2 Illness Experiences and Childhood of Ami in Eastern Taiwan: A Narrative Analysis Mei-Ling Chien Department of Human Development, Tzu Chi University

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2 2 Illness Experiences and Childhood of Ami in Eastern Taiwan: A Narrative Analysis Mei-Ling Chien Department of Human Development, Tzu Chi University Abstract Using the narrative perspective alternatively, this paper tries to describe and analyze how the reported illness experiences of some Ami elders (one of the indigenous ethnic groups in Eastern Taiwan) conveys the meaningful connections between people s illness experiences and their childhood. Compared to the framework of medical system or local knowledge system, the narrative analysis offers a chance to make stories out of fieldwork data, a unique way of making the facts comprehensible. Narrative order links anthropological and literary narratives. And it is precisely the order and style of their narratives and texts that suggest a narrative future (Klein 2000). Re-analyzing my previous ethno-medical field data on an Ami tribal village in eastern Taiwan ( ), this researcher focused on some of the Ami elders recollections of their illness experiences when they were young children. In general, these narratives contain several formal features: beginning with a concrete illness experience; retrospective narrations; interactions between narrator and interviewer; narrative focus shifting from illness to person ; normality coexisting with mystery in the plots; and objectification of the narrative. Body and inter-personal relationships are two thematic emphases in the narratives of the Ami elders. Body images give voice to the emotional experience between the sick children and their caregivers. Moreover, the theme of inter-personal relationships reflects, as well as reproduces, the Ami social ideal, namely striving for the harmonious between individual and society. Keywords: narrative, illness experience, Ami

connections between people s illness experiences and their childhood.

3 ( )

4 4 Early, 1988; Price, 1987; Kleinman, 1988; Good, 1994 Good and Good (narrative) Good & Good, 1994: 841 Mattingly, 1994: 811 ibid Clifford Geertz 1973 thick description Good and Good, 1994: 839

5 5 80 Roland Barthes 1982 Kerby, 1991; Rapport and Overing, 2000: quotation Barthes, 1982

6 6 pre-existing prescriptive Bruner and Weizer, 1991: individual Rapport and Overing, 2002: Mattingly, 1994: Early, 1988; Price, 1987; Kleinman, 1988; Good, 1994 Good, 1994: 118 Lars-Christer Hyden

Mattingly, 1994: 811 80 Early, 1988; Price, 1987;

7 7 Hyden, 1997: dialogic relations Good and Good Turkey Good & Good, 1994: 841 Richoeur Ricoeur, 1981: 277 Good, 1994: 121 Good, 1994: 121 3

8 theme

9 Kiwit 2 Pangcah 1958: : 403 Kiwit Kiwit 2 Edvard Torjesens : : p v~f ( ) t d ( ) k ( ) q ( ) m ( ) n ( ) ng ( ) c ( ) s ( ) x ( ) h ( ) l ( ) r ( ) w ( ) y ( ) i o~u e a e ( 1992)

1992 : p v~f ( ) t d ( ) k ( ) q ( ) m ( ) n ( ) ng ( ) c

10 laluma an extended family 1986: : :

11 11 MZ malosiday a ina 2

12 Ackerknecht, 1942 Lieban, 1973: fangcal Adada 1989: sakaadadaan Maroray makoleng macaloh

13 matofid aredo ma okak mangiriw Mangiriw mangiriw mangiriw ma okak ma okak Mafori ak aredo mafori ak mafori ak kawas adingo edaw lakaw matofid aredo karangalay olipa nganganganen Matofid Falahan matofid

14 14 Aredo Karangalay Olipah Nganganganen matofid aredo % matofid aredo

15 matofid aredo

16 16 a dilemma etic view emic view : 39-49

17 17 disembodied Klein, 2000: 167 Good and Good, 1994: 839

18 18 Steeves, 1988: matofid 2 malacaan aredo 2 matofid

19 19 matofid aredo pacoco Matofid Pahaw 1926 pacoco Mama 3 Pahaw matofid Pahaw Pahaw Pahaw Pahaw 3 Mama

20 20 Pahaw 1970 Pahaw Pahaw Pahaw Pahaw Pahaw Pahaw

21 21 Pahaw Pahaw Pahaw Wata Matofid Sera 1925 Sera matofid Sera matofid Putal matofid Rongac kawas Putal Sera Sera Sera Sera Rongac Sera Sera

22 22 Rongac Putal Sera Matofid Mafaha Falangaw 1938 matofid Matofid Falangaw Falangaw Kacaw FZ 4 Kacaw FZS Kacaw Kacaw 4 (Barnard & Good 1984) F= father ( ) M= mother ( ) B= brother ( ) Z= sister ( ) S= son ( ) D= daughter ( ) H= husband ( ) W= wife ( ) P= parent ( ) C= child ( ) G= sibling ( ) E= spouse e y FeZ MyB

23 23 Kacaw Falangaw Kacaw FZ kadafo BE Kacaw Falangaw Kacaw pacoco Falangaw Kacaw Kacaw Falangaw Kacaw Kacaw matofid Falangaw Falangaw Pito Pito FZHyBS Pito Kacaw FZHyB Kacaw tofid Falangaw fadokoy Fadokoy Falangaw kowa

