ( T c Q c ) ] 3 [ (5 T c Π5 T w ) Q c + (5 Q c Π5 T w ) T c ] 5 T c Π5 T w = - 1, 5 HΠ5 T w = (5 HΠ5 G) (5 GΠ5 I) w + [5 HΠ5 ( T c Q c ) ] 3 [ - Q c + (5 Q c Π5 T w ) T c ] (12), 5 HΠ5 G > 0 5 GΠ5 I > 0, 5 Q c Π5 T w < 0, 5 HΠ5( T c Q c ) > 0,,, G;,, (9),, : 5 health i Π5 T wi = + (5 I i Π5 T wi ) = + w (13) (12), (5 I i Π5 T wi ),,, (11) 1 + w a, 2 + w n 21 (7) (8), (weight for age z score,waz) ( ),,, ; ( ) (WHO), z - score = ( - )Π, WHO 0 5 WHO 2006, NCHSΠWHO WHO - 2 CHNS, 12 4, 140
6 ( ) ; ( ),,,,, (7) (8),,,, (2SLS),, ( Glick and Sahn, 1998),,,, (James2Burdumy,2005) :, CHNS,,,,,, CHNS (China Health and Nutrition Survey),, , ( ) 4000, 13000,,, , 5030, 3009, 1158, 406, 457, ; ; Glick and Sahn(1998), IV TobitΠHeckman,,,, (Angrist,2001),, 2SLS Burdumy(2005), Sicular Zhao (2004) 141
7 : CHNS, 1988,, 1 z,,, - 2, 1317 %, 1,,, 64 %, 1, 22 %,,,,,,,, 616, 6 50 %,, ( ), 2516 %,,, 4615 %,, 2 OLS 2SLS, Hausman,,Hausman 2 (over identification test) 2 OLS 2SLS,,,, 2 (3) (4) 2SLS,, (5) (8) OLS, 2SLS 11, ( trade2off ), 2SLS, 142
8 2008 9, 48, Z2SCORE 01025,,,,, Z 01044, 01030,,,,,,,,,,, OLS 2SLS,, OLS (3),, 1 (1988 ), WAZ (3) (8),,,,,,, : (pooled),, ( ) ( Glick and Sahn, 1998) ;,, ( ) Hoddinotte Haddad (1995), ( ), ( ) 21,, 3,, ,, 0,,,,, , ,,,,,,,, 31 IV(1) ( 1),,,, IV Blau(1996),, 143
9 : (2) IV(3),,,,,, ;, ( 3),,,,,, WAZ 01028, WAZ 01015,,,,, 41,,,, :, ( ), ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( Glick and Sahn, 1998),,, 0 2,2 5,5 12,,,,,,, ( ) ( ), 144
10 2008 9,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (pooled),, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, 145
11 : 1 WAZ z2score momwttime ( ) momnonagwhour ( ) momagwhour ( ) momwinc dadwinc onlychild birthorder (1 ) gender : 0, mombirthage momedu fold mold momweight momheight dadweight dadheight hhnonlaborinc ( 0 ) mom - primary 0, mom - junior 6, mom - senior water (1 = 0 = ) market ( 0 2 ) age age ( ) county suburb
12 ( : z2score) OLS IV1 IV22boys IV32girls (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) momwttime (1109) (6198) 333 (5148) 333 (4108) 333 momnonagwhour (1125) (4157) 333 (3141) 333 (3108) 333 momagwhour (1196) 3 (6136) 333 (4181) 333 (3199) 333 momwinc (3150) 333 (2116) 33 (6115) 333 (4134) 333 (4100) 333 (2189) 333 (4172) 333 (3130) 333 dadwinc (0149) (0151) (0178) (0137) (0170) (0128) (0127) (0120) gender (3139) 333 (3147) 333 (3131) 333 (2174) 333 onlychild (4107) 333 (3186) 333 (3145) 333 (3167) 333 (1186) 3 (2101) 33 (3126) 333 (3140) 333 birthorder (1195) 3 (1190) 3 (0115) (0147) (0111) (0108) (0121) (0148) childage (6175) 333 (6176) 333 (4130) 333 (3128) 333 (3145) 333 (2186) 333 (2139) 33 (1155) age (6118) 333 (6123) 333 (4142) 333 (3104) 333 (0189) (0115) (5180) 333 (4170) 333 age (5171) 333 (5174) 333 (3194) 333 (3102) 333 (1120) (0168) (4195) 333 (4116) 333 hhnonlaborinc (0152) (0134) (3136) 333 (3160) 333 (3105) 333 (2197) 333 (1115) (1184) 3 momage (2152) 33 (2148) 33 (1188) 3 (1182) 3 (2119) 33 (2120) 33 (0158) (0138) momweight (13119) 333 (12193) 333 (11108) 333 (9185) 333 (8184) 333 (7183) 333 (6179) 333 (6111) 333 momheight (5135) 333 (5127) 333 (3174) 333 (3128) 333 (1157) (1140) (3149) 333 (2192) 