Feeding the Reproductive Female

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1 Seasonal Infertility Mitigation 缓和季节性不孕不育 Laura L. Greiner, PhD Carthage Innovative Swine Solutions, LLC

2 The Lactating Sow 哺乳母猪 >80% of energy intake is used for milk production (Boyd and Kensinger, 1998) >80% 的能量摄入用于产奶 Piglets require 4 kg of milk for 1 kg litter gain which means a sow needs to consume a minimum of 5-6 kg of feed a day 每窝仔猪增重 1Kg 需要 4Kg 奶, 这意味着母猪每天至少要消耗 5-6Kg 饲料 However, at the end of lactation some sows can make kg of milk a day 然后, 一些母猪在哺乳后期一天可泌乳 10-12Kg She needs to consume 3 to 4 times the amount of calories a day compared to her gestation feed intake 哺乳母猪一天需要消耗的能量是妊娠期的 3-4 倍

3 Seasonal Infertility 季节性不孕不育 One of the challenges we face yearly is seasonal infertility 我们每年面临的挑战之一是季节性不孕不育 Cause of reduction in reproductive performance is unclear 引起繁殖性能下降的原因不明 3

4 Impact of Season on Gilt Inter-estrus Interval ( 23 days) 季节对后备母猪发情母猪发情率% Females in Estrus 间隔 ( 23 天 ) 的影响 64 Summer Summer-Fall Fall 夏季夏秋季秋季 Arend, 2016 Midwest Animal Science Meeting

5 Herd Feed Intake Pattern 猪群采食模式 3 个月滚动妊娠平均采食量, 磅 / 母 3 个月滚动哺乳平均采食量

6 Thermal Limits For Swine 热限制 Preferred range ( C) 推荐温度 Lower intervention ( C) 1 低温干预 Upper intervention ( C) 2 高温干预 Finishing 育肥 Lactating sow and litter 哺乳母猪和仔 Gestating sow 妊娠猪 Boar 公猪 Bedding and/or supplemental heat should be provided 应提供垫板或辅助加热 2 Some form of cooling should be provided 应提供某种形式的降温 Extrapolated from 2003 Swine Care Handbook, National Pork Producers Council 6

7 Seasonal Infertility 季节性不孕 Much research has been done over the years to understand the reason behind infertility 这些年进行很多研究来了解不孕背后的原因 Shorter daylight 光照变短 Feedstuffs are almost a year old (corn and soybeans) 原料几乎有一年 ( 玉米和豆粕 ) Reduced nutrient availability, mycotoxins,?? 营养利用度减少, 霉菌毒素?? Warmer temperatures 天气更温暖 Reduction in feed intake 采食量减少 Less nutrients to support egg development 更少营养供给卵子发育 Signals that the feed supply is limited and reduction in fetus numbers 表现的信号是 : 采食料受限和胚胎数量减少 Higher cortisol levels due to increased stress associated with heat 由于热相关应激增加呈现较高的皮质醇水平,

8 How do We Help the Sow? 我们怎么帮助母猪 Reduce the impact 减少影响 Nutritional adjustments 营养调整 Production adjustments 生产调整 New research 新研究

9 Nutritional Adjustments 营养调整 Nutrient dense diets allow for a greater amount of nutrients in less feed 营养浓缩料使得更少的饲料中含有更多的营养 Fat inclusion 脂肪颗粒 Lysine and other amino acid increases 增加赖氨酸和其它氨基酸 Vitamins and minerals 维生素和矿物质 Adhere to good body condition to encourage strong feed intake 保持良好体况以促进更高采食量 Provide clean, fresh water to the sow 给母猪提供干净新鲜的水 9

10 Use of Fat in Summer 夏季使用脂肪 Fat has a lower heat increment and is typically used to help increase energy in summer diets 脂肪有较低的热增耗, 通常用在夏季日粮帮助提高能量平均日采食量(Rosero et al., Midwest Animal Science Meetings) P=0.05

11 A-V or Choice White? 动植物混合油或精选白油脂 Much discussion on what type of fat is preferred in the diets and does it impact performance 很多讨论关于日粮中使用哪种脂肪以及它对生产性能的影响 Discussion on linoleic and linolenic acid levels 讨论亚油酸和亚麻酸水平 These are precursors to reproductive hormones and are required at some level in the diet 这些生殖激素的前体, 在某种水平的日粮中是必需的

12 Value of Different Fat Sources 不同来源脂肪的价值 A-V Blend 动植物混合油 Increased calorie intake 增加能量摄入 Higher feed intake 更高采食量 Improve wean to estrus 改善断奶后发情 Choice White 精选白油脂 Increase calorie intake 增加能量摄入 Lower sow weight loss 降低母猪体重损失 Increased litter growth rate 增加窝生长速度 Increase total fat in milk 增加乳中总脂 Improve wean to estrus 改善断奶后发情 Rosero et al, Midwest Animal Science Meeting 12

13 Linoleic Acid 亚油酸 Work conducted by Rosero and Boyd (2015) Rosero and Boyd (2015) 开展的工作 diets containing <0.45% α-linolenic acid, increasing linoleic acid tended to improve farrowing rates. α 亚麻酸含量低于 0.45% 日粮, 增加亚油酸趋于改进分娩率 Increasing linoleic acid increased the subsequent litter size for Parity 1 and P3+ sows 增加亚油酸增加了 1 胎和 3 胎以上母猪后续的窝产仔数 Target = 100 g/d of linoleic acid 目标 = 亚麻酸 100 g/d 13

14 Production Adjustments 生产调整 Maintain a good body condition going into the summer months 在夏季几个月保持良好的体况 Use of cool cells and dripping water over sows 对母猪使用水帘和滴水降温 Good water flow out of drinkers 饮水器保持良好水流 Provide feed at night when it is cooler 晚上凉爽时提供饲料 Make sure feed is fresh throughout the day 整天确保饲料新鲜

