310 Po-Wen Ku, Wen-Jung Sun, Chun-Yi Chang, Li-Jung Chen Introduction Population aging has been a common phenomenon in industrialized countries, such

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1 Sports Exercise Research Vol. 15, No. 3, (September, 2013) DOI: /ser Reliability and Validity of the Chinese Version of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly Po-Wen Ku1, Wen-Jung Sun2, Chun-Yi Chang3, and Li-Jung Chen4 1 Graduate Institute of Sports and Health, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan 2 3 Family Medicine Department, Taipei City Hospital Zhongxing Branch, Taipei 103, Taiwan Department of Physical Education, National Hsinchu University of Education, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan and 4 Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Physical Education and Sport, Taichung 404, Taiwan Corresponding Author: Li-Jung Chen Address: No. 16, Section 1, Shuang-Shih Rd., Taichung 404, Taiwan Fax: (04) ljchen@ntupes.edu.tw Received: November, 2012 Accepted: April, 2013 Abstract There is a paucity of knowledge about valid and reliable physical activity questionnaires for Taiwanese older adults. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly in Taiwan (PASE-C). Two hundred and sixty-three community-dwelling older adults aged 65 or older (mean age 73 ± 6; male/female: 97/166) were recruited from Kaohsiung City. The test-retest reliability over a one-week period was estimated by Pearson s correlation and Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs). Concurrent validity was assessed using Spearman s rank correlation by PASE scores (i.e., overall, leisure, household and work-related physical activity), accelerometer measures (energy expenditure and walking steps), hand grip strength and the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). The same procedure was conducted stratified by gender. The results showed that Pearson s correlation coefficient and the ICC for the overall PASE-C scores on two different sessions were exceeded the recommended level. The second-wave PASE-C score was significantly associated with accelerometer measures. The concurrent validity was supported by the positive association between overall PASE-C scores and hand grip strength, and by the negative associations by overall PASE-C scores and GDS. Additionally, reliability and validity of three types of physical activities were also examined and supported. The adequate results were found in men and women separately. Based on the preceding analysis, the PASE-C demonstrated preliminary evidence for reliability and validity and is suitable for assessing the lifestyle physical activity among Taiwanese older population. Keywords: exercise, aging, assessment, accelerometer, questionnaire 06-陳俐蓉.indd /10/14 下午 03:50:58

2 310 Po-Wen Ku, Wen-Jung Sun, Chun-Yi Chang, Li-Jung Chen Introduction Population aging has been a common phenomenon in industrialized countries, such as Western Europe and America. However, the rapidly industrializing countries in East Asia are also witnessing these changes. According to the World Health Organization calculations the rate of population aging in this region is more rapid than in the Western societies (World Health Organization, 2011). Among East Asian countries, Taiwan provides an existing example. The percentage of population aged 65 and older has met the criterion of an aging society (7 percent) since The projections of Taiwan Ministry of Interior indicates that aging population figure in Taiwan will exceed the criterion of an aged society (14 percent) by 2018 and the criterion of a super-aged society (20 percent) will reached by 2026 (Taiwan Ministry of Interior, 2008). The dramatic aging of the population underscores an urgent need for research to elucidate the steps that can be taken to enhance the wellness among the elderly in Taiwan. Physical activity has been well recognized as a viable vehicle for improving older people s health and well-being. The Chief Medical Officer s Report: Start Active and Stay Active (UK Department of Health, 2011), and