組織變革活動系絡與變革成效之探討

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1 ) ) intellectual capit competitive advantage) Bontis, Dragonetti, Jacobsen & Roos, 1999; Brooking, 1997; Davenport & Prusak, 1998; Edvinsson & Sullivan, 1996; Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998; Roos & Roos, 1997; Sanchez et al., 2000; Sveiby, 1997; Stewart, 1997; Ulrich, 1998) knowledge company

2 John Kenneth Galbraith Bontis, 2001; Edvinsson Sullivan, ) endowment) human capital) organizational capital) relationship capital) Caddy, 2002; Fernandez, Montes & Vazquez, 2000; Ordonez de Pablos, 2002; Pena, 2002; Roos, Bainbridge Jocobsen, 2001) Pena 2002) Edvinsson & Malone 1997) Skandia navigator Sveiby 1997) intangible assets monitor Brooking 1996) Technology broker Bontis, 2001) Bontis 2000) Pena 2002) ) Sveiby 1998) high-technology firms) service companies) professional service firms) Corgel, Ling Smith 2001) professionally demanding occupation) Knowledge) skill) hard work)

3 85 service) property ) Schoemaker, 1993; Barney, 1991, 2001; Dierickx & Cool, 1989; Reed & Defillippi,

4 ; Porter, 1985; ) Porter 1985, p. xv) generic strategies) ) Pitts & Snow 1986) feature) ROI) Reed Defillippi 1990) superior performance) Barney 2001) Hill Jones 2001) dependent variable) commission)

5 87 intangible resources hidden resources) intangible assets) intangible investment) invisible assets) Bontis, al., 1999; Booth, 1998; Dzinkowski, 2000; Hussi & Ahonen, 2002; Knight, 1999; Lank, 1997; Roos & Roos, 1997) Lusch, 1997) Edvinsson & Sullivan 1996) Stewart 1997) ) Nahapiet & Ghoshal 1998, p.245) ) Davenport & Prusak 1998) Boudreau & Ramstad 1997) Ulrich 1998) competence commitment)

6 ) Bontis et al. 2000) Pena 2002) ) firm start-up) Roos & Roos 1997) Sanchez et al. 2000) H 1 Knight, 1999; Sveiby, 1998) ) Caddy, 2002; Ordonez de Pablos, 2002; Roos, et al., 2001) Corgel, et al. 2001) turnover) professionally demanding occupation) 1999) reputation) personal acquaintance) recommendation) Corgel, et al., ) )

7 89 employee competence human-centered assets assets related to employees) Bukh, Larsen & Mouritsen, 2001) Stewart 1997) Seviby 1997) Barsky & Marchant 2000) Wright, Dunford & Snell 2001) Roos, et al. 2001) Knight 1999) Fernandez, et al. 2000) Edvinsson & Sullivan 1996) collective capabilities Ulrich 1998) knowledge) skills) abilities) other characteristics) KSAOs Fernandez, et al. 2000) Hitt, Bierman, Shimizu & Kochhar 2001) Pena 2002) KSAOs

8 H Pena 2002 Hussi Ahonen 2002 Caddy 2002 Ordonez de Pablos 2001 Roos, et al Dzinkowski 1999 Knight 1999 Fernandez, et al Edvinsson Malone 1997 Sveiby 1996 Brooking, 1997 Stewart 1996 Edvinsson Sullivan 1996 Petrash structural capital) internal structure internal capital) Brooking 1996) infrastructure assets intellectual property assets) innovation capital) process

9 91 procedures) Bukh, et al., 2001) Stewart 1997) ve Edvinsson Malone 1997) Fernandez et al. 2000) Dzinkowski 2000) Roos, et al. 2001) Edvinsson Malone 1997) Fernandez et al. 2000) order) stability) quality) Brooking 1996, 1997 triumph in the market) Pena 2002) H 3 market assets) external capital) external structure) customer

10 capital) ) external stakeholders) relations with customer) Bukh, et al., 2001) Roos, et al. 2001) Knight 1999) be managed) Dzinkowski be controlled) 2000) Fernandez et al. 2000) image) Hill Jones 2001) survive) prosper) Fernandez Knight et al. 2000) 1999) competitive sector) Brooking 1996) Pena 2002) gestation) H 4

11 93 Schulze 1992) Roos, et al. 2001) monetary value) Knight 1999) virtuous cycle) Edvinsson Malone 1997) value platfor Dzinkowski, 2000) Roos, et al. 2001) people-centered) process-oriented) bright individuals) H 5 H 6

12 ) ) ) regional industry) ) Corgel, et al., 2001; Edvinsson & Sullivan, 1996; Sveiby, 1998; ) immobility) job growth) vacancy rate) location) Corgel, et ) internal v ) ) sampling frame) sampling unit)

