Vice president of Sichuan Agricultural University, from Dean of Animal Nutrition Institute, SAU, from current 2017 "Ten thousand plan"

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1 The key techniques to improve reproductive performance of sows 提高母猪繁殖性能的关键技术 Institute of Animal Nutrition Sichuan Agricultural University De Wu 吴德

Vice president of Sichuan Agricultural University, from 2017.

2 Vice president of Sichuan Agricultural University, from Dean of Animal Nutrition Institute, SAU, from current 2017 "Ten thousand plan" - National high level talents special support plan 2013 Chang-Jiang (Cheung Kong) Scholar Professor of ministry of education in China 2017 年 07 月至今四川农业大学副校长 2010 至今四川农业大学动物营养所所长 2017 年国家高层次人才特殊支持计划 2013 年长江学者 wude@sicau.edu.cn

3 1 前言 2 25-OH-D 3 对母猪维生素 D 水平的影响

4 25- D3

5 Comparison of Production Level of High - yielding Sows 高产母猪生产水平的比较每窝产仔数每窝存活数断奶仔猪数断奶存活率窝数返情天数 PSY Item Denmark US China 丹麦美国中国 Litter size Born alive Number of weaned piglets Weaning survival rate,% Litter Estrus interval,day <7 <7 >7 Annual number of piglets Note:Jensen, 2011 and Wu De(2010)

The related factors affecting the number of piglets per year 影响 PSY 的因素断奶仔猪数 / 头母猪 / 年断奶仔猪数 / 窝窝数 / 头母猪 / 年 Born alive 产活仔数 (70%) Pre-weaning mortality Lactation

6 The related factors affecting the number of piglets per year 影响 PSY 的因素断奶仔猪数 / 头母猪 / 年断奶仔猪数 / 窝窝数 / 头母猪 / 年 Born alive 产活仔数 (70%) Pre-weaning mortality Lactation time Non-productive (10%) days(90%) 断奶前死亡率泌乳时间非生存天数妊娠时间 (30%) (Anonymous,2003) Estrus interval 发情间隔 (25%) Return to estrus 返情 (35%) Gestation time (0%) Eliminate 淘汰 (40%)

7 Nutritional Key Techniques of High - yield Sow in Large - scale Pig Farm 规模猪场高产母猪营养的关键技术 Stage nutrition 阶段营养 Gilts 后备母猪 Pregnant sows 怀孕母猪 Lactating sows 泌乳母猪 Empty pregnant sows 空怀母猪 System nutrition 系统营养

8 Vitamin D3 synthesis from sun exposure and food 维生素 D3 的利用途径日粮供给 D2 和 D3 紫外线 7- 脱氢胆固醇毛细血管 25- 羟化酶 1α- 羟化酶 Allison Clark1 et, al(2016)

9 Vitamin D's effect on the gut microbiota and immunity 维生素 D 对肠道菌群和免疫力的影响 VDR 介导的上游调控维生素 D 受体小肠上皮细胞 VDR 介导的上游调控 Allison Clark1 et, al(2016) VDR 诱导的下游调控

10 25-OH-D3 对母猪维生素 D 水平的影响

11 1 Maternal vitamin D status by dietary 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25 OHD3) supplementation Experiment 1: The effect of vitamin on the initiation of estrus 试验 1: 维生素对发情初期的影响 Single factor test design Control group,n=10 单因子实验设计对照组 Twenty Yorkshire gilts,70kg 20 头约克夏后备母猪 25OHD3 group,n=10 25-OH-D3 组 Group VD 3 (IU/Kg) 25OHD 3 (μg/kg) Control group 对照组 25OHD 3 group OH-D3 组 Note: the 25OHD 3 group was added 50 μg/kg (about 2000IU/Kg) 25 OHD 3 on the basis of the control group. 备注 :25-OH-D3 组的母猪日粮中添加了 50 μg/kg ( 约 2000IU/Kg) 的 25-OH-D3

The effect of 25OHD3 on the initial initiation of the gilts 25-OH-D3 对后备母猪初情期的影响 Items Puberty age Puberty weight Puberty backfat 初情期日龄初情期体重初情期背膘厚 Control 210.11±5.28 102.32±3.74 10.9±0.3 25OHD 3 224.