333 dadweight (10175) 333 (10160) 333 (7115) 333 (6110) 333 (5150) 333 (4171) 333 (4140) 333 (3167) 333 dadheight (2107) 33 (2104) 33 (0173) (0149) (0148) (0137) (0182) (0161) elderly (0160) (0161) (1178) 3 (2104) 33 (0140) (0180) (2124) 33 (2104) (1183) 3 (1177) 3 (1138) (1142) (2122) 33 (2106) 33 (0147) (0116) mom - primary (5143) 333 (5149) 333 (5129) 333 (4160) 333 (3118) 333 (2173) 333 (4122) 333 (3170) 333 mom - junior (4164) 333 (4194) 333 (4106) 333 (1191) 3 (2171) 333 (1152) (3105) 333 (1100) mom - senior (3103) 333 (3122) 333 (3187) 333 (3138) 333 (2123) 33 (1199) 33 (3131) 333 (2190) 333 water (3163) 333 (3189) 333 (3151) 333 (1178) 3 (3168) 333 (2164) 333 (1127) (0103) market (0134) (0127) (0137) (0179) (1118) (1143) (0173) (0145)
13 : 2 OLS IV1 IV22boys IV32girls (4162) 333 (4150) 333 (0108) (0165) (0132) (0110) (0107) (0172) (5122) 333 (5110) 333 (0168) (1135) (0128) (0163) (0174) (1134) (5188) 333 (5190) 333 (1131) (2114) 33 (1135) (1170) 3 (0149) (1141) (4182) 333 (4190) 333 (0170) (1175) 3 (0122) (0191) (1110) (1186) 3 county (2106) 33 (1142) (1123) (2126) 33 (1133) (1180) 3 (0130) (1146) suburb (5130) 333 (5113) 333 (5196) 333 (5158) 333 (4190) 333 (4131) 333 (3147) 333 (3142) (7107) 333 (6193) 333 (6131) 333 (5190) 333 (3117) 333 (2194) 333 (5193) 333 (5145) (4171) 333 (4175) 333 (2146) 33 (1138) (0134) (0127) (3133) 333 (2144) 33 Constant (12117) 333 (11184) 333 (6143) 333 (5162) 333 (4101) 333 (3156) 333 (5120) 333 (4141) 333 Hausman Test P - value Observations R2squared : %, 33 5 %, % ;21 3 ;31IV (3) (5) (7) : ; ; CHNS ; ( ) ( ) Angrist, J., 2001, Estimation of Limited Dependent Variable Models With Dummy Endogenous Regressions : Simple Strategies for Empirical Practice, Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp Becker, G. S. and Lewis, H. G., 1973, Interaction between the Quantity and Quality of Children, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 81, pp Becker, G., 1965, A Model of Allocation of Time, Economic Journal, Vol. 75, pp Behrman, J. R., 1990, The Action of Human Resources and Poverty on One Another : What We Have Yet to Learn, Living Standards Measurement, Working Paper No. 74, World Bank, Washington, D. C. Behrman,J. and Deolalikar,A.,1988, Health and Nutrition, Handbook of Development Economics, Vol. 74, pp Blau, David M., David K. Resources, Vol. 31 Issue 1, pp Guilkey, Barry M. Popkin, 1996, Infant Health and the Labor Supply of Mothers, Journal of Human Desai, S. P., Chase2Lansdale, L. and Michael, R., 1989, Mother or Market?: Effects of Maternal Employment on the Intellectual Ability of 42Year2Old Children, Demography, Vol. 26, pp Engle, P. L. and C. Breaux.,1994, Is There a Father Instinct? Fathers Responsibility for Children, New York : The Population Council. 148