13 95 ) ) 1. Barsky Marchant 2000) Corgel, et al. 2001) Wright, et al. 2001) Roos, et al. 2001) 2. Barsky Marchant 2000) Ulrich 1998) Wright, et al. 2001) Roos, et al. 2001) 3. Barsky Marchant 2000) Fernandez et al. 2000) Sveiby 1998) 4. Brooking 1997) Corgel et al. 2001) 5. Edvinsson Sullivan 1996) 2002) 6. Edvinsson Sullivan 1996) 1. Dzinkowski 2000) 1999) 2. Fernandez et al. 2000) 3. Fernandez et al. 2000) Roos, et al. 2001) 4. Fernandez et al. 2000) Roos, et al. 2001) 5. Edvinsson Malone 1997) Stewart 1997) 6. Edvinsson Malone 1997) 1. Corgel, et al. 2001) Fernandez et al. 2000) Sveiby 1997) 1992) 2. Dzinkowski 2000) Fernandez et al. 2000) 3. Barsky Marchant 2000) Corgel, et al. 2001) Roos, et al. 2001) Sveiby 1997) 4. Dzinkowski 2000) Knight 1999) 5. Dzinkowski 2000) 6. Knight 1999)

14 Listing Service, MLS) ) Likert ) ) Likert ) ) ) )

15 ) ) ) ) ) Cronbach s α ) ) construct validity) mapping) H 1 ) ) 2 H 3 H 4 ) H

16 H 6+) H 5 H 6 ) χ 2 goodness of fit test) H 1 H 6 ) SPSS 10.0 H 2+) H 5+) H 4+) H 3+) H 1+) ) 2 128

17 χ , P 0.01) 119 ) χ 2 3 ) ) 3-7 ) ) 5 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) / / n=119 P χ 2, 0.01) P χ 2, P 0.01)

18 ) ) ) χ 2, 0.01) P ) ) χ 2, P 0.01) 6 ) varimax) 1 Factor loading) 0.5 Cronbach s ) ) 2 ) ) 3 ) )

19 101 4 ) ) n=119

20 E E E E ) 1= = ) ) ) ) ) E E E E-02 ) ) ) ) ) ) E-02 ) ) 9.809E-02 ) ) 2.570E E-02 R 2 R 2 F P 0.10 P 0.05 P 0.01 multiple regression analysis) ) 1 ) 2 H 1 H 2 H 3 H 4 3

21 103 H 5 4 H P 0.01) 0.01) R ) 0.05) P P 0.05) H 2 P 0.05) H ) P H 4 P 0.05) H R ) ) P 0.10) ) H R ) ) ) H 6 H 1 H 2 H 3 H 4 H 5 H 6

22 Harvey Lusch, 1997) Brooking, Malone, 1997; Sveiby, 1997; Stewart, 1997) resource-based view, RBV) 2001; Hill Jones, 2001) Knight, 1999) ) Fernandez et al.,2000 Hitt, et al., 2001 Ulrich, ) Stewart 1997) Brooking 1996, 1997) ) )

23 105 Roulac, 1999; 1999) ) Roos, et al. 2001) Edvinsson & Malone 1997) Roos, et al. 2001) Corgel et al., 2001) ) )

24 generalization) )

25 ) Amit, R. & Schoemaker, P. J. H., "Strategic assets and rent", Strategic Management Journal, Barney, J., "Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage", Journal of Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, 1991, pp Barney, J., "Gaining and Sustaining Competitive Advantage" Second Edition), Prentice Hall, Barsky, N. P. Marchant, G., "The Most Valuable Resource - Measuring and Managing Intellectual Capital", Strategic Finance, February 2000, pp Bontis, N., "Intellectual Capital: An Exploratory Study that Develops Measures and Models", Management Decision, 362), 1998, pp Bontis, N., "Assessing Knowledge Assets: a Review of the Models Used to Measure Intellectual Capital", International Journal of Management Reviews, Vol. 3, 2001, pp Bontis, N., Dragonetti, N.C., Jacobsen, K. Roos, G., "The Knowledge Toolbox: A Review of the Tools Available to Measure and Manage Intangible Resources", European Management Journal, Vol. 17, No. 4, 1999, pp Bontis, et al., "Intellectual Capital and Business Performance in Malaysian Industries", Journal of Intellectual Capital, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2000, pp Booth, R., "The Measurement of Intellectual Capital", Management Accounting, November, 1998, pp Boudreau, J. W. Ramstad, P. M., "Measuring Intellectual Capital:Learning from Financial History", Human Resource Management, Vol. 36, No. 3, 1997, pp Brooking, A., "Intellectual Capital: Core Assets for the Third Millenium Enterprise", Thomson Business Press, London, Brooking, A., "The Management of Intellectual Capital", Long Range Planning, Vol. 30, No. 3, 1997, pp Bukh, P. N., Larsen, H. T. Mouritsen, J., "Constructing Intellectual Capital Statements", Scandinavian Journal of Management, 17, 2001, pp Corgel, J. B., Ling, D. C. & Smith, H. C., "Real Estate Perspectives: An Introduction to Real Estate", 4th), McGraw-Hill Co., Caddy, I., "Issues Concerning Intellectual Capital Metrics and Measurement of Intellectual capital", Singapore Management Review, Vol. 24, No. 3, 2002, pp