12 The effect of 25OHD3 on the initial initiation of the gilts 25-OH-D3 对后备母猪初情期的影响 Items Puberty age Puberty weight Puberty backfat 初情期日龄初情期体重初情期背膘厚 Control ± ± ±0.3 25OHD ± ± ±0.7 P-value The addition of 25OHD 3 in the sow diets significantly delayed the onset of sow initiation and increased the tendency to start weight. 在母猪日粮中添加 25-OH-D3 可显著延迟母猪的开始, 具有增加了初始体重趋势

13 Experiment 2: Effect of 25OHD 3 on reproductive performance of gilts 试验 2:25-OH-D3 对后备母猪繁殖性能影响 Twenty Yorkshire gilts,140.31±4.08 kg 20 头约克夏后备母猪 Single factor test design Control group,n=10 单因子实验设计 25OHD 3 group,n=10 Group VD 3 (IU/Kg) 25OHD 3 (μg/kg) 对照组 25-OH-D3 组 Control group 对照组 25OHD 3 group OH-D3 组 Note: the 25OHD 3 group was added 50 μg/kg (about 2000IU/Kg) 25 OHD 3 on the basis of the control group. 备注 :25-OH-D3 组的母猪日粮中添加了 50 μg/kg ( 约 2000IU/Kg) 的 25-OH-D3

14 Effect of 25OHD 3 on reproductive performance of gilts 25-OH-D3 对后备母猪生产性能的影响 Items Control 25OHD 3 P-valve Litter size (No./litter) 总产仔数产活仔数死胎仔猪平均体重出生窝重 Total born 11.3± ± Born alive 10.0± ± Stillbirth 1.33± ± Mean piglet BW (kg) 1.29± ± Litter birth weight (kg) 12.86± ± The addition of 25OHD 3 in sow diets significantly increased the litter size and born alive, but did not affect mean born weight and litter birth weight. 母猪日粮中添加 25-OH-D3 可显著增加窝产仔数和活仔数, 但对仔猪平均体重和窝出生重没有影响

Experiment 3: Improving maternal vitamin D status promotes prenatal and postnatal skeletal muscle development of pig offspring 试验 3: 提高母猪的维生素 D 水平, 促进猪后代的产前和产后骨骼肌发育 Twenty Yorkshire gilts,140.31±4.

15 Experiment 3: Improving maternal vitamin D status promotes prenatal and postnatal skeletal muscle development of pig offspring 试验 3: 提高母猪的维生素 D 水平, 促进猪后代的产前和产后骨骼肌发育 Twenty Yorkshire gilts,140.31±4.08 kg 20 头约克夏后备母猪 Single factor test design Control group,n=10 单因子实验设计 25OHD 3 group,n=10 Group VD 3 (IU/Kg) 25OHD 3 (μg/kg) 对照组 25-OH-D3 组 Control group 对照组 25OHD 3 group OH-D3 组 Note: the 25OHD 3 group was added 50 μg/kg (about 2000IU/Kg) 25 OHD 3 on the basis of the control group. 备注 :25-OH-D3 组的母猪日粮中添加了 50 μg/kg ( 约 2000IU/Kg) 的 25-OH-D3

16 Daily feed and vitamin D intake of gilts during gestation and lactation 日粮和维生素 D 在妊娠期和哺乳期的摄入量 Items GD1-89 GD 90-farrowing Lactation ND HD ND HD ND HD P- valve 饲料摄入量 Feed intake (kg/d) ± ± VD3 摄入量 Vitamin D3 intake (μg/d) ± ± OH-D3 摄入量 25 OHD3 intake (μg/d) ±20.59 < OHD3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3; GD, gestational day; HD, high-vitamin D diet; ND, normal vitamin D diet ND gilts were fed normal vitamin D diets with 50 μg/kg vitamin D3; HD gilts were fed high vitamin D diets with 50 μg/kg vitamin D3+50 μg/kg 25 OHD3. Gilts were provided the same amount of diets during gestation and allowed ad libitum access to diets during lactation. Data are presented as mean ±SD.

17 Effects of maternal vitamin D supplementation on serum 25 OHD concentrations of gilts, umbilical cords, and piglets 补充维生素 D 对后备母猪脐带和仔猪血清 25-OH-D3 浓度的影响 Items ND ND P-valve 后备母猪配种产仔断奶脐带仔猪出生断奶 Gilts (ng/ml) Mating 37.55± ± Farrowing 34.61± ±2.85 <0.01 Weaning 36.95± ±3.70 <0.01 Umbilical cord (ng/ml) 13.10± ±0.76 <0.01 Piglet (ng/ml) Birth 15.59± ±2.18 <0.01 Weaning 13.60± ± OHD, 25-hydroxyvitamin D;HD, high-vitamin D diet; ND, normal vitamin D diet ND gilts were fed normal vitamin D diets with 50 μg/kg vitamin D3; HD, gilts were fed high-vitamin D diets with 50 μg/kg vitamin D μg/kg 25 OHD3. Data are presented as mean ±SD