24 24 Falangaw kowa kadafo Kacaw pacoco Falangaw Falangaw Mafaha Falangaw malacaan mafaha Falangaw Falangaw mafaha Falangaw Falangaw

25 25 Falangaw Malacaan Usay 1941 Usay malacaan Usay malacaan penen malacaan Ina 5 Usay malalia Usay malacaan 5 Ina

26 26 Usay konga mikonga "Mipalada to konga kakaenen no wawa" konga Usay sadak adada aredo Payo 1926 aredo 2 Payo slal aredo 6 Ci Kolas aredo 6

27 27 kadafo Payo aredo aredo aredo aredo Matofid Pohong 1938 Pohong matofid Matofid Pohong Afang Koto Takasi

28 28 Pohong Pohong Pohong Pohong Pohong Amoy Pohong mahad Pohong Sawmah Sawmah kakitaan Sawmah

29 29 Good and Good Turkey In the Subjunctive Mood: Epilepsy Narratives in Turkey Good and Good, matofid Sera Pohong matofid Pahaw matofid

30 30 Sera Sera 50 60

31 31 2 adada

32 : Pahaw matofid pacoco --- tofid -- episode-like Pohong Pohong Usay malacaan

33 33 Usay Usay Payo ( ) Usay malacaan Paul Richoeur Richoeur Wittgenstein Richoeur, 1980: 167; Mattingly, 1994: 812 human-time Mattingly, 1994: 817

34 34 Pahaw Falangaw matofid pacoco Good, 1994: ; Good and Good, 1994: Sera Payo Pohong Payo aredo aredo aredo aredo Sera Pohong

35 35 Putal Sera Cikawasay Afang Pohong Sera Pohong Pahaw Falangaw Pahaw Falangaw

36 36 Payo Pohong Pohong

37 37 2 theme Steeves, 1988 pacoco Pacoco --- pacoco

38 38 Usay malacaan mikonga "Mipalada to konga kakaenen no wawa" konga Falangaw matofid kadafo Falangaw

39 39 Kacaw Kacaw Kacaw FZ kadafo BE mikonga pacoco Nerlove, 1974; Levine, 1988; Ember and Ember, 2002: 128 Pacoco mangodo 1962: : mangodo 1962: 106 Mangodo "mangodo kako"

40 40 mangodo mangodo Usay Pacoco mikonga Payo

41 41 Adada ko wawa fafaen no ina foti' san ko wawa" aka kafoti Falahan Falangaw Sera Payo Pahaw matofid Pohong

42 42 pacoco Pahaw Falangaw matofid pacoco pacoco horticulture pacoco Kacaw Kacaw Kacaw Falangaw pacoco

43 43 pacoco pacoco pacoco 50 60

44 44 mangodo --

45 45 --

46 ( ) p p adada 39(2) : 12 Ackerknecht, E. H. (1942). Problems of primitive medicine. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 11, Barnard, A., & Good, A. (1984). Research Practices in the Study of Kinship. New York: Academic Press. Barthes, R. (1982). Introduction to the structural analysis of narrative. In S. Sontag (Ed.), A Barthe Reader. London: Cape. Bruner, J., & Haste, H. (1987). The invention of self: Autobiography and its forms. In D. Olson & N. Torrance (Eds.), Literacy and Orality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Early, E. A. (1982). The logic of Well being: Therapeutic narratives in Cairo, Egypt. Social Science and Medicine, 16, Ember, C. R., & Ember, M. (2002). Sex, gender and culture. In Cultural Anthropology. (10th ed.) New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Geertz, C. (1973). Thick description: Toward an interpretive theory of culture. In The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books. Good, B. (1994) Medicine, Rationality, and Experience: An Anthropological Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press. Good, B., & Good, M.-J. D. V. (1994). In the subjunctive mood: Epilepsy narratives in Turkey. Social Science and Medicine, 38,

47 47 Hyden, L.-C.(1997). Illness and narrative. Sociology of Health and Illness, 19, Kerby, A.(1991). Narrative and the Self. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. Klein, H. E. M. (2000). Narrative. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 9, Kleinman, A. (1988). The Illness Narratives: Suffering, Healing and the Human Condition. New York: Basic Books. Levine, N. (1988). Women s work and infant feeding: A case from rural Nepal. Ethnology, 27, Lieban, R. W. (1973). Medical anthropology. In J. J. Honigmann (Ed.), Handbook of Social and Cultural Anthropology (pp ). Chicago: Rand McNally and Company. Mattingly, C. (1994). The concept of therapeutic emplotment. Social Science and Medicine, 38, Nerlove, S. B. (1974). Women s workload and infant feeding practices: A relationship with demographic implications. Ethnology 13, Price, L. (1987) Ecuadorian illness stories: Cultural knowledge in natural discourse. In D. Holland & N. Quinn (Eds.), Cultural Models in Language and Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rapport, N. & Overing, J. (2000). Social and Cultural Anthropology: The Key Concepts. New York: Routledge. Richoeur, P. (1980). Narrative time. In T. Mitchell (Ed.), On Narrative. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Richoeur, P. (1981). Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences. (J. B. Thompson, Trans.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Steeves, R. (1988). The Experiences of Suffering and Meaning in Bone Marrow Transplant Patients. Washington: University of Washington.

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