the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2008) offers a convincing evidence for both preventive and therapeutic effects of physical activity for physical and psychosocial aspects of older people s health. The current physical activity guidelines proposed by the American College of Sports Medicine suggest that older adults should engage in 150 minutes a week of moderate-intensity, or 75 minutes a week of vigorous-intensity physical activity, or an equivalent combination of moderate-and vigorous-intensity physical activity (Nelson et al., 2007). Physical activity in literature has usually denoted as leisure-time physical activity (LTPA). Less attention has been paid to other domains of physical activity in daily life, such as domestic and occupational physical activity (Ku, Fox, Chen, & Chou, 2012a). It has been increasingly recognized that domestic and occupational physical activities are beneficial to some aspects of health (Hu et al., 2004; Matthews et al., 2007; Phongsavan, Merom, Marshall, & Bauman, 2004). More importantly, these activities form part of daily routines for the elderly, reflecting good physical function, independence and active engagement with social connections (Chen, Stevinson, Ku, Chang, & Chu, 2012). To promote physical activity among aging population in Taiwan, it is essential to assess the accurate amount of physical activity among older Taiwanese. Unfortunately, there has been a dearth of adequate scales for assessing lifestyle physical activity behaviors of Taiwanese older adults. For example, Taiwanese version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) is able to examine the lifestyle physical activities, including leisure, transportation, household and occupational physical activities, but it is appropriate only for adults aged from 15 to 69 years old (Liou, Jwo, Yao, Chiang, & Huang, 2008). In contrast, the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) was developed by Washburn, Smith, Jette, and Janney (1993), which is a brief (5-15 minutes), easily administered and scored instrument. This self-reported instrument comprises 12 items assessing leisure, household and work-related physical activities over the past seven days among adults aged 65 or older, which has been widely used in many studies (Hagiwara, Ito, Sawai, & Kazuma, 2008; Ngai, Cheung, Lam, Chiu, & Fung, 2012; Washburn, McAuley, Katula, Mihalko, & Boileau, 1999). However, there has been little research of translating the PASE into a Chinese version and demonstrating its psychometric properties among Taiwanese population. The PASE scores consist of three types of physical activities. However, the psychometric properties of these scores derived from leisure, household and workrelated physical activities have not been systematically investigated. This makes the instrument unable to disentangle the differential associations of physical activities incurred in various contexts with health indicators in aging population. The aim of the current study was (a) to translate the PASE into Chinese and examine the one-week test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of the PASE Chinese version (PASE-C) among the elderly in Taiwan; and (b) to further examine the psychometric properties of the three different categories of physical activity.

3 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY SCALE FOR THE ELDERLY 311 Translation Method After obtaining the licensing agreement from the copyright owner of PASE (New England Research Institutes, 1991), the English version of the original PASE was translated into a Chinese version using forward-backward procedure. It involved comparison of the Taiwan and English versions regarding clarity, common language, and conceptual equivalence by the research teams composed of professionals in physical activity measurement, healthy aging and community medicine (Bullinger et al., 1998; Keller et al., 1998). Modifications to wording of items were done appropriately. To avoid the misunderstanding, the research team provided proper and corresponding Chinese translation