18 Effects of maternal vitamin D supplementation on muscle histologic characteristics of newborn and weaning piglets 屠宰体重体重 Items 初生仔猪 ND Newborn piglets HD P- valve 补充维生素 D 对初生仔猪和断奶仔猪肌肉组织结构的影响断奶仔猪 ND Weaning piglets Body weight at slaughter (kg) 1.29± ± ± ± PM Weight (g) 6.21± ± ± ± Index (%)* 0.48± ± ± ± 肌肉横截面积 MCSA (mm 2 ) 99.17± ± ± ± 肌纤维横截面积 MFCSA (μm 2 ) ± ± ± ± 肌纤维密度 Fiber Density (10 3 /mm 2 ) 4.30 ± ± ± ± 肌纤维数量 Fiber Number (10 4 ) ± ± ± ± LM Weight (g) 22.48± ± ± ± 体重 Index (%)* 1.74± ± ± ±0.13 <0.01 肌肉横截面积 MCSA (mm 2 ) 85.50± ± ± ± 肌纤维横截面积 MFCSA (μm 2 ) 70.52± ± ± ± 肌纤维密度 Fiber density (10 3 /mm 2 ) 9.74± ± ± ± 肌纤维数量 Fiber number (10 4 ) 83.22± ± < ± ± HD, high-vitamin D diet; LM, longissimus dorsi; MCSA, muscle cross-sectional area; MFCSA, muscle fiber cross-sectional area; ND, normal vitamin D diet; PM, psoas major NDgiltswere fed normal vitamin D dietswith 50 μg/kg vitamin D3; HD, giltswere fed high-vitamin D diets with 50 μg/kg vitamin D3+50 μg/kg 25 OHD3. Data are presented as mean±sd * Index was calculated by dividing the weight of muscle to the body weight of piglets at slaughter. HD P- valve

19 Histologic examination of psoas major of newborn piglets. (A) Normal vitamin D dietary group with 50 μg/kg vitamin D3. (B) High-vitamin D dietary group with 50 μg/kg vitamin D μg/kg 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Scale bars = 20 μm; stained with hematoxylin and eosin. 初产仔猪腰大肌组织的镜检 A: 50 μg VD3/kg 饲料 B: 50 μg VD3/kg 饲料 + 50 μg 25-OH-D3 /kg 饲料

20 Histologic examination of longissimus dorsi of newborn piglets. (A) Normal vitamin D dietary group with 50 μg/kg vitamin D3. (B) High-vitamin D dietary group with 50 μg/kg vitamin D μg/kg 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Scale bars = 20 μm; stained with hematoxylin and eosin. 初产仔猪背最长肌组织的镜检 A: 50 μg VD3/kg 饲料 B: 50 μg VD3/kg 饲料 + 50 μg 25-OH-D3 /kg 饲料

21 Histologic examination of psoas major of weaning piglets. (A) Normal vitamin D dietary group with 50 μg/kg vitamin D3. (B) High-vitamin D dietary group with 50 μg/kg vitamin D μg/kg 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Scale bars = 20 μm; stained with hematoxylin and eosin. 断奶仔猪腰大肌组织的镜检 A: 50 μg VD3/kg 饲料 B: 50 μg VD3/kg 饲料 + 50 μg 25-OH-D3 /kg 饲料

22 Histologic examination of longissimus dorsi of weaning piglets.(a) Normal vitamin D dietary group with 50 μg/kg vitamin D3. (B) High-vitamin D dietary group with 50 μg/kg vitamin D μg/kg 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Scale bars = 20 μm; stained with hematoxylin and eosin. 断奶仔猪背最长肌组织的镜检 A: 50 μg VD3/kg 饲料 B: 50 μg VD3/kg 饲料 + 50 μg 25-OH-D3 /kg 饲料

23 VDR mrna expressions levels in psoas major of newborn and weaning piglets. ND gilts fed normal vitamin D diets with 50 μg/kg vitamin D3; HD gilts fed high-vitamin D diets with 50 μg/kg vitamin D3 +50 μg/kg 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. *P < HD, high-vitamin D; ND, normal vitamin D; VDR, vitamin D receptor 初生仔猪和断奶仔猪腰大肌 VDR mrna 表达水平 ND: 50 μg VD3/kg 饲料 HD: 50 μg VD3/kg 饲料 + 50 μg 25-OH-D3 /kg 饲料 VDR mrna expressions levels in longissimus dorsi of newborn and weaning piglets. ND gilts fed normal vitamin D diets with 50 μg/kg vitamin D3; HD gilts fed high-vitamin D diets with 50 μg/kg vitamin D3 +50 μg/kg 25- hydroxyvitamin D3. *P < HD, high-vitamin D; ND, normal vitamin D; VDR, vitamin D receptor 初生仔猪和断奶仔猪背最长肌 VDR mrna 表达水平

