Leibenstein McLanahan Adams 1987 Renne 1970 Ryder 1973 Glenn McLanahan 1982 Bird 1997 Kohler 2005 Morgan Lye Condran 1988 Ab

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1 Vol. 40 No. 5 September Population Research * CGSS 2003 ~ 2013 APC Parenthood and Subjective Well-being A Life-Cycle and Life-Course Perspective Li Ting Fa n Wenting Abstract Using data from CGSS 2003 ~ 2013 this paper explores the dynamic relationship between parenthood which is characterized by children s number and sex structure and parents subjective well-being.through the hierarchical APC model we derive the changing trends of such relationship along the time dimension of age period and cohort.it is found that the effect of children s number on parents subjective wellbeing changes with parents age.having more children would bring negative effect to their young or middle aged parents but significantly promote the parents happiness at their old age.such age-differential effect is more salient for mothers.the happiness effect of children s number also differs among parents cohorts.parents who were born in the 1940s enjoy the maximum happiness return from their children after the cohort of which the positive effect rapidly diminishes due to the birth control regulation and demographic transition.meanwhile the happiness effects of having son differ between urban and rural parents.while having son slightly promote the subjective well-being of rural parents it significantly decreases the well-being of urban parents after their middle ages.finally having daughters would marginally increases their parents wellbeing and the effect neither changes with parents age or cohort nor differs between rural and urban mothers and fathers. Keyw ords Subjective Well-being Number of Children Sex Structure of Children Life Cycle Life Course APC Analysis Author Li Ting is Associate Professor Center for Population and Development Studies Renmin University of China.Fan Wenting is PhD Candidate School of Sociology and Population Studies Remin University.Beijing li.ting@ ruc.edu.cn *

2 Leibenstein McLanahan Adams 1987 Renne 1970 Ryder 1973 Glenn McLanahan 1982 Bird 1997 Kohler 2005 Morgan Lye Condran 1988 Abbott Brody 1985 Yamaguchi Ferguson 1995 Mizell Steelman ~ 1992

3 selection bias Angrist Evans Glenn McLanahan 1982 Rollins Feldman 1970 APC Yang Land APC Glenn McLanahan 1982 Rollins Feldman 1970

4 CGSS 2003 ~ ~ ~ CGSS ~ logistic = 1 = 0 = 1 = 20 ~ Table 1 Descriptive Statistics of All Variables 2 = 3 = = 5 = = 0 =

5 = 0 = = 0 = = 0 = = 0 = = 0 = = 0 = = 0 = = 0 = = 0 = = 0 = = 2 = 3 = APC 3 APC APC APC Identification Problem APC APC Yang Land Hierarchical APC-Cross-Classified Random Effects Models HAPC-CCREM Yang Land 2006 APC APC 3 x * 8

6 5 11 HAPC-CCREM Y ijk = β 0jk + β 1 AGE ijk + β 2 AGE 2 ijk + β 3jk X c ijk + β 4 X c ijkage ijk + β 5 Z ijk + ε ijk 1 i = 1 2 n jk j k n jk j = 1 n c k = 1 n p Y ijk j k i X c ijk Yang 2008 X c ijkage ijk Z ijk ε ijk ~ N 0 σ 2 β 0jk = γ 0 + u 0j + v 0k 2 β 3jk = γ 3 + u 3j + v 3k 3 γ 3 u 0j ~ N 0 τ ou u 3j ~ N 0 τ 3u j v 0k ~ N 0 τ 0v v 0k ~ N 0 τ 3v k τ 3u τ 3u β Y ijk = γ 0 + β 1 AGE ijk + β 2 AGE 2 ijk + γ 3 + u 3j + u 3k X c ijk + β 4 X c ijkage ijk + β 5 Z ijk + u 0j + v 0k + ε ijk p = p < U 40 ~

7 Figure 1 The Age Pattern of the Effect of Children's Number on Parents' Subjective Well-being Comparison between the Age Trajectories of Parents Having One Child and Two Children p = ~ ~ 1955

8 Figure 2 The Changing Effect of Children's Number on Parents' Subjective Wellbeing along Parents' Birth Cohort p = p < A B 60 Figure 3 3 A B The Age Pattern of the Effect of Children's Number on Parents' Subjective Wellbeing by Fathers and Mothers

9 14 40 Table 2 2 APC The Estimates of the Hierarchical APC-Cross-Classified Random Effects Models *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** * * *** *** *** ** * ** *** * **

10 * * * * * * * * * * * * * BIC ***p < **p < * p < p < APC ~ 4 5 ~ 6 3 4

11 p = ~ p = Figure 4 4 A B The Age Pattern of the Effect of Having Son on Parents' Subjective Well-being by Rural and Urban Parents.