for activity intensity in leisure, housework and work physical activities. Several common and appropriate physical activities in later life were also listed as examples to improve the clarity of the scale. (Appendix) Participants and Study Design Two hundred and seventy- five communitydwelling older adults aged 65 or older without physical disabilities were recruited from 11 community centers in the Hunei district, Kaohsiung City. Data collections were conducted twice with a one-week interval at each community center through face-to-face interviewing by 7 trained interviewers. The interviewers had attended the training programs and learned standard interview procedures and related skills. Baseline data collection comprised demographic variables (sex, age, educational attainment and marital status), lifestyle behaviors (physical activity, smoking and drinking), and health status (number of chronic diseases, height and weight [body mass index, BMI]). Each participant was requested to complete the PASE-C and wear a triaxial accelerometer for the next seven days. After one week, all participants were asked to come back to the community centers and returned the accelerometers. Then, they completed the second time PASE-C and other physical and psychological assessments, which details were described in the following section. Among these participants, only 263 subjects completed the two-wave survey. Moreover, their cognitive function was also assessed by the 8-item Ascertain Dementia (AD8) scale, which is widely used to detect the early cognitive changes associated with dementia (Yang et al., 2011). Twenty-four participants were eliminated because they exceeded the cutoff score of 2 for the AD8, indicating the cognitive impairment. Thus, only 239 participants were included in the subsequent analyses. Measures PASE-C. The PASE-C is a 12-item scale for estimating the older adults lifestyle physical activities, including three types of physical activity, such as leisure-time activity (5 items: walking, light/moderate/strenuous sport and recreational activities, and muscle strength), household activity (6 items: light housework, heavy house chores, home repairs, lawn work/yard care, outdoor gardening, and caring for another person), and work-related activity (1 item: work for pay or as volunteer). Scores of leisure-time, household and work-related physical activities were computed respectively, which were estimated by multiplying the amount of time spent (never, seldom [1-2 days], sometimes [3-4 days], and often [5-7 days]) in each activity by item weights and summed based on the scoring manual instructions (New England Research Institutes, 1991). The scoring manual provides the conversion table regarding activity weight and activity frequency value for each item. The overall PASE-C score was estimated by summing the amount of the three components. Accelerometer. The tri-axial accelerometer monitors (GT3X + ActiGraph, Pensacola, Florida) were considered as the golden standard for measuring the energy expenditure for participants. The energy expenditure (kcals) and walking steps during the 7 days wearing period were scored using the ActiLife 6.0 (ActiGraph, Pensacola, Florida). Handgrip. The hand grip strength is an underlying indicator of physical performance of older adults (Boyle, Buchman, Wilson, Leurgans, & Bennett, 2009), which is expected to be associated with physical activity. Handgrip was measured using the hand

4 312 Po-Wen Ku, Wen-Jung Sun, Chun-Yi Chang, Li-Jung Chen grip dynamometer (T.K.K 5401, Takei Scientific Instruments, Japan; range: kg) in the current study. Each participant was allowed to perform three trials with each hand. The grip strength was derived from mean scores of the six trials. Geriatric Depression Scale. Previous studies showed that physical activity is negatively associated with mental disorder, such as depressive symptoms in older adults (Ku, Fox, & Chen, 2009; Ku, Fox, Chen, & Chou, 2012b). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) ranging from 0 to 15 (Wong et al., 2002). The Chronbach s α of the GDS in the present study was Data Analysis Descriptive Statistics. The χ 2 tests were employed to examine the gender differences in background variables. PASE scores (i. e., leisure, household, work-related, and overall physical activity) were computed for the total sample and stratified by age and gender. Reliability. One-week test-retest reliability was evaluated with the Pearson s correlation coefficients and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) with 95% confidence interval between PASE scores at the first and second waves. Validity. Concurrent validity was assessed using the Spearman s rank correlation coefficients among the PASE scores at the second wave, accelerometer parameters (energy expenditure and walking steps), physical performance (hand grip strength) and mental disorder (GDS). Results Demographics of the Sample Total 239 participants were completed the twowave data collections (male/female: 90/149). The characteristics of the participants were shown in Table 1. Data indicates that men were more likely to be older (p =.042), of higher educational attainment (p <.001), married (p =.001), more smoking (p <.001) and more drinking (p =.001). In general, overall physical activity declined with age and was higher among women than among men in each age group. Regardless of gender and age, household physical activity emerged as the main source of overall physical activity among older adults in this study, followed by leisure-time, and workrelated physical activities (Figure 1). Reliability The results of one-week test-retest reliability were presented in Table 2. The mean scores of overall PASE-C for the total sample at first and second waves were ± 3.67 and ± 4.65 respectively. The Pearson s correlation coefficient (r) between the overall PASE-C scores at the first and second waves was 0.87 for total participants. The ICC for the total sample was 0.85 (95% CI: ). For three types of physical activities, both Pearson s correlation coefficients and ICCs exceeded the recommended level Similar results were also found in men and women separately. Concurrent Validity Table 3 showed that the Spearman s rank correlation coefficients (ρ) between PASE scores and validation measures. The overall scores of PASE-C and three components were significantly associated with energy expenditure (ρ = ) and walking steps (ρ = ) for the total sample. Similar findings were observed in men and women correspondingly. Although only leisure-time physical activity was related to the hand grip strength of the total sample, the overall scores of PASE-C and its components were significantly associated with hand grip strength with the exception of work-related physical activity for men (ρ = ) and for women (ρ = ). As expected, overall and three component physical activities were negatively correlated with GDS for the total sample and for men and women. Discussion The present study translated the original PASE into PASE-C and examined its reliability and validity among Taiwanese older adults. Although research

5 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY SCALE FOR THE ELDERLY 313 Table 1. Characteristics of the Participants Variable All Men Women p-value (N = 239) (n = 90) (n = 149) for χ 2 n % n % n % Age group or above Education level <.001 No schooling Elementary Secondary or above Marital status.001 Married Widowed/divorced Smoking <.001 Yes No Drinking.001 Yes No Body mass index.544 Underweight Normal Overweight Obese No. of chronic disease or above methods development is a continuous process, the data presented in our study has provided the preliminary evidence. These findings appear to provide a new reliable and valid profile of measurement to assess the physical activity behaviors among the Chinese speaking older adults in Taiwan. This study further examined the reliability and validity of the three different categories of physical activity included in PASE-C that are beneficial for future research assessing lifestyle physical activities among Taiwanese older population. The overall PASE-C scores declined with age