24 初生仔猪肌肉相关 mrna 的表达水平 Relative mrna expressions in muscles of newborn piglets. ND gilts fed normal vitamin D diets with 50 μg/kg vitamin D3; HD gilts fed high-vitamin D diets with 50 μg/kg vitamin D μg/kg 25- hydroxyvitamin D3. (A) psoas major; (B) longissimus dorsi. IGF, insulin-like growth factor; IGF1 R, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor; IGF2 R, insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor; MyOD1, myogenic differentiation factor 1; Myogenin, myogenic factor 4; Myf5, myogenic factor 5; MyHC, myosin heavy chain. *P < P < 0.05.

25 断奶仔猪肌肉相关 mrna 的表达水平 Relative mrna expressions in muscles of weaning piglets. ND gilts fed normal vitamin D diets with 50 μg/kg vitamin D3; HD gilts fed high-vitamin D diets with 50 μg/kg vitamin D μg/kg/kg 25- hydroxyvitamin D3. (A) psoas major; (B) longissimus dorsi. IGF, insulin-like growth factor; IGF1 R, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor; IGF2 R, insulinlike growth factor 2 receptor; MyOD1, myogenic differentiation factor 1; Myogenin, myogenic factor 4; Myf5, myogenic factor 5; MyHC, myosin heavy chain. *P < P < 0.05.

26 Real-time PCR determination of myosin heavy-chain composition in LM and PM of newborn piglets and weaning piglets 实时 PCR 检测初生仔猪和断奶仔猪背最长肌与腰大肌肌球蛋白重链组成 Items PM (%) 腰大肌 ND Newborn piglets HD P- valve ND Weaning piglets HD P- valve Type I* ± ± ± ±7.56 <0.01 Type II 53.15± ± ± ±4.31 <0.01 LM (%) 背最长肌 Type I* 11.83± ± ± ±1.64 <0.01 Type II 88.17± ± ± ± HD, high-vitamin D diet; LM, longissimus dorsi; MCSA, muscle cross-sectional area; MFCSA, muscle fiber crosssectional area; ND, normal vitamin D diet; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PM, psoas major ND gilts were fed normal vitamin D diets with 50 μg/kg vitamin D3; HD, gilts were fed high-vitamin D diets with 50 μg/kg vitamin D μg/kg 25 OHD3. Data are presented as mean ± SD * Equal to relative mrna expression of MyHC I/(MyHC IþMyHC IIa þ MyHC IIb þ MyHC IIx) 100%. Equal to relative mrna expression of (MyHC IIa þ MyHC IIb þ MyHC IIx)/(MyHC IþMyHC IIa þ MyHC IIb þ MyHC IIx) 100%.

27 Conclusions 结论 The findings of the present study demonstrated that improving maternal vitamin D status by dietary 25- hydroxyvitamin D3 supplementation improved vitamin D status of neonates, increased muscle fiber numbers of newborn and weaning piglets as well as muscle fiber cross-sectional area of weaning piglets, modulated the expressions of muscle transcription factors in both newborn and weaning piglets, and ultimately promoted prenatal and postnatal skeletal muscle development of pig offspring. The addition of Hy D (25-OH-D3) in sow diets significantly increased the litter size and born alive, adding 1 piglet to each litter, bring considerable economic benefits. 研究结果证明, 母猪日粮中添加 25-OH-D3 可改善其体内维生素 D 的水平, 从而提升仔猪体内维生素 D 的水平, 并增加出生仔猪和断奶仔猪肌纤维数量, 同时增大断奶仔猪肌纤维横截面积, 调节初生仔猪和断奶仔猪肌细胞转录因子的表达, 最终促进仔猪骨骼肌发育母猪日粮中添加 Hy D 可显著增加窝产仔数和活仔数, 每窝多产 1 头仔猪, 带来可观的经济效益

28 25- D3

提高PSY的营养关键技术Effects and Action Pathway of Fusarium toxins on Reproduction Performance of gilts

提高PSY的营养关键技术Effects and Action Pathway of Fusarium toxins on Reproduction Performance of gilts Nutritional solutions to improve the PSY of sows 提高母猪 PSY 的营养关键技术 Prof. De Wu 吴德教授 Institute of Animal Nutrition Sichuan Agricultural University 四川农业大学动物营养研究所 Oct. 12, 2017 Contents 内容 1 Introductions