15 Recommended Water Requirements 推荐的水需要量水需要量 (L/ 头 / 天 ) Water requirement (L/pig/day) Nursery 保育 2.7 Finishing 育肥 Gestating Sows 妊娠猪 Lactating Sows 哺乳猪 Boars 公猪 18.9 Data from US PQA 2016 Handbook. National Pork Board 15

16 Recommended Water Flow Rate 推荐的水流速水流速 (L/ 分 ) Water Rate (Liters/minute) Nursery 保育猪 Grower 生长猪.75 Finishing 育肥猪 1-3 Gestating Sows 妊娠猪 3 Lactating Sows 哺乳猪 4 Boars 公猪 4 16

17 Products to Help with Heat Stress 对热应激有帮助的产品 Products are available that target maintaining the osmotic balance in the cells 选用产品的目标是维持细胞渗透压平衡 Betaine 甜菜碱 Electrolytes 电解质 Other natural ingredients 其它天然成份 Many feed companies have a product available 许多饲料公司有产品可选

18 Betaine 甜菜碱 Betaine is an extract from the sugar beet and has been used widely in the dairy industry 甜菜碱是甜菜的提取物, 在奶牛业中已经广泛使用 Ramis et al. J Swine Health Prod 2011:19(4): Improved total born 增加总仔 vs 15.1 Reduced wean to estrus 缩短断奶发情间隔 5.7 vs 4.7 van Wettere et al. Anim Repro Science 132 (2012) Feeding in Gestation 妊娠期料中添加 Parity 3 and older 3 胎及以上 Improved total born 增加总仔 vs 13.6 Parity 1 and 2 1 胎和 2 胎 No difference in total born 总仔无差异 vs 12.1

19 Initial Study Results 初步研究结果 Control 对照组 Betaine 甜菜碱组 SEM P< Number of sows, n 母猪数 ADFI, kg 平均日采食量 Sow weight loss/gain, % 母猪体损失 / 增加 Wean to estrus, d 断奶发情间隔 * Percent bred by 10 d, % 天配种率 :% Subsequent Total Born, n 随后总仔 * Greiner et al, 2014 Midwest Animal Science Betafin provided at 4 lbs / ton

20 Combined Results 合并结果 Control 对照组 Sow 母猪 Betaine 甜菜碱 SEM P < ADFI, kg 1 平均日采食量 Subsequent Performance 后续生产成绩 WEI 1 断奶发情间隔 * Subsequent TB 后续总仔 Litter Performance 窝性能 Est Piglet ADG, kg 1 仔猪估计日增重 Overall litter gain, kg 1 整窝增重 * # pigs weaned 1 断奶仔猪数 Number of pigs started on test/sow used as a covariate 试验中生的仔猪数 / 母猪数作为协变量 Greiner et al, 2014 Midwest Animal Science Meetings

21 New Research 新的研究 Additional work has been done to determine if seasonal infertility is associated more with daylight cycles 已经开展其它研究工作, 以确定季节性不孕不育是否与白天周期相关

22 Photoperiod on Total Born 光照时间对总仔影响 Regulated (10L:14D) 调节 (10h 白天 :14h 晚上 ) Natural (10.4L:13.6D) 自然 (10.4h 白天 :13.6h 晚上 ) Early summer 夏初 11.4 c ± bc ± 0.20 Later summer 夏末 12.3 ab ± c ± 0.2 Winter 冬天 13.0 a ± a ± 0.26 Chokoe and Siebrits South African Journal of Animal Science 22

23 Effect of Melatonin on Gilts 褪黑激素对后备母猪的影响 Estrus in 23 days % 23 天发情率 % Summer 夏季 Summer-Fall 夏秋 Fall 秋季 Trt Season C M C M C M P value P value > Conception Rate, % 受胎率 >0.10 >0.10 Farrowing rate, % 分娩率 >0.10 >0.10 Total Born, n 总仔 >0.10 >0.10 Arend, 2016 Midwest Animal Science Meeting

24 Effect of Melatonin on Parity 1 褪黑激素对 1 胎母猪的影响 Estrus in 23 days % 23 天发情率 % Summer 夏季 Summer-Fall 夏秋 Fall 秋季 Trt Season C M C M C M P value P value Conception Rate, % 受胎率 > Farrowing rate, % 分娩率 > Total Born, n 总仔 >0.10 >0.10 Arend, 2016 Midwest Animal Science Meeting

25 Current Recommendations 目前建议

26 Nutrient Adjustments 营养调整 Declining feed intake requires careful measurement of the following: 采食量下降需要仔细测量以下 : Energy 能量 increasing nutrient density 提高营养浓度 Fat 脂肪 Reduce fiber 减少纤维 Amino acids 氨基酸 increasing lysine and balancing ratios 增加赖氨酸并平衡其它氨基酸 Target is 62 g SID lysine/day 目标是每天 62 g SID 赖氨酸 Other nutrients 其它营养 Make sure daily intake of Ca/P is above minimum nutrient requirements 确保每天摄入的钙磷比是在最低营养需要之上 Clean, fresh water 清洁, 新鲜的水 Linoleic acid 亚油酸 100 g/day intake 100 克 / 天的摄入量 Other products 其它产品 Betaine 甜菜碱 Other products to improve intake 提高采食量的其它产品 Electrolytes 电解质

27 Acknowledgements 致谢 DuPont 杜邦 Dr. Rob Knox and Lidia Arend National Pork Board 国家猪肉委员会 University of Minnesota Faculty 明大全体员工

28 Thank you

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