regardless of gender, which is consistent with previous research (Washburn et al., 1993). The mean score of overall PASE-C in the current study is approximately This is comparable to older Americans (125.2) (Washburn et al., 1999), but slightly higher than Japanese older adults (114.9) (Hagiwara et al., 2008). The overall PASE scores for women (132.9) were higher than those in men (115.3), which is also supported by previous studies from Japan (male/ female: 110.0/118.2) (Hagiwara et al., 2008) and Hong Kong (male/female: 104.4/113.4) (Ngai et al., 2012). The possible reason could be the household activity that can makes the largest contribution to total physical activity among the elderly. These activities, such as household chores and caring for another person, are more likely to be performed by women.

6 314 Po-Wen Ku, Wen-Jung Sun, Chun-Yi Chang, Li-Jung Chen Figure 1. Overall Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) score by gender and age group. Table 2. Test-retest Reliability of the Overall Physical Activity and Its Three Component Scores First wave Second wave a Mean ± SE Mean ± SE r a ICCs b 95% CI Total (N = 239) Overall ± ± * 0.85* Leisure ± ± * 0.77* Household ± ± * 0.90* Work 3.08 ± ± * 0.95* Male (n = 90) Overall ± ± * 0.91* Leisure ± ± * 0.77* Household ± ± * 0.88* Work 3.07 ± ± * 0.97* Female(n = 149) Overall ± ± * 0.76* Leisure ± ± * 0.77* Household ± ± * 0.88* Work 3.09 ± ± * 0.89* Note. a Pearson s correlation. b Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs): two-way mixed effect model with single measurement *p <.05 The countries in East Asia, including mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan and South Korea have long been influenced by Confucianism (Chow, 2004). The traditional Chinese society was male-dominated and it currently still exists in some families in Taiwan, especially older generations. Under the socio-cultural context, women in Taiwan tend to be responsible for managing the household activity while men are incharge of providing the family income (Yu, Liaw, & Barnd, 2004).

7 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY SCALE FOR THE ELDERLY 315 Table 3. Concurrent Validity of the Overall Physical Activity and the Three Component Scores Overall Leisure Household Work Total (N = 239) Accelerometer Energy expenditure 0.37* 0.35* 0.24* 0.25* Walking steps 0.40* 0.34* 0.28* 0.28* Handgrip * Geriatric Depression Scale -0.38* -0.22* -0.33* Male (n = 90) Accelerometer Energy expenditure 0.46* 0.42* 0.30* 0.29* Walking steps 0.40* 0.44* 0.23* 0.30* Handgrip 0.34* 0.20* 0.34* 0.19 Geriatric Depression Scale -0.27* -0.21* Female (n = 149) Accelerometer Energy expenditure 0.31* 0.34* 0.19* 0.23* Walking steps 0.40* 0.29* 0.28* 0.25* Handgrip 0.24* 0.16* 0.19* 0.12 Geriatric Depression Scale -0.28* -0.31* * p <.05 This study demonstrated a satisfactory test-retest reliability (r and ICCs) by comparing the PASE-C scores measured on two occasions with a one-week interval, which all exceeded the conventional criterion (0.70) (de Vaus, 2002). This study also used objectiveassessed devices as the validation measures. The PASE scores derived from the overall (ρ = ) and three types of physical activities (ρ = ) were positively and significantly associated with accelerometer parameters. These findings were comparable with the previous study (overall: ρ = 0.49; three types of physical activities: ρ = ) (Washburn et al., 1999). Moreover, the sensible associations among PASE-C scores, hand grip strength and GDS provided further evidence of construct validity of this new instrument. A limitation of this study is that the study sample was restricted to community-dwelling older adults. The findings cannot be generalized to institutionalized people. Additionally, the study sample size is small and not nationally representative, the reliability and validity of the PASE-C should be further explored among larger and representative samples in Taiwan. In summary, these results suggest that the PASE-C is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing the energy expenditure of