14 Evans, J.,1995, Men in the Lives of Children, Coordinator s Notebook no. 16, Consultative Group on Early Childhood Care and Development, available from http :ΠΠwww. ecdgroup. com. Glick,Peter and Sahn, David E., 1998, Maternal Labor Supply and Child Nutrition in West Africa, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 60 Issue 3, pp Glick,Peter, 2002, Women s Employment and Its Relation to Children s Health and Schooling in Developing Countries : Conceptual Links, Empirical Evidence and Policies, working paper, Cornell University. Hare, D., 1999, Women s Economic Status in Rural China : Household Contributions to Male2Female Disparities in the Wage2Labor Market, World Development, Vol. 27, No. 6, pp Hoddinott, J. and Haddad, L., 1995, Does Female Income Share Influence Household Expenditure Patterns : Evidence from Coted Ivoire, BULLETIN, Vol. 57, pp Jacoby, Hanan, 1993, Shadow Wages and Peasant Family Labour Supply : An Econometric Application to the Peruvian Sierra, Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 60, No. 4, pp James2Burdumy, Susanne, 2005, The Effect of Maternal Labor Force Participation on Child Development, Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp Lohmar, B., Rozelle, S., Zhao, C. B., 2001, The Rise of Rural to Rural Labor Markets in China. Asian Geographer, Vol. 20, McGuire, J. and Popkin, B., 1990, Helping Women Improve Nutrition in the Developing World, World Bank Technical Paper No. 114, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Mehra, R., Gammage, S., 1999, Trends, countertrends, and gaps in women s employment, World Development, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp Meng Xin, 2000, Labour Market Reform in China, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Rozelle, Scott, Li Guo,Shen Minggao, Hughart, Amelia, and Giles, John, 1999, Leaving China s Farms : Survey Results of New Paths and Remaining Hurdles to Rural Migration., China Quartly, Vol. 158, pp , June. Sicular, Terry,Zhao Yaohui, 2004, Earnings and Labor Mobility in Rural China : Implications for China s WTO Entry. Zhang,L. X, De Brauw, A.,Rozelle,S., 2004, China s Rural Labor Market Development and Its Gender Implications, China Economic Review, Vol. 15, pp Non2farm Work, Maternal Care and Child Health : Evidence from Rural China Liu Jing ( Institute of Population and Labor Economics, CASS) Abstract :China s rural economy has undergone dramatic structural changes since the country embarked on the path of market reforms in the late 1970s. These changes have altered patterns of women s labor force participation, with consequences for children s welfare. In this paper we examine the effects of maternal labor supply on children s health in rural China. With data from the China Economic, Population, Nutrition, and Health Survey (CHNS), We find that that an increase of a mother s working hours reduces her time available for children and consequently has a negative effect on child health, while the additional income it generated contributes to improving child s nutritional status. With the labor hour effect outweighing the income effect ; maternal work overall shows a small negative effect on child health, and the effect is more pronounced for non2farm work than farm activities. These results suggest that economic structural changes have intensified the conflict of women s dual roles as income earners and as caregivers. Key Words :Labor Supply ; Child Health JEL Classification : I12,J13,J22 ( : ) ( : ) 149
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