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1 * A A 2006 GSS % * 71

2 a 2013b A 1 1,,, 72

3 Treiman 1970 Shavit & Blossfeld Breen & Jonsson 2005 Henz & Maas 1995 Jonsson et al Müller & Haun 1994 Vallet 2004 Shavit & Westerbeek 1998 Lindbekk 1998 Maximally Maintained Inequality MMI Raftery & Hout 1993 rational-choice explanation MMI Effectively Maintained Inequality EMI Lucas 2001 Brint & Karabel 1989 Karabel 2005 Ayalon & Shavit 2004 Jonsson et al Ballarino et al De Graaf et al Breen

4 SAT ACT Ayalon & Shavit 2004 MMI MMI MMI Raftery & Hout 1993 MMI MMI Threshold Dependent Inequality TDI 74

5 MMI MMI EMI A SAT ACT A A 75

6 , A 7, 9, 83%,,,, 76

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8 A 1 2 odds A 1, 0 78

9 4 A A B

10 Empirical Cumulated Distribution Function ECDF logistic odds ratio ecdf( x), 80

11 A 6 A 81

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13 9 A 10 A 83

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18 ,, a b,x Y, n = ax + by d,, d,, m = a( X - d) + b( Y + d) = n - ( a - b) d < n,, 88

19 TDI MMI EMI MMI TDI MMI 80% 80% MMI MMI MMI Raftery & Hout MMI Lucas 2001 MMI education transition 89

20 Garnier & Raffalovich 1984 Shavit & Blossfeld 1993 MMI MMI TDI 0 1 MMI TDI MMI TDI MMI EMI 1,,, ;, 90

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23 a b Ayalon Hanna & Yossi Shavit 2004 Educational Reforms and Inequalities in Israel The MMI Hypothesis Revisited. Sociology of Education 77. Ballarino Gabriele Fabrizio Bernardi Miguel Requena & Hans Schadee 2009 Persistent Inequalities Expansion of Education and Class Inequality in Italy and Spain. European Sociological Review 25. Breen Richard 2010 Educational Expansion and Social Mobility in the 20th Century. Social Forces

24 Breen Richard & Jan O. Jonsson 2005 Inequality of Opportunity in Comparative Perspective Recent Research in Educational Attainment and Social Mobility. Annual Review of Sociology 31. Brint Steven & Jerome Karabel 1989 The Diverted Dream Community Colleges and the Promise of Educational Opportunity in America New York Oxford University Press. De Graaf Nan Dirk Paul M. De Graaf & Gerbert Kraaykamp 2000 Parental Cultural Capital and Educational Attainment in the Netherlands A Refinement of the Cultural Capital Perspective. Sociology of Education 73. Garnier Maurice A. & Lawrence E. Raffalovich 1984 The Evolution of Equality of Educational Opportunities in France. Sociology of Education 57. Henz Ursula & Ineke Maas 1995 Chancengleichheit durch die Bildungsexpansion. K lner Zeitschrift fur Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 47. Jonsson Jan O. Colin Mills & Walter Müller 1996 A Half Century of Increasing Educational Openness Social Class Gender and Educational Attainment in Sweden Germany and Britain. In Robert Erikson & Jan O. Jonsson eds. Can Education Be Equalized The Swedish Case in Comparative Perspective. Boulder Westview. Karabel Jerome 2005 The Chosen The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard Yale and Princeton. Boston MA Houghton Mifflin Company. Lindbekk Tore 1998 The Education Backlash Hypothesis The Norwegian Experience Acta Sociologica 41. Lucas Samuel R Effectively Maintained Inequality Education Transitions Track Mobility and Social Background Effects. American Journal of Sociology 106. Müller Walter & Dietmar Haun 1994 Bildungsungleichheit im sozialen Wandel. K lner Zeitschrift fur Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 46. Raftery Adrian E. & Michael Hout 1993 Maximally Maintained Inequality Expansion Reform and Opportunity in Irish Education Sociology of Education 66. Shavit Yossi & Hans-Peter Blossfeld eds Persistent Inequality Changing Educational Attainment in Thirteen Countries. Boulder Colo. Westview Press. Shavit Yossi & Karin Westerbeek 1998 Educational Stratification in Italy Reforms Expansion and Equality of Opportunity. European Sociological Review 14. Treiman Donald J Industrialization and Social Stratification. Sociological Inquiry 40. Vallet Louis-André 2004 The Dynamics of Inequality of Educational Opportunity in France Change in the Association Between Social Background and Education in Thirteen Five-Year Birth Cohorts Paper presented to the ISA Research Committee on Social Stratification and Mobility Neuchatel Switzerland. May