26 Davenport, T. H. & Prusak, L., "Working Knowledge How Organizations Manage What They Know", Bosten Harvard Business School Press, Dierickx, I. Cool K., "Asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantage", Management Science, Dzinkowski, R., "The measurement and Management of intellectual capital: an introduction", Management Accounting, Vol. 78, No. 2, February 2000, pp Edvinsson, L, "Developing Intellectual Capital at Skandia", Long Range Planning, Vol. 30, No. 3, 1997, pp Edvinsson, L. Malone, M., "Intellectual Capital", London: Piatkus, Edvinsson, L. Sullivan, P., "Developing a Model for Managing Intellectual Capital", European Management Journal, Vol. 14, No. 4, 1996, pp Fernandez, E., Montes, J. M. & Vazquez, C. J., "Typology and Strategic Analysis of Intangible Resources - A Resource-based Approach", Technovation, 20, 2000, pp Harvey, M. and Lusch, R., "Protecting the Core Competencies of a Company: Intangible Asset Security", European Management Journal, Vol. 15, No. 4, 1997, pp Hill, C. W. L. Jones, G. R., "Strategic Management- An Integrated Approach", CH.4, Houghton Mifflin Company, Hitt, M. A., Bierman, L., Shimizu, K. Kochhar, R., "Direct and Moderating of Human Capital on Strategy and Performance in Professional Service Firms:A Resourced-based Perspective", Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 44, No. 1, 2001, pp Hussi, T. Ahonen, G., "Managing Intangible Assets - A Question of Integration and Delicate Balance", Journal of Intellectual capital, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2002, pp Johanson, U., Martensson, M. & Skoog, M., "Mobilizing Change through the Management Control of Intangibles", Accounting, Organization and Society, 26, 2001, pp Kitts B., Edvinsson, L. & Beding, T., "Intellectual Capital: From Intangible Assets to Fitness Landscapes", Expert Systems with Applications, 2001, pp Knight, D. J., "Performance Measures for Increasing Intellectual Capital", Strategy Leadership Journal, 1999, pp Lank, E., "Leveraging Invisible Assets: the Human Factor", Long Range Planning, Vol. 30, 1997, pp Mouritsen, J., Larsen, H. T. Bukh, P. N. D., "Intellectual Capital and The Capable Firm : Narrating, Visualising and Numbering for Managing Knowledge", Accounting, Organization and Society, 26, 2001, pp Mouritsen, J., Bukh, P. N., Larsen, H. T. Johansen, M. R., "Developing and Managing Knowledge through Intellectual Capital Statements", Journal of Intellectual Capital, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2002, pp

