穨TPA-A1μO-Gilligan & Kant(戴華)

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1 2001 I (Carol Gilligan) (In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women s Development) (Lawrence Kohlberg) 1 2 (ethics of care) (deontology) (teleology) (utilitarianism) (ethics of justice) 1 Baier 1987, Benhabib 1992, Held 1999Noddings Card 1990, Friedman 1987, Hampton 1993, Hoagland 1990Houston

(utilitarianism) (ethics of justice) 1 Baier 1987, Benhabib 1992, Held

2 3 4 5 (ends in themselves) (categorical imperative) Baier 1987Gilligan and Wiggins 1988, pp Mendus 1992Schröder (principle of universalizability) (Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, 1785) (moral law) (formula) (Metaphysics of Morals, ) (empty formalism) Wood Baron 1997, Nagl-Docekal 1997, Sedgwick 1990Wood

134-137 4 5 Mendus 1992Schröder 1997 6 (principle of universalizability) (Groundwork of

3 (impartiality) (supererogatory) 8 II - (super-ego) 8 Baron 1995, 1997, Herman 1993, O Neill 2000Sherman 1997

4 9 (1) (heteronomous morality)(2) (individualistic, instrumental morality)(3) (interpersonally normative morality)(4) (social system morality)(5) (morality of human rights and social welfare)(6) (morality of universalizable, reversible, and prescriptive general ethical principles) (pre-conventional level) (conventional) (post-conventional) (1) (2) (3) 9 Kohlberg 1984, pp Reed

welfare)(6) (morality of universalizable, reversible, and prescriptive general ethical principles)

5 (4) (5) (an end in itself) (6) (the moral point of view) (implicitly) (sequential) (irreversible)

6 - 6 - (themes) (moral concern) (ethics of rights) (a problem of interpretation) Gilligan 1982, p. 2

7 2001 III (connectedness) (interdependence) (a problem of attachment) 11 (detachment) (powerlessness) Gilligan 1987 Held 1995, p Chodorow

8 (responsibilities) (Heinz dilemma) Gilligan 1982, pp Kohlberg 1984, p. 640

9 (logical deduction) (fracture) Gilligan 1982, p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p

10 (absolutist) Darwall 1998, chapter 19

11 2001 C A C C A (moral perceptions) (Nel Noddings) 20 Nagl-Docekal 1997, pp (moral universalism) 21 [ ] [ ] (A 51/B 75)Frankena 1973 (p. 65) 22 Herman 1993, pp Wood 1999, section 3.4, Duty and Love

110-114 (moral universalism) 21 [ ] [ ] (A 51/B

12 23 24 (Martha C. Nussbaum) 25 IV 23 Noddings 1984, p Nussbaum Nussbaum 1999 The Feminist Critique of Liberalism, pp

13 2001 (Annette Baier) (John Rawls) (the first virtue of social institutions) (formal goods) 26 Rawls 1999, section 1 27 (principle of equal liberty) (difference principle) (principle of fair equality of opportunity)

section 1 27 (principle of equal liberty) (difference

14 28 29 (unifying) (comprehensive doctrine) Baier 1987 Held 1995, p Calhoun Rawls

15 2001 (Marilyn Friedman) [ ] Friedman 1987 Held 1995, p Held 1999Tronto O Neill 1989, chapter 12: The Great Maxims of Justice and Charity

71 32 Held 1999Tronto 1993 33 O Neill 1989,

16 35 (rational beings) 36 (Bernard Williams) Williams 1981 Persons, Character and Morality Stocker Darwall 1977 (recognition respect) (appraisal respect) 36 Korsgaard 1996, p. 275; Wood 1999, chapter 4 (distinction between persons) Rawls 1999, p

(recognition respect) (appraisal respect) 36 Korsgaard 1996, p.

17 2001 (positive) (negative) (humanity) (beneficence) [ ] [ [ ] humanity Menschheit (rational nature) 38 4:429 Kants Schriften Kants Schriften 39 Korsgaard 1996, pp :

18 (perfect) 41 (imperfect) (Spielraum, latitude) 42 (higher-order) (27:384) 42 6: :454

19 2001 V (practical) (pathological) (duties of love) (accessory) [ ] / 44 4:399 (Critique of Practical Reason) 5: : : (general injustice) (Lectures on Ethics) 27:416 [ ] 6:454 Wood 1999, pp

Reason) 5:83 45 6:480-481 46 6:448-449 (general

20 47 48 (prudential judgments) (paternalistic) (self-love) (the dear self) : : : :

21 (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (a) (b) (b) 55 (Johann C.F. Schiller) : : : : Wood 1999, p

22 (the virtuous) (good will) / 57 / (A) / / 57 MacIntyre 1997 (p. 192) Wood 1999 pp , 28

23 (B) (B) (A) (A) (B) (B) / / / (B) :449 (mutual love) Wood 1999, p. 398, note Held 1999Noddings 1984

24 (deformations) 60 4: Wood 1999

25 (justice reasoning) (egocentrism) (selfless) 62 (other-regarding) Gilligan 1987 Held 1995, p Ibid. 64 ibid. Gilligan 1983