25 sociology can contribute to the Chinese sociology and agricultural sociology at a global scale through communicating with other disciplines as well as taking an active role in shaping the agricultural civilization the national economy and people s livelihood. MONOGRAPHIC STUDY Social Transformation and Elitist Education Changes in the Social and Geographical Origins of China s Educated Elites Liang Chen Dong Hao Ren Yunzhu & James Z. Lee 48 Abstract In the last thirty years Western scholars from Bourdieu 1989 /1998 to Karabel 2006 have gone to great length to document how in France and the United States national social and economic elites monopolize elite higher education. In China in contrast a system of elite examinations admits students from different social backgrounds. This paper uses a Big Historical Dataset that includes most imperial degree holders the majority of Republican university students and all undergraduate students from selected elite PRC universities to document how alterations in the examination system during the last 150 years have changed the social origins of successful degree candidates during four distinct periods and Our results suggest that while elite higher education largely reproduces social and economic elites elsewhere in the world in China the elite higher education is more independent and in fact produces new elites who contribute to a process of continuous transformation of the Chinese society. Threshold Dependent Inequality Caused by Education Expansion The Case of National College Entrance Examination Li Dai 71 Abstract Based upon National College Entrance Examination data of an undisclosed province in an undisclosed year this research uses the method of computation and simulation to examine the relation between higher education expansion and education inequality among geographical areas. It finds that under the assumption that the expansion is external and without interaction with persons education expansion causes inequality to rise before falling. That is expansion starting at a higher threshold causes 243

26 inequality to rise especially among elite institutes and expansion starting at a lower threshold causes inequality to fall. This theory is referred to as the Threshold Dependent Inequality theory in this paper. PAPER Economic Growth and Subjective Well-being Analyzing the Formative Mechanism of Easterlin Paradox Li Lulu & Shi Lei 95 Abstract Using the 2010 Chinese General Social Survey CGSS data we analyze the formative mechanism of Easterlin Paradox in China. By establishing an analytical framework consisting of three basic variables which include macroeconomic growth demand shift of residents and increasing social inequality we reveal the interaction among multiple variables and between macro- and micro-mechanisms in the formation of the residents subjective well-being thus showing how Easterlin Paradox is formed in China. We find that as the economy grows residents subjective well-being shifts from needs for basic survival to that of development and enjoyment which reduces the rewards brought by the increase in personal wealth. What s more the aggravating social inequality introduces relative deprivation eliminating happiness brought by economic development. As a result the subjective well-being does not rise noticeably in accordance with the rapid growth of economy but comes to a relative standstill. The Downward Movement Changes of Migrant Workers Socio-economic Status during Tian Feng 121 Abstract Data from the National Bureau of Statistics show that the labor market of China is facing labor supply inflexion especially in terms of the migrant workers. The migrant workers constitute a marginalized group in urban China although their education level has improved substantially and their absolute income continues to increase. By using the age-period-cohort models this article analyzes the changes in socio-economic status and subjective social status of migrant workers from 2006 to This research finds that the supply inflexion and education structure improvement do not increase the relative income or subjective social status of the migrant workers who seem to be going through a downward movement. Therefore this paper argues that it is difficult to improve the socio-economic status of migrant workers by relying solely on the 244

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/ 49 * 1865-2014 150 The Great Transformation Karl Polanyi / Polanyi 1944 1 Douglass C. North * ( 15BZS073 ) GRF ( 640613 \ 16400114) 1 1944 The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our