27 109 Nahapiet, J. Ghoshal, S., "Social Capital, Intellectua l Capital and The Organizational Advantage", Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23, No. 2, 1998, pp Ordonez de Pablos, P., "Evidence of intellectual capital measurement from Asia, Europe and the Middle East", Journal of Intellectual Capital, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2002, pp Pena, I., "Intellectual capital and business start-up success", Journal of Intellectual Capital, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2002, pp Petrash, G., "Dow s Journery to a Knowledge Value Management Culture", European Management Journal, Vol. 14, No. 4, 1996, pp Pitts, R. A. Snow, C. C., "Strategies for Competitive Success", New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc., Porter, M. E., "Competitive strategy", New York: Free Press, Reed, R. Defillippi, R. J., "Causal Ambiguity, Barriers to Imitation and Sustainable Competitive Advantage", Academy of Management Review, Vol. 15, No. 1, 1990, pp Roos, G., Bainbridge, A. and Jocobsen, K., "Intellectual Capital Analysis as a Strategic Tool", Strategy Leadership, 29, 2001, pp Roos, G. Roos, J., "Measuring your Co mpany s Intellectual Performance", Long Range Planning, Vol. 30, No. 3, 1997, pp Roulac, S. E., "The Role of Trust in Real Estate", Real Estate Issues, 1999, pp Samuells, J., "Putting Knowledge Management to Work for Real Estate Organizations", Real Estate Issues, 2001, pp Sanchez et al., "Management of Intangibles. An Attempt to Build a Theory", Journal of Intellectual capital, Vol. 1, No. 4, 2000, pp Schulze, W. S., "The Two Resource-based Models of the Firm: Definitions and Implications for Research", Academy of Management Best Papers Proceedings, Seiler, V. L., Webb, J. R. and Whipple, T. W., "Assessment of Real Estate Brokerage Service Quality with a Practicing Professional s Instrument", Journal of Real Estate Research, Vol. 20, No. 1/2, 2000, pp Spanos, Y. E. Lioukas, S., "An Examination into The Causal Logic of Rent Generation: Contrasting Porter s Competitive Strategy Framework and The Resource-Based Perspective", Strategic Management Journal, 22, 2001, pp Stewart, T. A., "Your Company s Most Valuable Asset: Intellectual Capital", Fortune, October 3, 1994, pp Stewart, T. A., "Intellectual Capital: the New Wealth of Organizations", Nicholas Brealey Publishing, Stewart, T. A., "The Wealth of Knowledge: Intellectual Capital and the 21 st Century Organization", The Ohio CPA Journal, July-September, 2002, pp

28 Sveiby, K. E., "The New Organizational Wealth - Managing and Measuring Knowledge-based Assets", Berrett-Koehler Pub. Inc., Sveiby, K. E., "Intellectual capital- Thinking Ahead", Australian CPA, June 1998, pp Ulrich, D, "Intellectual capital Competence Commitment", Sloan Management Review, 392), 1998, pp Von Krogh, G. Roos, J., "The Epistemological Challeng e: Managing Knowledge and Intellectual Capital", European Management Journal, Vol. 14, No. 4, 1996, pp Wiig, K. M., Integrating Intellectual and Knowledge Management, Long Range Planning, Vol. 30, No. 3, 1997, pp Wright, P. M., Dunford, B. B. Snell, S. A., "Human Resources and the Resource Based View of the Firm", Journal of Management, Vol. 27, 2001, pp Intellectual Capital Effect on Corporate Competitive Advantage - An Empirical Research of the Real Estate Brokerage Firms ABSTRACT KAO-MAO CHEN, YING-SHAN HUANG * Nowadays, intellectual capital is a topic of increasing interest to scholars and practitioners. The objective of this article was to further examine the effects of intellectual capital and its three dimensionsi.e. human capital, organizational capital, and relationship capital)on corporate competitive advantage. After reviewing the relevant literatures, six hypotheses were tested. The data were collected from the real estate brokers from Taichung City, Taichung County, and Changhua County, Taiwan. The results showed that intellectual capital and its dimensions of human capital and organizational capital could significantly affect corporate competitive advantage. Another dimension- relationship capital, however, was supported partially. The results also indicated that human capital moderated between the relationship capital and corporate competitive advantage partially. Finally, the implications of this article were discussed along with suggestions for both scholars and practitioners. Keywords: itellectual capital,human capital, organizational capital, relationship capital, competitive advantage, real estate broker * Kao-Mao CHEN, Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Overseas Chinese Institute of Technology. Ying-Shan HUANG, Professor, Department of Business Administration, National Taipei University.

當地經營業者參考貳研究觀點的培養與累積而非流於隨商機逐流隨波而喪失了策略意圖的建設性意義三網絡觀點在產業與組織專業分工發展趨過去對於地方觀光相關的關鍵成功勢下企業與機構無法獨立於其他個體而因素研究中傾向於以特定功能層級或特自主須仰仗上下游廠商關聯企業與其定環境範疇進

當地經營業者參考貳研究觀點的培養與累積而非流於隨商機逐流隨波而喪失了策略意圖的建設性意義三網絡觀點在產業與組織專業分工發展趨過去對於地方觀光相關的關鍵成功勢下企業與機構無法獨立於其他個體而因素研究中傾向於以特定功能層級或特自主須仰仗上下游廠商關聯企業與其定環境範疇進地方行銷之關鍵成功因素整合性觀念架構研究國立臺北教育大學文化創意產業經營學系助理教授江政達私立聖約翰科技大學企業經營研究所碩士王怡文小炒美食以及他們勤儉持家的好性格又壹前言多了一項新的代表性特色桐花客委觀光產業為無煙囪產業在二次世會多年來更促成跨縣市合作推展客家桐界大戰後開始興起現今成為各國主要產花季造就非常可觀的觀光產值該桐業發展之ㄧ各國政府或各地區都在積極