12 CGSS 2003 ~

13 18 40 /References 1 Abbott D. A. and Brody G. H The Relation of Child Age Gender and Number of Children to the Marital Adjustment of Wives. Journal of Marriage and the Family Angrist J. D. and Evans W. N Children and their Parents' Labor Supply Evidence from Exogenous Variation in Family Size National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper Bird C. E Gender Differences in the Social and Economic Burdens of Parenting and Psychological Distress. Journal of Marriage and the Family Glenn N. D. and McLanahan S Children and Marital Happiness A Further Specification of the Relationship. Journal of Marriage and the Family Kohler H. P. Behrman J. R. and Skytthe A Partner + Children = Happiness The Effects of Partnerships and Fertility on Well Being. Population and Development Review Leibenstein H Economic Backwardness and Economic Growth. New York Willey. 7 McLanahan S. and Adams J Parenthood and Psychological Well-being. Annual Review of Sociology Mizell C. A. and Steelman L. C All My Children The Consequences of Sibling Group Characteristics on the Marital Happiness of Young Mothers. Journal of Family Issues Morgan S. P. Lye D. N. and Condran G. A Sons Daughters and the Risk of Marital Disruption. American Journal of Sociology Renne K. S Correlates of Dissatisfaction in Marriage. Journal of Marriage and the Family Rollins B. C. and Feldman H Marital Satisfaction over the Family Life Cycle. Journal of Marriage and the Family Ryder R. G Longitudinal Data Relating Marriage Satisfaction and Having a Child. Journal of Marriage and the Family Yamaguchi K. and Ferguson L. R The Stopping and Spacing of Childbirths and their Birth-history Predictors Rational-choice Theory and Event-history Analysis. American Sociological Review Yang Y Social Inequalities in Happiness in the United States 1972 to 2004 An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis. American Sociological Review Yang Y. and Land K. C A Mixed Models Approach to the Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of Reapeated Cross-section Surveys with an Application to Data on Trends in Verbal Test Scores. Sociological Methodology Yang Y. and Land K. C Age-Period-Cohort Analysis New Models Methods and Empirical Applications. Boca Raton FL CRC Press Zeng Yi The Return of Raising Daughters is Better than that of Sons for Farmers. Care Action for Girls Li Jianxin and Zhang Fengyu Urban Elderly's Mental Health and the Influential Factors. Chinese Journal of Population Science CGSS Liu Junqiang Xiong Moulin and Suyang National Sense of Happiness in the Economic Growth Peiod A Study based on CGSS Data. Social Sciences in China WVS Liu Pengyu Marriage Fertility and Well-being An Emprical Research Based on WVS Data. Master Dissertation. Southwesten University of Finance and Economics.

14 Mu Zheng and Xie Yu Fertility Effects on Parents' Subjective Well-being. Sociological Studies Wang Qinchi How Reproductive Behavior Affects People's Happiness. Population Journal Wang Wei Jing Hongqiao and Zhang Peng Does Family Planning Policy Reduce People's Sense of Happiness A Post-80 Generation Perspective. Population Research Wei Dan and Cai Huihua A Study on the Residents' Family Happiness and Its Influencial Factors. Journal of Fujian Jiangxia University Xu Qi Sons or Daughters Who Are Caring for Aging Parents A Gender Comparative Study of Chinese Family. Chinese Journal of Sociology Yan Jing The Influencial Index System of Happy Family and the Explaination Framework A Demograhpic Interpretation. Southeast Academic Research Zong He Raising Daughters for Old Age is a New Fashion in Cities Human Resource Development

~ 10 2 P Y i t = my i t W Y i t 1000 PY i t Y t i W Y i t t i m Y i t t i 15 ~ 49 1 Y Y Y 15 ~ j j t j t = j P i t i = 15 P n i t n Y

~ 10 2 P Y i t = my i t W Y i t 1000 PY i t Y t i W Y i t t i m Y i t t i 15 ~ 49 1 Y Y Y 15 ~ j j t j t = j P i t i = 15 P n i t n Y * 35 4 2011 7 Vol. 35 No. 4 July 2011 3 Population Research 1950 ~ 1981 The Estimation Method and Its Application of Cohort Age - specific Fertility Rates Wang Gongzhou Hu Yaoling Abstract Based on the