26 VI

27 2001 Antony, Louise, and Charlotte Witt, eds., 1993, A Mind of One s Own: Feminist Essays on Reason and Objectivity, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. Baier, Annette, 1987, The Need for More than Justice, in Marsha et al. 1987, reprinted in Held Baron, Marcia, 1995, Kantian Ethics Almost Without Apology, Cornell University Press , 1997, Kantian Ethics and Claims of Detachment, in Schott Benhabib, Seyla, 1992, The Generalized and the Concrete Other: The Kohlberg- Gilligan Controversy in Moral Theory, in Benhabib, Situating the Self: Gender, Community and Postmodernism in Contemporary Ethics, New York: Routledge, Calhoun, Cheshire, 1988, Justice, Care, Gender Bias, The Journal of Philosophy 85: Card, Claudia, 1990, Caring and Evil, Hypatia 5: , 1999, ed., On Feminist Ethics and Politics, University Press of Kansas. Chowdorow, Nancy, 1978, The Reproduction of Mothering, University of California Press. Darwall, Steven, 1977, Two Kinds of Respect, Ethics 88: , 1998, Philosophical Ethics, Westview Press. Frankena, William, 1973, Ethics, 2 nd edition, Prentice-Hall. Friedman, Marilyn, 1987, Beyond Caring: The De-Moralization of Gender, in Marsha et al. 1987, reprinted in Held Gilligan, Carol, 1982, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women s Development, Harvard University Press , 1983, Do the Social Sciences Have an Adequate Theory of Moral Development?, in N. Haan, et al., Social Science As Moral Inquiry, Columbia University Press , 1987, Moral Orientation and Moral Development, in Kittay et al. 1987, reprinted in Held , and Grant Wiggins, 1988, The Origins of Morality in Early Childhood Relationships, in Gilligan, Ward and Taylor

28 , Jenny Victoria Ward, and Jill McLean Taylor, eds., 1988, Mapping the Moral Domain: A Contribution to Women s Thinking to Psychological Theory and Education, Harvard University Press. Hampton, Jean, 1993, Feminist Contractarianism, in Antony and Witt Hanen, Marsha, and Kai Nielsen, eds., 1987, Science, Morality and Feminist Theory, University of Calgary Press. Held, Virginia, ed., 1995, Justice and Care: Essential Readings in Feminist Ethics, Westview Press , 1999, Liberalism and the Ethics of Care, in Card Herman, Barbara, 1993, The Practice of Moral Judgment, Harvard University Press. Hoagland, Sarah Lucia, 1990, Some Concerns about Nel Noddings Caring, Hypatia 5: Houston, Barbara, 1990, Caring and Exploitation, Hypatia 5: Kant, Immanuel, Immanuel Kants Schriften, Ausgabe der königlich preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin: W. de Gruyter, Kittay, Eva Feder, and Diana T. Meyers, eds., 1987, Women and Moral Theory, Rowman and Littlefield. Kohlberg, Lawrence, 1984, The Psychology of Moral Development: Essays on Moral Development, vol. 2, Harper and Row. Korsgaard, Christine, 1996, Creating the Kingdom of Ends, Cambridge University Press. Mendus, Susan, 1992, Kant: An Honest But Narrow-Minded Bourgeois?, in H. Williams Nagl-Docekal, Herta, 1997, Feminist Ethics: How It Could Benefit from Kant s Moral Philosophy, trans. Stephanie Morgenstern, in Schott Noddings, Nel, 1984, Caring: A Feminist Approach to Ethics and Moral Education, Berkeley: University of California Press. Nussbaum, Martha C., 1997, The Feminist Critique of Liberalism, The Lindley Lecture, University of Kansas Press, reprinted in Nussbaum , 1999, Sex and Social Justice, Oxford University Press , 2000, Brave Good World, The New Republic, Dec. 4. O Neill, Onora, 1989, Constructions of Reason: Explorations of Kant s Practical Philosophy, Cambridge University Press , 2000, Bounds of Justice, Cambridge University Press

29 2001 Rawls, John, 1996, Political Liberalism, revised edition, Columbia University Press , 1999, A Theory of Justice, revised edition, Harvard University Press. Reed, Donald R. C., 1997, Following Kohlberg: Liberalism and the Practice of Democratic Community, University of Notre Dame Press. Schott, Robin May, 1997, ed., Feminist Interpretations of Immanuel Kant, Pennsylvania State University Press. Schröder, Hannelore, Kant s Patriarchal Order, trans. Rita Gircour, in Schott Sedgwick, Sally, 1990, Can Kant s Ethics Survive the Feminist Critique?, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 71: 60-79; reprinted in Schott Sherman, Nancy, 1997, Making a Necessity of Virtue, Cambridge University Press. Stocker, Michael, 1976, The Schizophrenia of Modern Ethical Theories, Journal of Philosophy 73: Tronto, Joan C., 1993, Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care, New York: Routledge. Williams, Bernard, 1981, Problems of the Self, Cambridge University Press. Williams, Howard, ed., 1992, Essays on Kant s Political Philosophy, University of Chicago Press. Wood, Allen, 1999, Kant s Ethical Thought, Cambridge University Press

1 P555 1 P Lawrence Kohlberg 50 preconventional 2 P18 conventional postconventional Heinz 1 2 P26 2 P28 2 P29 2 P26 53

1 P555 1 P Lawrence Kohlberg 50 preconventional 2 P18 conventional postconventional Heinz 1 2 P26 2 P28 2 P29 2 P26 53 2014 1 1 69 Studies in Ethics Jan. 2014 No. 1 * 关爱伦理学是西方上世纪下半叶伴随女性主义运动的兴起和道德教育心理学的发展而产生的一种试图与西方主流道德理论相抗衡的规范伦理学它强调具体情景下的关爱关系关爱体验响应或响应能力等, 而不是抽象普遍的道德规则它的内容包含了许多不确定性, 颇有争议, 但只有将其理解为一种情感主义的美德伦理学, 它才能成为一种有前

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穨TPA-A1μO-Gilligan & Kant(戴華)