overall lifestyle physical activities among community-dwelling older adults in Taiwan. The PASE-C also provides an opportunity to measure the amount of leisure-time, household and work-related physical activities respectively, which will have underlying implications for further research. Acknowledgement The research was funded by Taiwan National Science Council (NSC H MY2). Competing interests: None. References Boyle, P. A., Buchman, A. S., Wilson, R. S., Leurgans, S. E., & Bennett, D. A. (2009). Association of muscle strength with the risk of Alzheimer s disease and the rate of cognitive decline in community-dwelling older persons. Archives of Neurology, 66(11), Bullinger, M., Alonso, J., Apolone, G., Leplège, A., Sullivan, M., Wood-Dauphinee, S., et al. (1998). Translating health status questionnaire and evaluating their quality: The IQOLA project

8 316 Po-Wen Ku, Wen-Jung Sun, Chun-Yi Chang, Li-Jung Chen approach. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 51(11), Chen, L. J., Stevinson, C., Ku, P. W., Chang, Y. K., & Chu, D. C. (2012). Relationships of leisuretime and non-leisure-time physical activity with depressive symptoms: A population-based study of Taiwanese older adults. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9(28), Chow, N. (2004). Asian value and aged care. Geriatric and Gerontology International, 4, S21- S25. de Vaus, D. (2002). Analyzing social science data: 50 key problems in data analysis. London: Sage. Hagiwara, A., Ito, N., Sawai, K., & Kazuma, K. (2008). Validity and reliability of the physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE) in Japanese elderly people. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 8(3), Hu, G., Eriksson, J., Barengo, N. C., Lakka, T. A., Valle, T. T., Nissinen, A., et al. (2004). O c c u p a t i o n a l, c o m m u t i n g, a n d l e i s u r e - time physical activity in relation to total and cardiovascular mortality among Finnish subjects with type 2 diabetes. Circulation, 110(6), Keller, S. D., Ware, J. E., Gandek, B., Aaronson, N., Alonso, J., Apolone, G., et al. (1998). Testing the equivalence of translations of widely used response choice labels: Results from the IQOLA project. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 51(11), Ku, P. W., Fox, K. R., & Chen, L. J. (2009). Physical activity and depressive symptoms in Taiwanese older adults: A seven-year follow-up study. Preventive Medicine, 48(3), Ku, P. W., Fox, K. R., Chen, L. J., & Chou, P. (2012a). Associations of leisure time, work-related and domestic physical activity with cognitive impairment in older adults. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 43(2), Ku, P. W., Fox, K. R., Chen, L. J., & Chou, P. (2012b). Physical activity and depressive symptoms in older adults: 11-year follow-up. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42(4), Liou, Y. M., Jwo, C. J. C., Yao, K. G., Chiang, L. C., & Huang, L. H. (2008). Selection of appropriate Chinese terms to represent intensity and types of physical activity terms for use in the Taiwan version of IPAQ. Journal of Nursing Research, 16(4), Matthews, C. E., Jurj, A. L., Shu, X. O., Li, H. L., Yang, G., Li, Q., et al. (2007). Influence of exercise, walking, cycling, and overall nonexercise physical activity on mortality in Chinese women. American Journal of Epidemiology, 165(12), Nelson, M. E., Rejeski, W. J., Blair, S. N., Duncan, P. W., Judge, J. O., King, A. C., et al. (2007). Physical activity and public health in older adults: Recommendation from the American college of sports medicine and the American heart association. Circulation, 116(9), New England Research Institutes. (1991). Physical activity scale for the elderly: Administration and scoring instruction manual. Watertown, MA: Author. Ngai, S. P. C., Cheung, R. T. H., Lam, P. L., Chiu, J. K. W., & Fung, E. Y. H. (2012). Validation and reliability of the physical activity scale for the elderly in Chinese population. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 44(5), Phongsavan, P., Merom, D., Marshall, A. L., & Bauman, A. (2004). Estimating physical activity level: The role of domestic activities. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 58(6), Taiwan Ministry of Interior. (2008). Population policy white paper. Taipei: Author. UK Department of Health. (2011). Start active, stay active: A report on physical activity from the four home countries chief medical officers. London: Author. US Department of Health and Human Services. (2008) physical activity guidelines for Americans. Washington, DC: Author. Washburn, R. A., McAuley, E., Katula, J., Mihalko, S. L., & Boileau, R. A. (1999). The physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE): Evidence for validity. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 52(7), Washburn, R. A., Smith, K. W., Jette, A. M., & Janney, C. A. (1993). The physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE): Development and evaluation. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 46(2),

9 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY SCALE FOR THE ELDERLY 317 Wong, M., Ho, T., Ho, M., Yu, C., Wong, Y., & Lee, S. (2002). Development and inter rater reliability of a standardized verbal instruction manual for the chinese Geriatric Depression Scale -- Short form. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(5), World Health Organization. (2011). Global health and aging. Geneva, Switzerland: Author. Yang, Y. H., Galvin, J. E., Morris, J. C., Lai, C. L., Chou, M. C., & Liu, C. K. (2011). Application of AD8 questionnaire to screen very mild dementia in Tawanese. American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease and Other Dementias, 26(2), Yu, C., Liaw, Y., & Barnd, S. M. (2004). Cultural and social factors affecting women s physical activity participation in Taiwan. Sport, Education and Society, 9(3),

10 318 Po-Wen Ku, Wen-Jung Sun, Chun-Yi Chang, Li-Jung Chen Appendix: 老年人身體活動量表中文版 (the Chinese Version of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly [PASE-C]) 休閒時間身體活動 1. 在過去 7 天裡, 您是否經常坐著從事一些活動, 如 : 閱讀 看電視或做手工等? 不曾 ( 跳第 2 題 ) 很少 (1-2 天 ) 有時 (3-4 天 ) 經常 (5-7 天 ) 1.1 平均一天坐著幾小時? 2. 在過去 7 天裡, 您是否經常到戶外走動, 如 : 散步 溜狗 購物等? 不曾 ( 跳第 3 題 ) 很少 (1-2 天 ) 有時 (3-4 天 ) 經常 (5-7 天 ) 2.1 平均一天走路幾小時? 3. 在過去 7 天裡, 您是否經常從事一些輕度的運動或休閒活動, 如 : 做伸展運動 釣魚 唱歌或演奏樂器等? ( 輕度是指 : 覺得不費力, 呼吸與心跳與平時差不多, 沒有流汗 ) 不曾 ( 跳第 4 題 ) 很少 (1-2 天 ) 有時 (3-4 天 ) 經常 (5-7 天 ) 3.1 平均一天從事以上活動幾個小時? 4. 在過去 7 天裡, 您是否經常從事中度的運動或休閒活動, 如 : 健走 太極拳 元極舞 土風舞 用一般速度游泳或 騎自行車等? ( 中度是指 : 覺得有點費力, 呼吸與心跳比平時快一點, 有流一些汗 ) 不曾 ( 跳第 5 題 ) 很少 (1-2 天 ) 有時 (3-4 天 ) 經常 (5-7 天 ) 4.1 平均一天從事以上活動幾個小時? 5. 在過去 7 天裡, 您是否經常從事激烈的運動或休閒活動? 如 : 跑步 爬山 打球 上樓梯 有氧舞蹈 快速游泳或 快速騎自行車等? ( 激烈是指 : 覺得非常費力, 呼吸與心跳非常急促, 流很多汗 ) 不曾 ( 跳第 6 題 ) 很少 (1-2 天 ) 有時 (3-4 天 ) 經常 (5-7 天 ) 5.1 平均一天從事以上活動幾個小時? 6. 在過去 7 天裡, 您是否經常從事強化肌力或肌耐力的運動, 如 : 舉重, 單槓, 伏地挺身, 仰臥起坐? 不曾 ( 跳第 7 題 ) 很少 (1-2 天 ) 有時 (3-4 天 ) 經常 (5-7 天 ) 6.1 平均一天從事以上活動幾個小時? 家務勞動 7. 在過去 7 天裡, 是否有做一些輕鬆的家務, 如 : 洗碗 掃地 清掃灰塵? 沒有 有 8. 在過去 7 天裡, 是否有做一些粗重的家務, 如 : 拖地 擦洗門窗? 沒有 有 9. 在過去 7 天裡, 您是否有從事以下的活動 : 9.1 整修居家環境, 如 : 粉刷室內 貼壁紙 水電工 沒有 有 9.2 整理前後院環境, 如 : 清掃落葉 修剪樹枝 戶外栽花種草 沒有 有 9.3 照顧配偶 孫子或其他家人 沒有 有 職業工作 10. 在過去 7 天裡, 您是否曾做義 ( 志 ) 工或做有領薪水的工作? 沒有 有 10.1 一個星期幾個小時 : 小時 10.2 以下哪一個答案比較接近你的工作性質? 坐著用手工作, 如 : 工廠作業員 司機 坐或站, 須走動, 如 : 收銀員 辦公室員工 須走動且搬動約小於 23 公斤的重物, 如 : 郵差 服務生 建築工人 須走動, 並搬動約超過 23 公斤的重物

11 319 大專體育學刊 第15卷 第3期 頁 2013年9月 DOI: /ser 老年人身體活動量表中文版之信度與效度 古博文 1 孫文榮 2 張俊一 3 陳俐蓉 臺灣 彰化市 500 國立彰化師範大學運動健康研究所 臺灣 臺北市 103 臺北市立聯合醫院中興院區家庭醫學科 3 4 臺灣 新竹市 300 國立新竹教育大學體育學系 臺灣 臺中市 404 國立臺灣體育運動大學運動健康科學系 通訊作者 陳俐蓉 地址 404 臺中市北區雙十路一段 16 號 傳真號碼 (04) 電子郵件 ljchen@ntupes.edu.tw 投稿日期 2012 年 11 月 接受日期 2013 年 4 月 摘要 有關臺灣地區老年人身體活動目前仍缺乏具信度與效度的測量問卷 本研究旨在檢定 老年人身體活動 量表中文版 之信度與效度 透過招募高雄市 263 位 65 歲以上社區老年人 平均年齡 ± 標準差 = 73 ± 6 男 女 97/166 本研究使用皮爾森相關分析及組內相關係數等方法 檢定該量表一週再測信度 同時使 用斯皮爾曼等級相關分析該量表總分 含整體活動量 休閒活動 家務活動以及職業相關活動 與加速規 含 能量消耗及走路步數 手握力以及老年憂鬱量表等變項間的同時效度 前述相同分析程序亦針對男女生進 行分層檢定 結果顯示 本量表一週再測信度之皮爾森相關係數及組內相關係數均達建議水準 第二波所填 量表總分與配戴 7 日加速規數據間有顯著相關 量表總分與手握力間呈現顯著正相關 與老年憂鬱量表呈現 顯著負相關等結果 進一步提供該量表具有同時效度的支持證據 此外 該量表所包含三種不同型態身體活 動信度與效度亦透過檢定 獲得支持 透過性別分層 該量表信效度不論在男性或女性中都獲得支持 本研 究結論 基於上述結果 本研究提供 老年人身體活動量表中文版 初步信效度證據 驗證該量表適合在臺 灣地區老年族群中測量其生活型態之身體活動行為 關鍵詞 運動 老化 測量 加速規 問卷 06-陳俐蓉.indd /10/14 下午 03:50:59